[Daily article] August 31: Everything Tastes Better with Bacon Published On

Everything Tastes Better with Bacon is a book about cooking with bacon
written by Sara Perry, a food commentator and columnist for The
Oregonian. Her editor at Chronicle Books suggested bacon as a cookbook
subject. Bacon's popularity and usage was increasing, but Perry believed
that a paucity of recipes would make writing the book difficult.
Recalling her fondness for honey-baked ham, she combined sugar and bacon
to create dishes and realized that bacon could be used to add seasoning
in flavoring dishes, including salads and pastas. The book includes
recipes for bacon-flavored dishes and desserts. It was published in the
United States in 2002 and in a French language edition in 2004 in
Montreal. It received mainly positive reviews and its recipes were
selected for inclusion in The Best American Recipes 2003–2004. The St.
Petersburg Times classed it as among the "most interesting and unique
cookbooks" published, the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette highlighted it in the
article "Favorite Cookbooks for 2002" and The Denver Post included it in
a list of best cookbooks of 2002. A review in The Toronto Star
criticized a lack of creativity in the choice of recipes.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Tastes_Better_with_Bacon>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1813:

Peninsular War: At the Battle of San Marcial, the Spanish Army
of Galicia under Manuel Alberto Freire turned back Nicolas Soult's last
major offensive against Arthur Wellesley's allied army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial>

1888:

Mary Ann Nichols' body was found on the ground in front of a
gated stable entrance in Buck's Row, London, allegedly the first victim
of the unidentified serial killer known as Jack the Ripper (depiction
pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper>

1945:

The Liberal Party of Australia, one of the two major Australian
political parties, was founded to replace the United Australia Party.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia>

1982:

Anti-government demonstrations were held in 66 Polish cities to
commemorate the second anniversary of the Gdańsk Agreement, which
allowed the Solidarity trade union to be established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement>

1998:

North Korea claimed to have successfully launched
Kwangmyŏngsŏng-1, its first satellite, although no objects were ever
tracked in orbit from the launch.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-1>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

kore:
An Ancient Greek statue of a woman, portrayed standing, usually clothed,
painted in bright colours and having an elaborate hairstyle.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kore>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To stimulate life, leaving it free, however, to unfold itself,
that is the first duty of the educator.  
--Maria Montessori
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Maria_Montessori>

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[Daily article] August 30: Typhoon Pongsona Published On

Typhoon Pongsona was the last typhoon of the 2002 Pacific typhoon
season, and was the second-costliest United States disaster in 2002
behind Hurricane Lili. The name "Pongsona" was contributed by North
Korea for the Pacific tropical cyclone list and is the Korean name for
the garden balsam. Pongsona developed out of an area of disturbed
weather on December 2, and steadily intensified to reach typhoon status
on December 5. On December 8 it passed through Guam and the Northern
Marianas Islands while near its peak winds of 175 km/h (110 mph
10-min). It ultimately turned to the northeast, weakened, and became
extratropical on December 11. It left the entire island of Guam without
power and destroyed about 1,300 houses (damage pictured). With strong
building standards and experience from repeated typhoon strikes, there
were no fatalities directly related to Pongsona, although there was one
indirect death from flying glass. Damage on the island totaled over
$700 million (2002 USD), making it among the five costliest typhoons
on Guam. The typhoon also caused heavy damage on Rota and elsewhere in
the Northern Marianas Islands, and as a result of its impact the name
was retired.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Pongsona>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1813:

Creek War: A force of Creeks, belonging to the Red Sticks
faction killed hundreds of settlers in Fort Mims in Alabama.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre>

1835:

European settlers landing on the north banks of the Yarra River
in Southeastern Australia founded the city of Melbourne.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne>

1909:

American paleontologist Charles Walcott discovered the Burgess
Shale, one of the world's most celebrated fossil fields (Marrella fossil
pictured), in the Canadian Rockies in British Columbia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgess_Shale>

1959:

The title of National Hero of Indonesia was first given, to the
writer-cum-politician Abdul Muis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia>

1995:

Bosnian War: NATO began its bombing campaign against the Army
of Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_NATO_bombing_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

leech:
1. (transitive) To apply a leech medicinally, so that it sucks blood from
the patient.
2. (transitive) To drain (resources) without giving back.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leech>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I have not yet lost a feeling of wonder, and of delight, that
this delicate motion should reside in all the things around us,
revealing itself only to him who looks for it. I remember, in the winter
of our first experiments, just seven years ago, looking on snow with new
eyes. There the snow lay around my doorstep — great heaps of protons
quietly precessing in the earth's magnetic field. To see the world for a
moment as something rich and strange is the private reward of many a
discovery.  
--Edward Mills Purcell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell>

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[Daily article] August 29: Parity of zero Published On

Zero is an even number. In other words, zero's parity—the quality of
an integer being even or odd—is even. It fits the definition of "even"
as an integer multiple of 2, namely 0 × 2. As a result, zero has all
the properties of even numbers: 0 is divisible by 2, 0 is surrounded on
both sides by odd numbers, 0 is the sum of an integer (0) with itself,
and a set of 0 objects can be split into two equal sets (example
pictured). Zero is the additive identity element of the group of even
integers, and it is the starting case from which other even natural
numbers are recursively defined. Applications of this recursion from
graph theory to computational geometry rely on zero being even. Among
the general public, the parity of zero can be a source of confusion. In
reaction time experiments, most people are slower to identify 0 as even
than 2, 4, 6, or 8. Some students of mathematics—and some
teachers—think that zero is odd, or both even and odd, or neither.
Researchers in mathematics education propose that these misconceptions
can become learning opportunities. Studying equalities like 0 × 2 =
0 can address students' doubts about calling 0 a number and using it in
arithmetic.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parity_of_zero>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1475:

After an invasion by England and the Duchy of Burgundy, France
signed the Treaty of Picquigny with England, freeing Louis XI to deal
with the threat posed by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Picquigny>

1842:

The Treaty of Nanking, an unequal treaty ending the First Opium
War, was signed, forcing the Chinese Qing Dynasty to give control of the
island that is now the site of Hong Kong, and other concessions to the
British.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong>

1903:

The Russian battleship Slava, the last of the five Borodino-
class battleships, was launched.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Slava>

1911:

The last member of the Yahi, known as Ishi (pictured), emerged
from the wilderness near Oroville, California, to join European American
society.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishi>

2007:

Six nuclear warheads were alleged to have been mistakenly
loaded onto a United States Air Force heavy bomber that flew from Minot
Air Force Base in North Dakota to Barksdale Air Force Base in Louisiana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_incident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

skyclad:
(Wicca) Naked outdoors.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skyclad>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I'm starting with the man in the mirror I'm asking him to change
his ways And no message could have been any clearer If you wanna make
the world a better place Take a look at yourself and then make a change.
 
--Michael Jackson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson>

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August 28: Omayra Sánchez Published On

Omayra Sánchez Garzón (1972–85) was a 13-year-old Colombian girl
killed in Armero, Colombia, by the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz.
Volcanic debris mixed with ice to form massive lahars (volcanically
induced mudslides, landslides, and debris flows) that rushed into the
river valleys below the mountain, killing nearly 25,000 people and
destroying Armero and 13 other villages. After a lahar demolished her
home, Omayra was trapped beneath the debris of her house for three days.
Her plight was documented as she descended from calmness into agony. Her
courage and dignity touched journalists and relief workers. After
60 hours of struggling, she died, likely due to exposure. Her death
highlighted the failure of officials to respond promptly to the threat
of the volcano and the efforts of volunteer rescue workers despite a
dearth of supplies and equipment. Omayra became internationally famous
through a photograph of her taken shortly before her death by the
photojournalist Frank Fournier, which was designated the World Press
Photo of the Year for 1985. She has remained a lasting figure in popular
culture, remembered through music, literature, and commemorative
articles.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omayra_S%C3%A1nchez>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1640:

Bishops' Wars: Scottish Covenanter forces led by Alexander
Leslie defeated the English army near Newburn, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Newburn>

1850:

German composer Richard Wagner's romantic opera Lohengrin,
containing the Bridal Chorus, was first performed under the direction of
Franz Liszt in Weimar, present-day Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)>

1937:

Toyota Motors, now Japan's largest automobile manufacturer, was
spun off from Toyota Industries as an independent company.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota>

1963:

During a large political rally in Washington, D.C., Martin
Luther King, Jr. delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech from the steps of
the Lincoln Memorial, describing his desire for a future where blacks
and whites would coexist harmoniously as equals.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream>

1973:

Swedish police used gas bombs to end a seven-day hostage
situation in Stockholm; during the incident the hostages had bonded with
their captors, giving rise to the term "Stockholm syndrome".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_syndrome>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

battle of the sexes:
(game theory) A situation in which two people want to do different
things, but do them together.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/battle_of_the_sexes>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To be apt in quotation is a splendid and dangerous gift.
Splendid, because it ornaments a man's speech with other men's jewels;
dangerous, for the same reason.  
--Robertson Davies
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robertson_Davies>

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[Daily article] August 27: Premiership of John Edward Brownlee Published On

John Edward Brownlee was Premier of Alberta, Canada, from 1925 to 1934
as leader of the United Farmers of Alberta (UFA) caucus. After winning
the 1926 election, his successes included obtaining control of
Alberta's natural resources from the federal government and selling the
money-losing railways to help balance the provincial budget. His
government's fortunes declined after the 1930 election. Agricultural
prices collapsed, throwing many farmers into poverty. He tried to broker
deals between farmers and banks, but found neither side eager to
compromise. In 1933, Prime Minister R. B. Bennett named Brownlee to the
Royal Commission on Banking and Currency as a representative of western
interests and unorthodox viewpoints. While Brownlee concurred with the
commission's ultimate recommendation for the creation of a central bank,
he also made his own recommendations. In 1934 he was sued for the
seduction of Vivian MacMillan, a family friend and a secretary in his
government's attorney-general's office, who claimed that they had
carried on an affair for three years. The jury sided with MacMillan
despite Brownlee's denials and, in deference to public outrage, he
resigned as premier.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_of_John_Edward_Brownlee>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1859:

Edwin Drake successfully drilled for oil in Titusville,
Pennsylvania, US, resulting in the Pennsylvania oil rush and the birth
of the modern oil industry.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_oil_rush>

1896:

The United Kingdom and Zanzibar went to war, with Zanzibar
surrendering less than an hour after the conflict broke out.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zanzibar_War>

1922:

Turkish forces re-captured Afyon, the first victory of their
counterattack during the Greco-Turkish War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)>

1991:

Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declared its
independence during the aftermath of the failure of the Soviet coup
d'état attempt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova>

2003:

The first round of six-party talks to find a peaceful
resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean
nuclear weapons program opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-party_talks>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

anglicism:
A word or other feature originating in the English language that has
been borrowed by another language.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anglicism>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Poetry is the universal art of the spirit which has become free
in itself and which is not tied down for its realization to external
sensuous material; instead, it launches out exclusively in the inner
space and the inner time of ideas and feelings.  
--Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel>

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[Daily article] August 26: When God Writes Your Love Story Published On

When God Writes Your Love Story is a 1999 book by Eric and Leslie Ludy
(pictured), an American married couple. After becoming a bestseller on
the Christian book market, the book was republished in 2004 and then
revised and expanded in 2009. It tells the story of the authors' first
meeting, courtship, and marriage. The authors advise single people not
to be physically or emotionally intimate with others, but to wait for
the life partner that God has planned for them. The Ludys argue that
one's love life should be both guided by and subordinate to one's
relationship with God. Leslie writes that God offers new beginnings to
formerly unchaste or sexually abused individuals. Leah Andrews of the
Lewiston Morning Tribune compared When God Writes Your Love Story to
other popular Christian books providing alternatives to dating,
including Joshua Harris's I Kissed Dating Goodbye and Boy Meets Girl.
American college professors Margaret and Dwight Peterson responded to
the Ludys' book by writing an essay called "God Does Not Want to Write
Your Love Story," in which the Petersons argue that the book makes young
people see marriage as a fantasy comparable to that of Disney
Princesses.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_God_Writes_Your_Love_Story>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1789:

French Revolution: The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of
the Citizen, defining a set of individual and collective rights of the
people, was approved by the National Constituent Assembly.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen>

1883:

A massive eruption destroyed the volcanic island of Krakatoa,
ejecting so much ash that average global temperatures fell by as much as
1.2 °C (2.2 °F) over the next year.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1883_eruption_of_Krakatoa>

1928:

At a cafe in Paisley, Scotland, May Donoghue found the remains
of a snail in her bottle of ginger beer, causing her to launch one of
the landmark civil action cases in British common law, Donoghue v
Stevenson.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donoghue_v_Stevenson>

1970:

Betty Friedan and the National Organization for Women organized
the Women's Strike for Equality in New York City, in which 20,000 women
protested the continuing lack of gender equality.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Strike_for_Equality>

2008:

More than a week after a ceasefire was reached in the South
Ossetia war, Russia unilaterally recognized the independence of Abkhazia
and South Ossetia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

paradigm shift:
A radical change in thinking from an accepted point of view to a new
one, necessitated when new scientific discoveries produce anomalies in
the current paradigm.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paradigm_shift>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The hunger for love is much more difficult to remove than the
hunger for bread.  
--Mother Teresa
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa>

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August 25: Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias Published On

Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (1803–80) was an army
officer, politician and monarchist of the Empire of Brazil. He fought
against Portugal during the Brazilian War for Independence, and
thereafter remained loyal to the emperors Dom Pedro I and his son, Dom
Pedro II (to whom he became a friend and instructor in swordsmanship
and horsemanship). He commanded forces that put down uprisings from 1839
to 1845, including the Balaiada and the War of the Ragamuffins. He led
the Brazilian army to victory in the Platine War against the Argentine
Confederation and in the Paraguayan War against the Paraguayans. Caxias
was promoted to army marshal, the army's highest rank, and was the only
person made a duke during the 58-year reign of Pedro II. A member of
the Reactionary Party (which became the Conservative Party), he was
elected senator in 1846 and served as president (prime minister) of the
Council of Ministers three times. Historians have regarded Caxias in a
positive light and several have ranked him as the greatest Brazilian
military officer. He has been designated as the army's protector, and is
regarded as the most important figure in its tradition.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Alves_de_Lima_e_Silva,_Duke_of_Caxias>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1537:

The Honourable Artillery Company, currently the oldest
surviving regiment in the British Army, was formed by Royal Charter from
King Henry VIII.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company>

1609:

Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei demonstrated his first
telescope, a device that became known as a terrestrial or spyglass
refracting telescope, to Venetian lawmakers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei>

1950:

Althea Gibson entered into the U.S. Tennis Championships,
becoming the first African-American woman to be a competitor on the
world tennis tour.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Althea_Gibson>

1989:

The Voyager 2 spacecraft made its closest approach to Neptune
and provided definitive proof of the existence of the planet's rings.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune>

2001:

American singer Aaliyah and various members of her record
company were killed when their overloaded airplane crashed shortly after
takeoff from Marsh Harbour Airport in Marsh Harbour, The Bahamas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaliyah>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

draculin:
(organic chemistry) A glycoprotein with anticoagulant properties, found
in the saliva of vampire bats.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/draculin>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  How transitory all human structures are, nay how oppressive the
best institutions become in the course of a few generations. The plant
blossoms, and fades: your fathers have died, and mouldered into dust:
your temple is fallen: your tabernacle, the tables of your law, are no
more: language itself, that bond of mankind, becomes antiquated: and
shall a political constitution, shall a system of government or
religion, that can be erected solely on these, endure for ever?
 
--Johann Gottfried Herder
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder>

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[Daily article] August 24: Battle of the Eastern Solomons Published On

The naval Battle of the Eastern Solomons took place on 24–25 August
1942, and was the third carrier battle of the Pacific campaign of World
War II and the second major engagement fought between the United States
Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Guadalcanal Campaign. As
at Coral Sea and Midway, the ships of the two adversaries were never
within sight of each other. Instead, all attacks were carried out by
carrier- or land-based aircraft. After several damaging air attacks, the
naval surface combatants from both the United States of America (U.S.)
and Japan withdrew from the battle area without either side securing a
clear victory. However, the U.S. and its allies gained tactical and
strategic advantage. Japan's losses were greater and included dozens of
aircraft and their experienced aircrews. Also, Japanese reinforcements
intended for Guadalcanal were delayed and eventually delivered by
warships rather than transport ships, giving the Allies more time to
prepare for the Japanese counteroffensive and preventing the Japanese
from landing heavy artillery, ammunition, and other supplies.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1482:

Anglo-Scottish Wars: The border town of Berwick-upon-Tweed and
its castle were captured by English forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Berwick_(1482)>

1857:

The New York City branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust
Co. collapsed following widespread embezzlement, leading to a severe
recession that caused about 5,000 businesses to fail.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857>

1892:

Goodison Park in Liverpool, England, one of the world's first
purpose-built football grounds, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodison_Park>

1941:

Adolf Hitler ordered the official termination of the T4
euthanasia program of the mentally ill and disabled, although killings
continued in secret for the remainder of the war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_T4>

2006:

The International Astronomical Union redefined the term
"planet", reclassifying Pluto as a dwarf planet since it has not
"cleared the neighbourhood" around its orbit.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

provident:
With care and consideration for the future; foresightly.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/provident>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Dictatorships foster oppression, dictatorships foster servitude,
dictatorships foster cruelty; more abominable is the fact that they
foster idiocy.  
--Jorge Luis Borges
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges>

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[Daily article] August 23: Albert Bridge, London Published On

Albert Bridge is a Grade II* listed road bridge over the River Thames in
London, connecting Chelsea to Battersea. Designed and built by Rowland
Mason Ordish in 1873 as a toll bridge, it was commercially unsuccessful;
six years after its opening it was taken into public ownership and the
tolls were lifted. The Ordish–Lefeuvre Principle design proved
structurally unsound, and thus between 1884 and 1887 it was modified to
incorporate elements of a suspension bridge. The Greater London Council
carried out further strengthening work in 1973 by adding two concrete
piers, which transformed the central span into a simple beam bridge. As
a result of these modifications the bridge is an unusual hybrid of three
different bridge types. The strengthening works were unable to prevent
further deterioration as the result of heavy traffic loads and rotting
of the timber deck structure caused by the urine of the unusually high
number of dogs using the bridge. In 2010–2011 the bridge underwent
major refurbishment work. Although often proposed for closure or
demolition, it is one of only two Thames road bridges in central London
never to have been replaced.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_London>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1873:

The Albert Bridge, spanning the River Thames in London, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_London>

1929:

Palestine riots: Arabs began attacking Jews in Hebron in the
British Mandate of Palestine, killing over sixty people in two days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre>

1943:

World War II: The decisive Soviet victory in the Battle of
Kursk gave the Red Army the strategic initiative for the rest of the
war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk>

1989:

Singing Revolution: Approximately two million people joined
hands to form an over 600 km (370 mi) long human chain across the
Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian Soviet republics to demonstrate their
respective desires for independence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Way>

2010:

A former Philippine National Police officer hijacked a tourist
bus in Manila and held its occupants hostage for nearly 11 hours before
being killed by police.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_hostage_crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

malleate:
To beat into shape with a hammer.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malleate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You may think, passer-by, that Fate Is a pit-fall outside of
yourself, Around which you may walk by the use of foresight And wisdom.
... In time you shall see Fate approach you In the shape of your own
image in the mirror; Or you shall sit alone by your own hearth, And
suddenly the chair by you shall hold a guest, And you shall know that
guest, And read the authentic message of his eyes.  
--Edgar Lee Masters
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edgar_Lee_Masters>

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[Daily article] August 22: South Park (season 13) Published On

The fourteen episodes of the thirteenth season of South Park, an
American animated television comedy series, originally aired in 2009.
The show focuses on the exploits of protagonists Stan, Kyle, Cartman,
Kenny and Butters in the fictional Colorado mountain town of South Park.
The 13th season satirized such topics as the ACORN scandal, Japanese
whaling, piracy in Somalia and the marketing tactics of the Walt Disney
Company. Celebrities were spoofed throughout the season, including the
Jonas Brothers, Kanye West, Carlos Mencia, Paul Watson and Glenn Beck.
The season received mixed reviews: some critics called it one of South
Park's strongest seasons, while others claimed the series was starting
to decline in quality. The season maintained the average Nielsen rating
viewership for the series, around 3 million viewers per episode. The
episode "Margaritaville", which satirized the global recession then
affecting much of the industrialized world, won the 2009 Emmy Award for
Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour).
"Fatbeard" was praised by the crew of the USS Bainbridge, which was
involved in the 2009 rescue of the MV Maersk Alabama from Somalian
pirates.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park_(season_13)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1485:

Lancastrian forces under Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond,
defeated Yorkist forces under Richard III of England at the Battle of
Bosworth Field, decisively ending the Wars of the Roses.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field>

1711:

Queen Anne's War: A British attempt to attack Quebec failed
when eight ships wrecked on the Saint Lawrence River.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Expedition>

1851:

The yacht America won the first America's Cup race (trophy
pictured) near the Isle of Wight, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America%27s_Cup>

1910:

Japan annexed Korea with the signing of the Japan–Korea
Annexation Treaty, beginning a period of Japanese rule of Korea that
lasted until the end of World War II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule>

1989:

Nolan Ryan of the Texas Rangers struck out the Oakland
Athletics' Rickey Henderson, becoming the only pitcher in Major League
Baseball to record 5,000 strikeouts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Ryan>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sheeple:
(derogatory slang) People who unquestioningly accept as true whatever
their political leaders say or who adopt popular opinion as their own
without scrutiny.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sheeple>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I love music passionately. And because l love it, I try to free
it from barren traditions that stifle it.  
--Claude Debussy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy>

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[Daily article] August 21: Banksia violacea Published On

Banksia violacea is a species of shrub or tree in the plant genus
Banksia (family Proteaceae). It generally grows as a small shrub to
1.5 m (5 ft) high with fine narrow leaves, and is best known for its
unusually coloured dark purple-violet inflorescences. The colour of the
inflorescences, short leaves, and flattened follicles which are sticky
when young, help identify this species from others in the field. It is
found in low shrubland in southern regions of Western Australia from
Esperance in the east to Narrogin in the west, growing exclusively in
sandy soils. First described in 1927 by West Australian botanist Charles
Gardner, the species was at one stage considered a variety of
B. sphaerocarpa. Although there are no recognised subspecies or
varieties, both lignotuberous and nonlignotuberous forms exist for
Banksia violacea. Wasps, ants and flies have been recorded visiting
flower spikes. Banksia violacea is classified as Not Threatened under
the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia. Regarded as of
little value to floriculture, it is rarely cultivated.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_violacea>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1831:

Nat Turner led a slave revolt in Southampton County, Virginia,
US; it was suppressed about 48 hours later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion>

1911:

Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa was stolen from the Louvre by a
museum employee and was not recovered until two years later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa>

1963:

The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces raided and
vandalised Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands and
leaving an estimated hundreds dead.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids>

1969:

An Australian tourist set the Al-Aqsa Mosque on fire, a major
catalyst of the formation of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque>

1993:

NASA lost contact with its Mars Observer spacecraft, three days
before orbital insertion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Observer>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

accismus:
(rhetoric) Feigning disinterest in something while actually desiring it.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accismus>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Everything was okay, as long as I could dream. Its amazing,
really, the difference between having a dream and not having any left
that can come true. It's the difference between living and dying.
 
--Alicia Witt
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alicia_Witt>

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[Daily article] August 20: Sack of Amorium Published On

The Sack of Amorium by the Abbasid Caliphate in mid-August 838 was one
of the major events in the Arab–Byzantine Wars. In retaliation for
Byzantine attacks the previous year, the Caliph al-Mu'tasim targeted
Amorium in central Anatolia, one of the Byzantine Empire's most
important cities. The Abbasid army launched a two-pronged offensive,
defeated the Byzantine emperor Theophilos and his forces at Anzen, and
sacked the city of Ancyra on their way to Amorium. Faced with intrigues
at Constantinople and an army rebellion, Theophilos was unable to aid
the city. Amorium was strongly fortified and garrisoned, but after two
weeks of siege (siege depicted), a traitor revealed a weak spot in the
wall, where the Abbasids effected a breach. The commander of the
breached section left his post to try to negotiate privately with the
Caliph, allowing the Arabs to capture the city. Amorium was
systematically destroyed, never to recover its former prosperity. Many
of its inhabitants were slaughtered, and the remainder driven off as
slaves. The conquest of Amorium not only was a major military disaster
and a heavy personal blow for Theophilos, but also a traumatic event for
the Byzantines, its impact resonating in later literature.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Amorium>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

917:

Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars: Bulgarians led by Tsar Simeon I
drove the Byzantines out of Thrace with a decisive victory in the Battle
of Achelous (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Achelous_(917)>

1707:

The first Siege of Pensacola came to an end with the British
abandoning their attempt to capture Pensacola in Spanish Florida.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola_(1707)>

1910:

Hurricane-force winds combined hundreds of small fires in the
U.S. states of Washington and Idaho into the Devil's Broom fire, which
burned about three million acres (12,140 km²), the largest fire in
recorded U.S. history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_1910>

1940:

In the midst of the Battle of Britain, British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill delivered a speech thanking the Royal Air Force,
declaring, "Never was so much owed by so many to so few."
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few>

1988:

The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army bombed a
bus carrying British Army soldiers in Northern Ireland, killing eight of
them and wounding another 28.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

transhumance:
The moving of cattle or other grazing animals to new pastures, often
quite distant, according to the change in season.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/transhumance>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We're beginning to learn the hard way that today's global ills
are not cured by more and more science and technology.  
--Roger Wolcott Sperry
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry>

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[Daily article] August 19: SMS Prinzregent Luitpold Published On

SMS Prinzregent Luitpold was the fifth and final vessel of the
Kaiser class of battleships of the Imperial German Navy. Prinzregent
Luitpold's keel was laid in October 1910 at the Germaniawerft dockyard
in Kiel. She was launched on 17 February 1912 and was commissioned into
the navy on 19 August 1913. Prinzregent Luitpold was assigned to the
III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet for the majority of her
career; in December 1916, she was transferred to the IV Battle
Squadron. Along with her four sister ships, Kaiser, Friedrich der
Grosse, Kaiserin, and König Albert, Prinzregent Luitpold participated
in all of the major fleet operations of World War I, including the
Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916. The ship was also
involved in Operation Albion, an amphibious assault on the Russian-held
islands in the Gulf of Riga, in late 1917. After Germany's defeat in the
war and the signing of the Armistice in November 1918, Prinzregent
Luitpold and most of the capital ships of the High Seas Fleet were
interned by the Royal Navy in Scapa Flow. Prinzregent Luitpold was
raised in July 1931 and subsequently broken up for scrap in 1933.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Prinzregent_Luitpold>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

295 BC:

The oldest known temple to Venus (pictured), the Roman
goddess of love, beauty and fertility, was dedicated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)>

1745:

Bonnie Prince Charlie raised the Jacobite standard at
Glenfinnan in the Scottish Highlands to begin the Second Jacobite
Rising.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745>

1942:

Second World War: Allied forces suffered over 3,000 casualties
when they unsuccessfully raided the German-occupied port of Dieppe,
France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieppe_Raid>

1981:

Two American F-14 Tomcats shot down two Libyan Su-22 Fitters
while the U.S. Navy conducted military exercises in the Gulf of Sidra.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)>

2003:

A Hamas suicide bomber killed 23 people and wounded over 130
others on a crowded public bus in the Shmuel HaNavi quarter in
Jerusalem.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

clemency:
1. The gentle or kind exercise of power; leniency, mercy; compassion in
judging or punishing.
2. (now rare) Mildness of weather.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clemency>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Vast is the field of Science ... the more a man knows, the more
he will find he has to know.  
--Samuel Richardson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Richardson>

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[Daily article] August 18: Social history of viruses Published On

The social history of viruses describes the influence of viruses and
viral infections on human history. Epidemics caused by viruses began
during the Neolithic period. Having been hunter-gatherers, humans
developed more densely populated agricultural communities, which allowed
viruses to spread rapidly and subsequently to become endemic. Smallpox
and measles viruses are among the oldest that infect humans. Having
evolved from viruses that infected animals, they first appeared in
humans in Europe and North Africa thousands of years ago. Louis Pasteur
and Edward Jenner were the first to develop vaccines to protect against
viral infections. The nature of viruses remained unknown until the
invention of the electron microscope in the 1930s, when the science of
virology gained momentum. In the 20th century many diseases both old and
new were found to be caused by viruses. HIV is the most pathogenic new
virus to have emerged in centuries. Although scientific interest in
viruses arose because of the diseases they cause, most viruses are
beneficial. They drive evolution by transferring genes across species,
play important roles in ecosystems and are essential to life.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_history_of_viruses>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

684:

Second Fitna: Umayyad partisans defeated the supporters of Ibn
al-Zubayr and cemented Umayyad control of Syria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marj_Rahit_(684)>

1487:

Reconquista: After a four-month siege, the Catholic Monarchs
conquered the city of Málaga from the Muslims.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_M%C3%A1laga_(1487)>

1877:

Asaph Hall discovered Phobos (pictured), the larger of Mars'
two moons, six days after discovering Deimos, the other one.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_(moon)>

1948:

Australia completed a 4–0 Ashes series win, earning them the
nickname of "The Invincibles" for being the first Test cricket match
side to play an entire tour of England without losing a match.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Test,_1948_Ashes_series>

1983:

Hurricane Alicia made landfall near Galveston, Texas, US,
causing $2.6 billion in damages and 21 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Alicia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

social contract:
(philosophy, politics) An implicit agreement or contract among members
of a society that dictates things such as submission of individuals to
rule of law and acceptable conduct.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/social_contract>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In Balder's hand Christ placed His own, And it was golden
weather, And on that berg as on a throne The Brethren stood together!
And countless voices far and wide Sang sweet beneath the sky — "All
that is beautiful shall abide, All that is base shall die."  
--Robert Williams Buchanan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Williams_Buchanan>

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[Daily article] August 17: Auriga (constellation) Published On

Auriga is one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century
astronomer Ptolemy and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Its
name is the Latin word for "charioteer", associating it with various
mythological charioteers including Erichthonius and Myrtilus. Auriga is
most prominent during winter evenings in the Northern Hemisphere, along
with the five other constellations that have stars in the Winter Hexagon
asterism. Because of its northern declination, Auriga is only entirely
visible as far as 34° south. A large constellation, with an area of 657
square degrees, it is half the size of the largest constellation, Hydra.
Its brightest star, Capella, is an unusual multiple star system among
the brightest stars in the night sky. The resultant of its position near
the winter Milky Way, Auriga has many bright open clusters in its
borders, including M36, M37, and M38, popular targets for amateur
astronomers. In addition, it has one prominent nebula, the Flaming Star
Nebula. In Chinese mythology, Auriga's stars were incorporated into
several constellations, including the celestial emperors' chariots, made
up of the modern constellation's brightest stars.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auriga_(constellation)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

986:

Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars: The Bulgarians defeated the
Byzantine forces at the Gate of Trajan near present-day Ihtiman, with
Byzantine Emperor Basil II barely escaping.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gates_of_Trajan>

1807:

Robert Fulton's North River Steamboat, the world's first
commercially successful paddle steamer, went into service on the Hudson
River in New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_River_Steamboat>

1945:

Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaimed the independence of
Indonesia, igniting the Indonesian National Revolution against the Dutch
Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution>

1980:

Two-month-old Australian Azaria Chamberlain was taken from her
family's campsite at Uluru by a dingo, for which her mother would be
convicted of murder.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Azaria_Chamberlain>

1999:

A 7.5 Mw earthquake struck northwestern Turkey (damage
pictured), killing over 17,000 people and leaving approximately half a
million people homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_%C4%B0zmit_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

remuneration:
1. Something given in exchange for goods or services rendered.
2. A payment for work done; wages, salary, emolument.
3. A recompense for a loss; compensation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/remuneration>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Life doesn't have a neat beginning and a tidy end, life is always
going on. You should begin in the middle and end in the middle, and it
should be all there.  
--V. S. Naipaul
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/V._S._Naipaul>

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[Daily article] August 16: Koala Published On

The koala is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia, and
is recognised worldwide as an iconic symbol of the country because of
its distinctive appearance. It is the only extant representative of the
family Phascolarctidae and its closest living relatives are the wombats.
It is easily recognisable by its stout, tailless body, round, fluffy
ears and large, spoon-shaped nose. It is popularly known as the koala
bear because of its bear-like appearance. The koala has a body length of
60–85 cm (24–33 in) and weighs 4–15 kg (9–33 lb). Pelage
colour ranges from silver grey to chocolate brown. Koalas typically
inhabit open Eucalyptus woodlands, and the leaves of these trees make up
most of their diet. Because this eucalypt diet provides them with only
low nutrition and energy, koalas are largely sedentary and sleep for up
to 20 hours a day. They are asocial animals, and bonding only exists
between mothers and dependent offspring. They have few natural predators
and parasites but are threatened by various pathogens, as well as by
bushfires and droughts. The biggest threat to their existence is habitat
destruction due to agriculture and urbanisation.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koala>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1819:

Fifteen people were killed and 400–700 others were injured
when cavalry charged into a crowd of about 60–80,000 who were gathered
at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, to demand the reform of
parliamentary representation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterloo_Massacre>

1863:

After Spain had annexed the Dominican Republic, rebels raised
the Dominican flag in Santiago de los Caballeros to begin the War of
Restoration.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War>

1929:

A long-running dispute between Muslims and Jews over access to
the Western Wall in Jerusalem escalated into a week-long period of
violent riots throughout Palestine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots>

1960:

Joseph Kittinger parachuted from a balloon over New Mexico at
102,800 feet (31,330 m), setting records for high-altitude jump, free-
fall height, and fastest speed by a human without an aircraft.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kittinger>

1977:

Elvis Presley, "The King of Rock and Roll", was officially
pronounced dead at Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee,
after he was found unresponsive on the floor of his Graceland bathroom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

nowise:
(In) no way, (in) no manner, definitely not.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nowise>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Liberality consists less in giving a great deal than in gifts
well timed.  
--Jean de La Bruyère
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jean_de_La_Bruy%C3%A8re>

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[Daily article] August 15: George Lansbury Published On

George Lansbury (1859–1940) was a British socialist, editor and
campaigner who led the Labour Party from 1932 to 1935. Throughout his
political life he fought for equality, social justice, women's rights
and world disarmament. Before entering the national scene he served in
the East End of London in numerous local government posts. Elected to
parliament in 1910, he resigned his seat two years later on the issue of
women's suffrage, and was briefly imprisoned after publicly supporting
militant action. Lansbury became editor of the Daily Herald newspaper,
which maintained a strong pacifist stance during the First World War and
supported the 1917 Russian Revolution. Although he returned to
parliament in 1922 he was excluded from the brief Labour government of
1924, but served as First Commissioner of Works in the Labour government
of 1929–31. After the economic crisis of August 1931 Lansbury refused
to join the National Government under Ramsay MacDonald and became leader
of the Labour Party in opposition. His pacifism in the face of rising
European fascism put him at odds with his party, and in 1935 he resigned
the leadership. He spent his final years travelling in the United States
and Europe in the cause of peace and disarmament.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lansbury>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

295 BC:

The oldest known temple to Venus (Venus Anadyomene by Titian
pictured), the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, was
dedicated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)>

1534:

In Montmartre, near Paris, Ignatius of Loyola and six others
took the vows that led to the establishment of the Society of Jesus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus>

1907:

Jamaican American Raphael Morgan was ordained as the first
Black Orthodox clergyman in America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Morgan>

1945:

The Gyokuon-hōsō was broadcast in Japan, announcing the
unconditional surrender of the Japanese army and naval forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan>

1963:

President Fulbert Youlou was overthrown in the Republic of
Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Glorieuses_(1963)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

avail:
1. (transitive, often reflexive) To turn to the advantage of.
2. (transitive) To be of service to.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avail>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Spirituality is much wider than any particular religion, and in
the larger ideas of it that are now coming on us even the greatest
religion becomes no more than a broad sect or branch of the one
universal religion, by which we shall understand in the future man's
seeking for the eternal, the divine, the greater self, the source of
unity and his attempt to arrive at some equation, some increasing
approximation of the values of human life with the eternal and the
divine values.  
--Sri Aurobindo
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo>

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[Daily article] August 14: Priyanka Chopra Published On

Priyanka Chopra (born 1982) is an Indian film actress and singer, and
was the winner of the Miss World pageant of 2000. She has become one of
Bollywood's highest-paid actresses and one of the most popular
celebrities in India. She has won a National Film Award for Best Actress
and Filmfare Awards in four categories. She made her acting debut in the
Tamil film Thamizhan in 2002. The following year, she starred in The
Hero, her first Hindi film release, and followed it with the box-office
hit Andaaz. She subsequently earned critical recognition as a seductress
in the 2004 thriller Aitraaz. By 2006, Chopra had established herself
as a leading actress of Hindi cinema with starring roles in the highly
successful films Krrish and Don. After receiving mixed reviews for a
series of unsuccessful films, she received critical acclaim for her
portrayal of unconventional characters, including a troubled model in
the 2008 drama Fashion, a feisty Marathi woman in the 2009 caper
thriller Kaminey, a serial killer in the 2011 neo-noir 7 Khoon Maaf, and
an autistic woman in the 2012 romantic comedy Barfi! She released her
first music single "In My City" in 2012, and her second single "Exotic"
in 2013.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Chopra>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1816:

The United Kingdom formally annexed the Tristan da Cunha
archipelago, ruling them from the Cape Colony in South Africa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha>

1880:

Construction of the Cologne Cathedral—Germany's most visited
landmark—was completed, 632 years after it had begun.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral>

1941:

After a secret meeting aboard warships, British Prime Minister
Winston Churchill and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt (both
pictured) issued the Atlantic Charter, establishing a vision for a post-
World War II world despite the fact that the United States had yet to
enter the war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Charter>

1975:

The film The Rocky Horror Picture Show, which is still in
limited release today, making it the longest-running theatrical release
in film history, premiered in Los Angeles.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rocky_Horror_Picture_Show>

2006:

The United Nations brokered a ceasefire in the Lebanon War
between Lebanon and Israel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

teenybopper:
A person, especially a female, in her early teens who follows popular
clothing fashions, music trends, and the like.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teenybopper>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Perfection, cosmically, was nothing but perfect Equanimity and
Harmony; and in human relations, nothing but perfect Love and Justice.
And Perfection began to glow before the eyes of the Western world like a
new star, whose light touched with glamour all things as they came forth
from Mystery, till to Mystery they were ready to return. This — I
thought is surely what the Western world has dimly been rediscovering.
There has crept into our minds once more the feeling that the Universe
is all of a piece, Equipoise supreme; and all things equally wonderful,
and mysterious, and valuable. We have begun, in fact, to have a
glimmering of the artist's creed, that nothing may we despise or neglect
— that everything is worth the doing well, the making fair — that
our God, Perfection, is implicit everywhere, and the revelation of Him
the business of our Art.  
--John Galsworthy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Galsworthy>

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[Daily article] August 13: Barton Fink Published On

Barton Fink is a 1991 American film, written, directed, and produced by
the Coen brothers (pictured). Set in 1941, it stars John Turturro in the
title role as a young New York City playwright who is hired to write
scripts for a movie studio in Hollywood, and John Goodman as Charlie,
the insurance salesman who lives next door at the run-down Hotel Earle.
The Coens wrote the screenplay in three weeks while experiencing
difficulty during the writing of another film, Miller's Crossing.
Premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 1991, Barton Fink won the
Palme d'Or, as well as awards for Best Director and Best Actor
(Turturro). Although it was celebrated almost universally by critics and
nominated for three Academy Awards, the movie grossed only $6,000,000 at
the box office, two-thirds of its estimated budget. The process of
writing and the culture of entertainment production are two prominent
themes of Barton Fink. The worlds of Hollywood and Broadway are
contrasted, and the film analyzes superficial distinctions between high
and low culture. Barton Fink has defied efforts at genre classification.
It has been variously referred to as a film noir, a horror film, a
Künstlerroman, and a buddy film.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Fink>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1521:

After an extended siege, forces led by Spanish conquistador
Hernán Cortés captured Tlatoani Cuauhtémoc and conquered the Aztec
capital of Tenochtitlan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan>

1704:

War of the Spanish Succession: The Duke of Marlborough led
Allied forces to a crucial victory in the Battle of Blenheim.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim>

1898:

Spanish–American War: After a mock battle for Manila, the
Spanish commander surrendered to the U.S. in order to keep the city out
of Filipino rebel hands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1898)>

1954:

The complete version of "Qaumī Tarāna", the national anthem
of Pakistan, was broadcast for the first time on Radio Pakistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaum%C4%AB_Tar%C4%81na>

2010:

After having been boarded by Canadian authorities, the MV Sun
Sea docked and the 492 Sri Lankan Tamil refugee claimants on board were
placed into detention.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Sun_Sea_incident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

erratic:
(geology) A rock moved from one location to another, usually by a
glacier.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/erratic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Too much has already been said and written about "women's
sphere". Leave women, then, to find their sphere.  
--Lucy Stone
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lucy_Stone>

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[Daily article] August 12: California State Route 52 Published On

California State Route 52 (SR 52) is a state highway in San Diego
County, California, that extends from La Jolla Parkway at Interstate 5
(I-5) in La Jolla, San Diego, to SR 67 in Santee. A freeway for its
entire length, it serves as a major east–west route through the
northern part of the city of San Diego and connects the major
north–south freeways of the county. SR 52 passes north of the Rose
Canyon Fault before traversing Marine Corps Air Station Miramar (MCAS
Miramar). East of Santo Road and west of SR 125, the highway goes
through Mission Trails Regional Park, a large open preserve. Plans for a
route between La Jolla and Santee date from 1959, and SR 52 was
officially designated in the 1964 state highway renumbering.
Construction of the freeway east of Santo Road encountered delays from
environmentalists over the endangered Least Bell's Vireo songbird, which
faced habitat destruction, as well as those concerned with the
destruction of homes and businesses. The extension to Mission Gorge Road
opened in 1993, but funding issues delayed the completion of the entire
route to Santee until 2011, more than fifty years after construction
began.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_52>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1676:

Puritans and their Native American allies killed Wampanoag
sachem Metacomet (known as "King Philip"), essentially ending King
Philip's War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War>

1883:

The last known quagga (pictured), a subspecies of the plains
zebra, died at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quagga>

1952:

Thirteen Jewish poets in Moscow were executed for espionage
based on false confessions.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets>

1969:

Riots erupted in the Bogside area of Derry and spread across
much of Northern Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside>

2000:

The Oscar class submarine K-141 Kursk of the Russian Navy
exploded and sank in the Barents Sea during a military exercise.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Kursk_explosion>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

repechage:
(sports) A heat (as in rowing or fencing) in which the best competitors
who have lost in a previous round compete for a place or places yet left
in the next round.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/repechage>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Great literature, past or present, is the expression of great
knowledge of the human heart; great art is the expression of a solution
of the conflict between the demands of the world without and that
within.  
--Edith Hamilton
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edith_Hamilton>

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[Daily article] August 11: Ranavalona I Published On

Ranavalona I (c. 1778–1861) ruled the Kingdom of Madagascar from
1828 to 1861. By succeeding upon the death of her young husband,
Radama I, Ranavalona became the first female sovereign in the Merina
royal line since its founding in 1540. After initial tolerance of
European influence she adopted a policy of isolationism, reducing
Madagascar's economic and political ties with European powers,
developing the island's industrial manufacturing capacity, improving the
government's bureaucratic organization and military strength, and taking
vigorous measures to eradicate the small but growing Malagasy Christian
movement. The combination of widespread disease, harsh measures of
justice, regular military campaigns to pacify outlying provinces and
difficult statute labor for public works projects resulted in a high
mortality rate among soldiers and civilians alike during her 33-year
reign. French intermediaries unsuccessfully tried to use divisions
between traditionalist and pro-European factions at court to hasten the
succession of her son, Radama II. Her European contemporaries generally
condemned her policies and characterized her as a tyrant at best and
insane at worst, characterizations that persisted in Western scholarly
literature until the mid-1970s. Recent research has recast Ranavalona's
actions as those of a queen attempting to expand her empire while
protecting Malagasy sovereignty against the encroachment of European
cultural and political influence.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranavalona_I>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1492:

The first papal conclave held in the Sistine Chapel elected
Roderic Borja as Pope Alexander VI to succeed Pope Innocent VIII.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1492>

1828:

William Corder was hanged at Bury St Edmunds, England, for the
murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Barn_Murder>

1945:

Amid rumors of kidnappings of children by Jews in Kraków, a
crowd of Poles engaged in a pogrom, which resulted in one dead and five
wounded victims.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom>

1962:

Vostok 3 launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome and cosmonaut
Andriyan Nikolayev became the first person to float in microgravity.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_3>

1973:

At a party in the recreation room of a New York City apartment
building, DJ Kool Herc began rapping during an extended break, laying
the foundation for hip-hop music.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

bevy:
1. A group of animals, in particular quail.
2. A large group or collection.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bevy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  While utterly discarding all creeds, and denying the truth of all
religions, there is neither in my heart nor upon my lips a sneer for the
hopeful, loving and tender souls who believe that from all this discord
will result a perfect harmony; that every evil will in some mysterious
way become a good, and that above and over all there is a being who, in
some way, will reclaim and glorify every one of the children of men; but
for those who heartlessly try to prove that salvation is almost
impossible; that damnation is almost certain; that the highway of the
universe leads to hell; who fill life with fear and death with horror;
who curse the cradle and mock the tomb, it is impossible to entertain
other than feelings of pity, contempt and scorn.  
--Robert G. Ingersoll
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_G._Ingersoll>

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[Daily article] August 10: British military intervention in the Sierra Leone Civil War Published On

The United Kingdom's military intervention in Sierra Leone in May 2000
was the first large-scale intervention by British forces in the
country's civil war. A team was dispatched under Brigadier David
Richards (pictured in 2012) to evacuate foreign citizens after the
Revolutionary United Front (RUF) advanced on the country's capital,
Freetown. British forces then began to assist the U.N. Mission in Sierra
Leone and the Sierra Leone Army (SLA). They first came into direct
contact with the RUF 10 days after arrival, when the rebels attacked a
British position near Lungi International Airport. While training the
SLA for confrontations with the RUF, a British patrol was taken captive
by a militia group known as the West Side Boys. Negotiations achieved
the release of five soldiers; three weeks later, British special forces
freed the remaining six, restoring confidence in the British mission.
The RUF began to disarm after political pressure and economic sanctions
were exerted on its supporter Liberia. The British training teams were
replaced by an international force in September 2001. The mission's
success vindicated several concepts, including the retention of high-
readiness forces.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_military_intervention_in_the_Sierra_Leone_Civil_War>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1270:

Yekuno Amlak deposed the last Zagwe king and seized the
imperial throne of Ethiopia, beginning the reign of the Solomonic
dynasty that would last for more than 700 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yekuno_Amlak>

1793:

The Louvre officially opened in Paris with an exhibition of 537
paintings.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Louvre>

1861:

American Civil War: The first major battle west of the
Mississippi River, the Battle of Wilson's Creek, was fought.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek>

1953:

First Indochina War: The French Union withdrew its forces from
Operation Camargue against the Viet Minh in central modern-day Vietnam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Camargue>

1988:

Japanese American internment: The Civil Liberties Act of 1988
became law, authorizing US$20,000 in reparations to each surviving
internee.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Liberties_Act_of_1988>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

leeward:
Away from the direction from which the wind is blowing. Downwind.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/leeward>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A constitutional republic dedicated before everything to the
protection of liberty cannot legalize torture and remain a
constitutional republic. It imports into itself a tumor of pure tyranny.
 
--Andrew Sullivan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan>

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[Daily article] August 9: One Tree Hill (song) Published On

"One Tree Hill" is a song by rock band U2 and the ninth track on their
1987 album The Joshua Tree. It was written in memory of Greg Carroll, a
Māori the band met in 1984 who later befriended lead singer Bono and
served as a roadie for the group. Carroll was killed in July 1986 in a
motorcycle accident in Dublin. Following the funeral in Carroll's native
country of New Zealand, Bono wrote the lyrics to the song, which he
dedicated to Carroll; the title comes from an Auckland hill (pictured)
that Bono remembered from his 1984 visit to New Zealand. In
March 1988, the song was released as the fourth single from The Joshua
Tree in New Zealand and Australia, charting at number one on the New
Zealand singles chart. The lyrics reflect Bono's thoughts at the funeral
and pay homage to Chilean activist Victor Jara. The vocals were recorded
in a single take, as Bono felt incapable of singing them a second time.
U2 delayed performing the song on the Joshua Tree Tour in 1987 due to
Bono's emotional state. After its live debut on the tour's third leg and
an enthusiastic reaction from audiences, the song was played
occasionally for the rest of the tour.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Tree_Hill_(song)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1483:

The first mass in the Sistine Chapel (interior pictured) in the
Vatican City was celebrated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistine_Chapel>

1902:

Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark were crowned King and Queen
of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark>

1971:

The Troubles: British authorities began arresting and interning
(without trial) people accused of being republican paramilitary members.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Demetrius>

1988:

Wayne Gretzky was traded from the Edmonton Oilers to the Los
Angeles Kings in one of the most controversial player transactions in
ice hockey history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky>

2001:

Fifteen people were killed and 130 others were wounded when a
suicide bomber detonated his bomb at a Sbarro pizza restaurant in
Jerusalem.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pankration:
An Ancient Greek martial art combining aspects of boxing and wrestling,
introduced in the Greek Olympic games in 648 BC.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pankration>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What magical trick makes us intelligent? The trick is that there
is no trick. The power of intelligence stems from our vast diversity,
not from any single, perfect principle.  
--Marvin Minsky
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky>

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[Daily article] August 8: Lactarius indigo Published On

Lactarius indigo, commonly known as the indigo milk cap, is a species of
agaric fungus in the family Russulaceae. First described in 1822, it is
a widely distributed species and grows naturally in eastern North
America, East Asia, and Central America; it has also been reported from
southern France. L. indigo grows on the ground in both deciduous and
coniferous forests, where it forms mycorrhizal associations with a broad
range of trees. The cap has a diameter of 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in). The
fruit body color ranges from dark blue in fresh specimens to pale blue-
gray in older ones. The milk, or latex, that oozes when the mushroom
tissue is cut or broken—a feature common to all members of the
Lactarius genus—is also indigo blue, but slowly turns green upon
exposure to air. The blue color is due to an organic compound known as
an azulene which is unique to this species, but similar to a compound
found in Lactarius deliciosus. It is an edible mushroom, with a mild to
slightly acrid taste; the firm flesh is best prepared by cutting the
mushroom in thin slices. The blue color disappears with cooking. It is
sold in rural markets in Mexico, Guatemala, and China.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactarius_indigo>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1786:

Michel-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat completed the first
recorded ascent of Mont Blanc in the Alps, an act considered to be the
birth of modern mountaineering.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Blanc>

1918:

The Battle of Amiens began in Amiens, France, marking the start
of the Allied Powers' Hundred Days Offensive through the German front
lines that ultimately led to the end of World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Amiens_(1918)>

1963:

The Zimbabwe African National Union was formed when Ndabaningi
Sithole, Robert Mugabe, and others decided to split from the Zimbabwe
African People's Union.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe_African_National_Union>

1988:

The 8888 Uprising, a series of marches, demonstrations,
protests, and riots against the one-party state of the Burma Socialist
Programme Party in Burma, began.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8888_Uprising>

2008:

Eight people died and 64 more were injured when a EuroCity
express train en route to Prague, Czech Republic struck a part of a
motorway bridge that had fallen onto the track near Studénka station in
the Czech Republic and derailed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stud%C3%A9nka_train_accident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

shuttlecock:
(badminton) A lightweight object that is conical in shape with a cork or
rubber-covered nose, used in badminton as a ball is used in other
racquet games; a birdie.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shuttlecock>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In science one tries to tell people, in such a way as to be
understood by everyone, something that no one ever knew before. But in
the case of poetry, it's the exact opposite!  
--Paul Dirac
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_Dirac>

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[Daily article] August 7: Boden Professor of Sanskrit election, 1860 Published On

The election in 1860 for the position of Boden Professor of Sanskrit at
the University of Oxford was a hotly contested affair between two
candidates with different approaches to Sanskrit scholarship. Monier
Williams (pictured), an Oxford-educated Englishman who taught Sanskrit
to those preparing to work in British India, regarded the study of
Sanskrit as a way to help convert India to Christianity. Max Müller, an
internationally regarded scholar in comparative philology (the science
of language), thought that his work, while it would assist missionaries,
was valuable as an end in itself. They battled for the votes of the
electorate (the Convocation of the university, consisting of over
3,700 graduates) through manifestos and newspaper correspondence. The
election came at a time of public debate about Britain's role in India
after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Although generally regarded as the
superior scholar, Müller had the double disadvantage (in some eyes) of
being German and having liberal Christian views. Special trains to
Oxford were provided for non-residents to cast their votes. Williams won
the election by a majority of over 230 votes, and held the chair until
his death in 1899.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boden_Professor_of_Sanskrit_election,_1860>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1782:

The Bronze Horseman (pictured), an equestrian statue of Peter
the Great that serves as one of the symbols of Saint Petersburg, Russia,
was unveiled.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Horseman>

1909:

Fifty-nine days after leaving New York City, Alice Huyler
Ramsey, with three friends, arrived in San Francisco to become the first
woman to drive an automobile across the U.S.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Huyler_Ramsey>

1933:

An estimated 3,000 Assyrians were slaughtered by Iraqi troops
during the Simele massacre in the Dahuk and Mosul districts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simele_massacre>

1938:

Prisoners from Dachau concentration camp were sent to begin
construction of Mauthausen, which would later be part of one of the
largest labour camp complexes in German-occupied Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp>

1998:

Car bombs exploded simultaneously at the American embassies in
the East African capital cities of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi,
Kenya, killing more than 200 people and injuring more than 4,500 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dressage:
An equestrian sport in which the horse and rider perform a test of
specific movements in an arena, and are judged on the horse's obedience,
acceptance of the bridle and of the rider's aids, gaits, impulsion, and
the harmony between horse and rider.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dressage>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There's not a single thing on offer in this all-too-temporary
world for which you should ever sell your soul.  
--Alan Keyes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alan_Keyes>

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