September 30: Les pêcheurs de perles Published On

Les pêcheurs de perles (The Pearl Fishers) is an opera by the French
composer Georges Bizet, with a libretto by Eugène Cormon and Michel
Carré, first performed on 30 September 1863 at the Théâtre Lyrique
in Paris. Set in ancient Ceylon, it tells how two men's vow of eternal
friendship is threatened by their love for a woman, who is herself
conflicted between secular love and her sacred oath as a priestess. The
duet "Au fond du temple saint", generally known as "The Pearl Fishers
Duet", is one of the best-known numbers in Western opera. Although the
opera was well received by the public and by other composers, initial
press reaction was generally hostile, and it was not revived in Bizet's
lifetime. However, it later achieved popularity in Europe and America,
and eventually became a staple part of the repertory of opera houses
worldwide. The loss of Bizet's original score meant that, until the
1970s, productions were based on versions with significant departures
from the original; recently, efforts have been made to reconstruct the
score in accordance with Bizet's intentions. Modern critics have
detected premonitions of the composer's genius which would culminate,
10 years later, in Carmen.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_p%C3%AAcheurs_de_perles>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1399:

Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, deposed Richard II to
become Henry IV of England, merging the Duchy of Lancaster with the
crown.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England>

1882:

The Vulcan Street Plant, the first hydroelectric central
station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North
America, went on line in Appleton, Wisconsin, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Street_Plant>

1939:

World War II: General Władysław Sikorski became Prime
Minister of the Polish government-in-exile.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski>

1966:

Seretse Khama became the first President of Botswana when the
Bechuanaland Protectorate gained independence from the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seretse_Khama>

2009:

A 7.6 MW earthquake struck off the southern coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia, killing 1,115 people and impacting an estimated 1.25 million
people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sumatra_earthquakes>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cutify:
1. (from the Latin word for skin, "cutis") To form skin, as, the wound area
was left to cutify.
2. (from "cute" + "-ify", perhaps modeled on "beautify") To make cute, as,
she cutified her room.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cutify>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Love said to me, there is nothing that is not me. Be silent.
 
--Rumi
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rumi>

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[Daily article] September 29: Rise of Neville Chamberlain Published On

The early life, business career and political rise of Neville
Chamberlain culminated on 28 May 1937, when he was summoned to
Buckingham Palace to "kiss hands" and become Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom. Chamberlain was born in 1869; his father was the
politician Joseph Chamberlain. After a period in a firm of chartered
accountants, Neville Chamberlain spent six years in the Bahamas managing
a sisal plantation. Returning to England in 1897, he became a successful
businessman, and Lord Mayor, in his home city of Birmingham. He was
elected to the House of Commons aged 49 in 1918, the oldest man at first
election to Parliament to become prime minister. After four years on the
backbenches, he saw rapid promotion, becoming Chancellor of the
Exchequer after less than a year as a minister. He spent five years as
Minister of Health, securing the passage of many reforming acts. After
two years in opposition, he became part of Ramsey MacDonald's National
Government, and spent another five years as Chancellor. Chamberlain had
long been regarded as Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin's political heir,
and when Baldwin announced his retirement, Chamberlain was seen as the
only possible successor.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Neville_Chamberlain>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1774:

The publication of The Sorrows of Young Werther raised the 24
-year-old Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to international fame.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther>

1829:

The Metropolitan Police of Greater London, originally
headquartered in Great Scotland Yard, Westminster, was founded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police_Service>

1923:

The British Mandate for Palestine came into effect, officially
creating the protectorates of Palestine as a Jewish homeland under
British administration and Transjordan as a separate emirate under
Abdullah I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Palestine_(legal_instrument)>

1957:

An explosion at the Soviet nuclear reprocessing plant Mayak
released 74 to 1850 PBq of radioactive material.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyshtym_disaster>

1963:

The University of East Anglia was founded in Norwich, England,
after talk of establishing such a university in the city began as early
as the 19th century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

abnegate:
1. To deny oneself (something), to renounce or give up (a right, power,
claim, privilege or convenience).
2. To deny, to reject (something, for example a truth or a commonly-held
belief).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abnegate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Time ripens all things. No man is born wise.  
--Miguel de Cervantes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes>

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[Daily article] September 28: H. C. McNeile Published On

H. C. McNeile MC (1888–1937) was a British soldier and author best
known for his series of Bulldog Drummond novels. McNeile started writing
short war stories during the First World War; when these were published
in the Daily Mail, they were under his penname, Sapper, which was based
on that of his regiment, the Royal Engineers. After the war he left the
Army and became a full-time writer, changing from writing war stories to
thrillers, and from writing short stories to move increasingly to
novels. In 1920 he published Bulldog Drummond, whose hero became his
best-known creation: nine further Drummond novels followed, as did three
plays and a screenplay. McNeile also wrote works that included two other
protagonists, Jim Maitland and Ronald Standish, and sales of his books
ensured he was one of the most successful British popular authors of the
inter-war period before his death in 1937 from throat cancer, which has
been attributed to damage sustained from a gas attack in the war.
Although seen by his contemporaries as an "upstanding Tory", his work
came under criticism after the Second World War for its fascist
overtones, xenophobia and anti-semitism.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._C._McNeile>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

William the Conqueror and his fleet of around 600 ships landed
at Pevensey, Sussex, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England>

1891:

Railway workers in Montevideo founded the Central Uruguay
Railway Cricket Club, which later changed its name to Peñarol, now
Uruguay's most successful football club.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol>

1928:

Scottish biologist and pharmacologist Alexander Fleming
discovered penicillin when he noticed a bacteria-killing mould growing
in his laboratory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillin>

1995:

Over 30 mercenaries led by Bob Denard landed on the Comoros in
an attempted coup, his fourth one on the African island nation since
1975.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Denard>

2008:

SpaceX's Falcon 1 rocket achieved orbit on its fourth attempt
to become the first successful liquid-propelled orbital launch vehicle
developed with private funding.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_1>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

meadery:
A place where mead is made.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meadery>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  義 He who attains to sincerity is he who chooses what is good,
and firmly holds it fast. To this attainment there are requisite the
extensive study of what is good, accurate inquiry about it, careful
reflection on it, the clear discrimination of it, and the earnest
practice of it. 儒家  
--Confucius
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Confucius>

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[Daily article] September 27: Whaam! Published On

Whaam! is a 1963 diptych painting by American artist Roy Lichtenstein.
The painting's title (pictured) is displayed in the large onomatopoeia
in the right panel. One of the best-known works of pop art, it is among
Lichtenstein's most important paintings. Whaam! was first exhibited at
the Leo Castelli Gallery in New York City in 1963, and purchased by the
Tate Gallery, London, in 1966. It has been on permanent display at Tate
Modern since 2006. The left-hand panel of Whaam! shows a fighter plane
shooting a missile. The right-hand panel depicts the missile hitting its
target, a second plane, which explodes into flames. Lichtenstein based
the image on elements taken from several comic-book panels. He
transformed his primary prototype, a panel from a 1962 war comic book,
by dividing the composition into two panels and altering the
relationship of the graphical and narrative elements. Whaam! is regarded
for the temporal, spatial and psychological integration of its two
panels, which Lichtenstein conceived as a contrasting pair.
Lichtenstein, who served in the United States Army during World War II,
depicted aerial combat in several works.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaam!>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1777:

American Revolutionary War: Lancaster, Pennsylvania, became the
capital of the United States for one day as members of the Continental
Congress fled Philadelphia, which had been captured by the British.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster,_Pennsylvania>

1875:

The Ellen Southard wrecked in a storm at Liverpool, England;
the United States Congress subsequently awarded 27 gold Lifesaving
Medals to the lifeboat men who rescued her crew.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Southard>

1916:

Lij Iyasu, the emperor-designate of Ethiopia, was deposed in
favor of his aunt, Zewditu.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyasu_V>

1988:

Led by pro-democracy activist Aung San Suu Kyi (pictured), the
political party National League for Democracy was founded in Burma.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy>

1993:

War in Abkhazia: After capturing the city of Sukhumi, Abkhaz
separatists and their allies massacred large numbers of Georgian
civilians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhumi_massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hallux:
The big toe.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hallux>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It requires time to bring honest Men to think & determine alike
even in important Matters. Mankind are governed more by their feelings
than by reason.  
--Samuel Adams
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams>

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[Daily article] September 26: Daniel Sedin Published On

Henrik Sedin and his identical twin brother Daniel Sedin (born 1980) are
Swedish professional ice hockey players with the Vancouver Canucks of
the National Hockey League (NHL). Henrik (pictured rear) is the team's
captain and all-time leading scorer, and Daniel (pictured front) serves
as alternate captain in home games. Having played together throughout
their careers, the pair are known for their effectiveness playing off
one another. They began their professional careers in the Swedish Elite
League with Modo Hockey in 1997 and were joint recipients of the
1999 Golden Puck as Swedish player of the year. Daniel was selected
second overall by the Canucks in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, and Henrik
was picked third. Henrik was the team's leading points scorer from
2007–08 to 2009–10, and in 2009–10, he won the Hart Memorial and
Art Ross Trophies as the NHL's most valuable player and leading point-
scorer, respectively. Daniel won the Art Ross Trophy the following
season. They were co-recipients of the Victoria Stipendium as Swedish
athletes of the year in 2011. Internationally, they have helped Sweden
to victory at the 2006 Winter Olympics and the 2013 World
Championships.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sedin>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1087:

William II (pictured), son of William the Conqueror, was
crowned King of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England>

1493:

Pope Alexander VI issued the papal bull Dudum siquidem, the
last of the Bulls of Donation, marking the beginning of the Spanish
colonization of the Americas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudum_siquidem>

1933:

As gangster Machine Gun Kelly surrendered to the FBI, he
supposedly shouted out, "Don't shoot, G-Men ('government men')!", which
became a nickname for FBI agents.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_Kelly>

1942:

The Holocaust: Nazi official August Frank issued a memorandum
containing a great deal of operational detail in how Jews should be
"evacuated".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Frank>

1983:

Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov averted a possible
worldwide nuclear war by deliberately certifying what otherwise appeared
to be an impending attack by the United States as a false alarm.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

exanimate:
1. Lifeless, not or no longer living.
2. Spiritless, dispirited.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exanimate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If we all were judged according to the consequences Of all our
words and deeds, beyond the intention And beyond our limited
understanding Of ourselves and others, we should all be condemned.
 
--T. S. Eliot
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot>

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[Daily article] September 25: Freedom for the Thought That We Hate Published On

Freedom for the Thought That We Hate is a 2007 non-fiction book by
Anthony Lewis about freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of
thought, and the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Lewis discusses key free speech case law, including U.S. Supreme Court
opinions in United States v. Schwimmer (1929), New York Times Co. v.
Sullivan (1964), and New York Times Co. v. United States (1971). The
book's title is drawn from the dissenting opinion by Associate Justice
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (pictured) in United States v. Schwimmer, who
wrote: "if there is any principle of the Constitution that more
imperatively calls for attachment than any other, it is the principle of
free thought—not free thought for those who agree with us but freedom
for the thought that we hate." The book was positively received by The
New York Times, Harvard Magazine, Nat Hentoff, two National Book Critics
Circle members, and Kirkus Reviews. Jeremy Waldron criticized the work
in The New York Review of Books and elaborated on this in The Harm in
Hate Speech (2012). This prompted a critical analysis of both works in
The New York Review of Books by former Supreme Court Justice John Paul
Stevens.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_for_the_Thought_That_We_Hate>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1396:

Ottoman wars in Europe: Ottoman forces under Bayezid I
defeated a Christian alliance led by Sigismund of Hungary in the Battle
of Nicopolis near present-day Nikopol, Bulgaria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis>

1790:

Peking opera (performer pictured) was born when the Four Great
Anhui Troupes introduced Anhui opera to Beijing in honor of the Qianlong
Emperor's eightieth birthday
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_opera>

1911:

An explosion of badly degraded propellant charges on board the
French battleship Liberté detonated the forward ammunition magazines
and destroyed the ship.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Libert%C3%A9>

1983:

In one of the largest prison escapes in British history, 38
Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners hijacked a prison meals
lorry and smashed their way out of HM Prison Maze in County Antrim,
Northern Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape>

2008:

Shenzhou 7, the third spaceflight of the Chinese space program
and their first to include a spacewalk, launched from the Jiuquan
Satellite Launch Center.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhou_7>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lampoon:
To satirize or poke fun at.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lampoon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I believe that the justification of art is the internal
combustion it ignites in the hearts of men and not its shallow,
externalized, public manifestations. The purpose of art is not the
release of a momentary ejection of adrenalin but is, rather, the
gradual, lifelong construction of a state of wonder and serenity.
 
--Glenn Gould
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Glenn_Gould>

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[Daily article] September 24: Squeeze (The X-Files) Published On

"Squeeze" is the third episode of the first season of the American
science fiction television series The X-Files, premiering on
September 24, 1993. It featured the first of two guest appearances by
Doug Hutchison (pictured) as the mutant serial killer Eugene Victor
Tooms. In this episode, FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny)
and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) (who work on cases linked to the
paranormal, called X-Files) investigate a series of ritualistic killings
by somebody seemingly capable of squeezing his body through impossibly
narrow gaps. The agents deduce that their suspect may be a genetic
mutant who has been killing in sprees for ninety years. Production was
problematic; creative differences led to the director being replaced,
and some missing scenes needed to be shot after the initial filming.
"Squeeze" received positive reviews from critics, mostly focusing on
Hutchison's performance and the resonance of his character. Academics
have examined "Squeeze" for its portrayal of the politics of law
enforcement, highlighting the tension—evident throughout the
series—between the agents' desire to find the truth and their duty to
secure criminal convictions.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze_(The_X-Files)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1645:

English Civil War: Royalists under the personal command of King
Charles I suffered a significant defeat in the Battle of Rowton Heath.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rowton_Heath>

1789:

The First United States Congress passed the Judiciary Act of
1789, establishing the U.S. federal judiciary and setting the number of
Supreme Court Justices.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789>

1903:

Alfred Deakin became the second Prime Minister of Australia,
succeeding Edmund Barton who left office to become a founding justice of
the High Court of Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Deakin>

1957:

Barcelona's Camp Nou, currently the largest stadium in Europe
with a seating capacity of 99,354, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Nou>

1992:

American man Oba Chandler was arrested for the murder of three
women in Tampa Bay, Florida, after a three-year-long manhunt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oba_Chandler>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

heretofore:
Prior to now, until now, up to the present time.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heretofore>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Either you think — or else others have to think for you and
take power from you, pervert and discipline your natural tastes,
civilize and sterilize you.  
--F. Scott Fitzgerald
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald>

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[Daily article] September 23: Throffer Published On

In political philosophy, a throffer is a proposal that mixes an offer
with a threat which will be carried out if the offer is not accepted.
The term was first used in print by political philosopher Hillel
Steiner, and while other writers followed, it has not been universally
adopted. An example (pictured) is "Kill this man and I'll pay you—fail
to kill him and I'll kill you instead." Steiner differentiated offers,
threats and throffers based on the preferability of compliance and non-
compliance for the subject compared to the normal course of events that
would have come about were no intervention made, although this approach
has been criticised. Throffers form part of the wider moral and
political considerations of coercion, and form part of the question of
the possibility of coercive offers. The theoretical concerns surrounding
throffers have been practically applied concerning workfare programmes,
where individuals receiving social welfare have their aid decreased if
they refuse the offer of work or education. Several writers have also
observed that throffers presented to people convicted of crimes,
particularly sex offenders, can result in more lenient sentences if they
accept medical treatment.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throffer>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1459:

Yorkist forces led by Richard Neville defeated Lancastrian
troops at the Battle of Blore Heath in Staffordshire, England, the first
major battle of the Wars of the Roses.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath>

1868:

Ramón Emeterio Betances led the Grito de Lares, a revolt
against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances>

1899:

Philippine-American War: The American Asiatic Squadron
destroyed a Filipino artillery battery in Olongapo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Olongapo>

1983:

A bomb placed by the Abu Nidal organisation destroyed Gulf Air
Flight 771, flying from Karachi, Pakistan, to Abu Dhabi, UAE, killing
all 110 people aboard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Air_Flight_771>

2008:

A gunman shot and killed ten students at Seinäjoki University
of Applied Sciences in Kauhajoki, Western Finland, before committing
suicide.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

analemma:
An egg-shaped or figure-eight curve that results when the Sun's position
in the sky is plotted out over the year.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analemma>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Soul is when you take a song and make it a part of you — a part
that's so true, so real, people think it must have happened to you. …
It's like electricity — we don't really know what it is, do we? But
it's a force that can light a room. Soul is like electricity, like a
spirit, a drive, a power.  
--Ray Charles
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ray_Charles>

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[Daily article] September 22: Kwinana Freeway Published On

Kwinana Freeway is a 72-kilometre (45 mi) freeway in and beyond the
southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, linking central Perth with
Mandurah to the south. It interchanges with several major roads,
including Roe Highway and Mandjoogoordap Drive, and is the central
section of State Route 2, which continues north as Mitchell Freeway to
Joondalup, and south as Forrest Highway towards Bunbury. A 4-kilometre
(2.5 mi) section between Canning and Leach highways is also part of
National Route 1. The northern terminus of the Kwinana Freeway is at
the Narrows Bridge, which crosses the Swan River, and the southern
terminus is at Pinjarra Road, east of Mandurah. Planning began in the
1950s, and the first segment in South Perth was constructed between 1956
and 1959. The route has been progressively widened and extended south
since then. The last extension was completed in 2009, with the section
north of Pinjarra Road named as part of the Kwinana Freeway, and the
remainder named Forrest Highway. The freeway has been adapted to cater
for public transport: bus priority measures were introduced in 1987, and
in 2007, the Mandurah railway line (pictured) opened, constructed in the
freeway median strip.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinana_Freeway>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

904:

The warlord Zhu Quanzhong killed Emperor Zhaozong, the
penultimate emperor of Tang Dynasty China, after seizing control of the
imperial government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Zhaozong_of_Tang>

1776:

Captain Nathan Hale, an American Revolutionary spy from the
Continental Army, was hanged by British forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Hale>

1792:

French Revolution: One day after the National Convention voted
to abolish the monarchy, the French First Republic came into being.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic>

1957:

François "Papa Doc" Duvalier was elected President of Haiti as
a populist before consolidating power and ruling as a dictator for the
rest of his life.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier>

1965:

The United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a
resolution calling for an unconditional ceasefire in the Indo-Pakistani
War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

voetsek:
Go away! Get lost! Exclamation of dismissal or rejection.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voetsek>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Among those points of self-education which take up the form of
mental discipline, there is one of great importance, and, moreover,
difficult to deal with, because it involves an internal conflict, and
equally touches our vanity and our ease. It consists in the tendency to
deceive ourselves regarding all we wish for, and the necessity of
resistance to these desires. It is impossible for any one who has not
been constrained, by the course of his occupation and thoughts, to a
habit of continual self-correction, to be aware of the amount of error
in relation to judgment arising from this tendency. The force of the
temptation which urges us to seek for such evidence and appearances as
are in favour of our desires, and to disregard those which oppose them,
is wonderfully great. In this respect we are all, more or less, active
promoters of error. In place of practising wholesome self-abnegation, we
ever make the wish the father to the thought: we receive as friendly
that which agrees with, we resist with dislike that which opposes us;
whereas the very reverse is required by every dictate of common sense.
 
--Michael Faraday
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday>

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[Daily article] September 21: Rich Girl (Gwen Stefani song) Published On

"Rich Girl" is a song by American recording artist Gwen Stefani
(pictured) from her 2004 debut solo album, Love. Angel. Music. Baby.
Produced by Dr. Dre, the track features rapper Eve, who had previously
collaborated with Stefani on the 2001 single "Let Me Blow Ya Mind".
"Rich Girl" is a remake of Louchie Lou & Michie One's 1993 song of the
same name, which was in turn an adaptation of the Fiddler on the Roof
song "If I Were a Rich Man". In the song, Stefani discusses dreams of
wealth and luxury. She has said that the song is from the perspective of
"when she was just an Orange County girl". The last song to be included
on the album, "Rich Girl" was released in late 2004 to mixed reviews
from music critics. Some found it ironic that Stefani, who had already
sold 26 million records as a member of the rock group No Doubt,
discussed having money in the counterfactual conditional. It was a
commercial success, reaching the top ten on the majority of the charts
it entered. In the United States, the song was certified gold, and it
received a nomination for Best Rap/Sung collaboration at the
48th Grammy Awards. The music video was directed by David LaChapelle
and features a pirate theme.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Girl_(Gwen_Stefani_song)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1745:

Jacobite Risings: Jacobite troops led by Charles Edward Stuart
defeated the Hanoverians in Prestonpans, East Lothian, Scotland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Prestonpans>

1860:

Second Opium War: Anglo-French forces earned a decisive victory
against Qing Dynasty troops in the Battle of Palikao, allowing them to
capture Beijing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palikao>

1921:

A tower silo storing 4,500 tonnes of a mixture of ammonium
sulfate and ammonium nitrate fertilizer exploded at a BASF plant in
Oppau, Germany, killing at least 500 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppau_explosion>

1938:

The Great New England Hurricane made landfall on Long Island,
New York, killing at least 500 people and injuring about 700 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938_New_England_hurricane>

1953:

North Korean No Kum-Sok defected with his MiG-15, inadvertently
making Operation Moolah, an American effort to bribe Communist pilots, a
success.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moolah>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

infanticide:
The murder of an infant.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infanticide>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If you're squeezed for information, that's when you've got to
play it dumb: You just say you're out there waiting for the miracle to
come.  
--Leonard Cohen
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen>

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[Daily article] September 20: Tropical Storm Hermine (1998) Published On

Tropical Storm Hermine was the eighth tropical cyclone and named storm
of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season. Hermine developed from a
tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on
September 5. The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean, and on
entering the northwest Caribbean Sea interacted with other weather
systems. The resultant system was declared a tropical depression on
September 17 in the central Gulf of Mexico. The storm meandered north
slowly, and after being upgraded to a tropical storm made landfall on
Louisiana, where it quickly deteriorated into a tropical depression
again on September 20. Before the storm's arrival, residents of Grand
Isle, Louisiana, were evacuated. Rainfall spread from Louisiana through
Georgia, causing isolated flash flooding. In some areas, the storm tide
prolonged the coastal flooding from a tropical cyclone. Gusty winds were
reported. Associated tornadoes in Mississippi damaged mobile homes and
vehicles, and inflicted one injury. While Hermine was a weak storm and
not particularly damaging, its effects combined with those of other
tropical cyclones caused agricultural damage.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Hermine_(1998)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

King Harald III of Norway and Tostig Godwinson, his English
ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar in the
Battle of Fulford near York, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford>

1906:

The ocean liner RMS Mauretania (pictured), the largest and
fastest ship in the world at the time, was launched.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)>

1943:

World War II: Australian troops defeated Imperial Japanese
forces at the Battle of Kaiapit in New Guinea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiapit>

2001:

During a televised address to a joint session of the United
States Congress, U.S. President George W. Bush declared a "war on
terror" against Al-Qaeda and other global terrorist groups.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror>

2009:

Tadhg Kennelly became the first person to win the top prizes in
both Australian rules football and Gaelic football by winning the All-
Ireland Senior Football Championship Final with Kerry.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_All-Ireland_Senior_Football_Championship_Final>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

anthelmintic:
A drug for the treatment of intestinal worm infestation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthelmintic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  After all these years, I am still involved in the process of
self-discovery. It's better to explore life and make mistakes than to
play it safe. Mistakes are part of the dues one pays for a full life.
☥  
--Sophia Loren
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sophia_Loren>

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[Daily article] September 19: Hyderabad Published On

Hyderabad is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Andhra
Pradesh. Located along the Musi River, Hyderabad has a population of 6.8
million, making it the fourth-largest city in India. Established in
1591, Hyderabad was ruled by the Qutb Shahis for a century before
falling under Mughal rule. In 1724, Mughal viceroy Asif Jah I created
his own dynasty of nizams by establishing the State of Hyderabad, which
ultimately became a princely state based in the city during British
rule. Relics of Qutb Shahi and Nizam rule remain visible today, with the
Charminar (pictured)—dating from the city's founding—coming to
symbolise Hyderabad. That legacy is also evident in the city's
distinctive cuisine, which includes Hyderabadi biriyani and Hyderabadi
haleem. Hyderabad has historically been known as a pearl and diamond
trading centre. Today, due to the Telugu film industry, it is also the
country's second-largest producer city of motion pictures. The formation
of an infotech special economic zone has attracted firms from around the
world, while the emergence of biotech industries in the 1990s has led to
the title "Genome Valley" alongside the city's traditional status as the
City of Pearls.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

634:

Byzantine-Arab Wars: Rashidun Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid
captured Damascus from the Byzantine Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)>

1863:

The Battle of Chickamauga began in northwestern Georgia and
would end in the most significant Union defeat in the Western Theater of
the American Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga>

1970:

The first Glastonbury Festival, the largest greenfield festival
in the world, was held at Michael Eavis's farm in Glastonbury, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival>

1995:

The Manifesto of "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski (police sketch
pictured) was published in The Washington Post and The New York Times,
almost three months after it was submitted.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski>

2006:

The Royal Thai Army overthrew the elected government of Thai
Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra while he was in New York City for a
meeting of the United Nations General Assembly.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

jump down someone's throat:
To criticise with excessive and unexpected harshness.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jump_down_someone%27s_throat>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Fifteen men on the dead man's chest — Yo-ho-ho, and a bottle of
rum! Drink and the devil had done for the rest — Yo-ho-ho, and a
bottle of rum!  
--Robert Louis Stevenson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson>

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[Daily article] September 18: Once More, with Feeling (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) Published On

"Once More, with Feeling" is the only episode of the fantasy television
show Buffy the Vampire Slayer performed as a musical. It was written and
directed by the show's creator, Joss Whedon (pictured), and first aired
in the United States on November 6, 2001. The episode explores changes
in the relationships of the main characters, using the plot device that
a demon compels the people of Sunnydale to break into song at random
moments to express hidden truths. All cast members sang their parts,
although two were given minimal lines by request. It is the most
technically complex episode in the series, as extra voice and dance
training for the cast was interspersed with the production of four other
Buffy episodes. It was Whedon's first attempt at writing music, and
different styles—from 1950s sitcom theme music to rock opera—are
used to express the characters' secrets. The episode was well received
critically upon airing, specifically for containing the humor and wit to
which fans had become accustomed. It is considered one of the most
effective and popular episodes of the series, and—prior to a financial
dispute in 2007—was shown in theaters with the audience invited to
sing along.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_More,_with_Feeling_(Buffy_the_Vampire_Slayer)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1809:

The second theatre of the Royal Opera House in London opened
after a fire destroyed the original theatre one year earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House>

1873:

Panic of 1873: The American bank Jay Cooke & Company declared
bankruptcy, setting off a chain reaction of bank failures.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Cooke_%26_Company>

1889:

Hull House, the United States' most influential settlement
house, opened in Chicago.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House>

1961:

En route to negotiate a ceasefire between Katanga troops and
United Nations forces, the plane carrying UN Secretary-General Dag
Hammarskjöld crashed under mysterious circumstances near Ndola in
Northern Rhodesia, killing him and 15 others on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld>

1974:

Hurricane Fifi struck Honduras, destroying 182 towns and
villages in the first 24 hours, and ultimately causing over 8,000
deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fifi%E2%80%93Orlene>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chirality:
The phenomenon, in chemistry, physics and mathematics, of objects being
unidentical mirror images of each other, like a person's left and right
hands.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chirality>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The time comes in the life of each of us when we realize that
death awaits us as it awaits others, that we will receive at the end
neither preference nor exemption. It is then, in that disturbed moment,
that we know life is an adventure with an ending, not a succession of
bright days that go on forever.  
--William March
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_March>

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[Daily article] September 17: Elizabeth Canning Published On

Elizabeth Canning (1734–73) was an English maidservant who claimed to
have been kidnapped and held in a hayloft against her will, and who
ultimately became central to one of the most famous English criminal
mysteries of the 18th century. She disappeared on 1 January 1753,
returning 28 days later, emaciated and in a "deplorable condition", to
her mother's home in the City of London. After Canning was interviewed,
two women, Susannah Wells and Mary Squires, were identified as her
supposed captors and arrested. Local magistrate Henry Fielding
investigated Canning's story, interviewing several witnesses. Wells and
Squires were tried and found guilty; Wells was sentenced to death for
theft. However, the trial judge, Crisp Gascoyne, was unhappy with the
verdict and began his own investigation. Upon being questioned, some
witnesses recanted their earlier testimony, and evidence from others
implied that Squires could not have abducted Canning. Gascoyne had
Canning arrested, and she was found guilty of perjury at a trial in
1754. She was imprisoned for a month and transported for seven years.
She died in British America in 1773, but the mystery surrounding her
disappearance remains unsolved.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Canning>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1859:

Disgruntled with the legal and political structures of the
United States, Joshua Norton distributed letters to various newspapers
in San Francisco, proclaiming himself Emperor Norton.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Norton>

1914:

Andrew Fisher became Prime Minister of Australia for the third
time, beginning a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until
the 1940s.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher>

1939:

World War II: The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east,
sixteen days after Nazi Germany's attack on that country from the west.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland>

1978:

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister
Menachem Begin (both pictured with Jimmy Carter) signed the Camp David
Accords after twelve days of secret negotiations at Camp David.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_David_Accords>

2011:

Adbusters, a Canadian anti-consumerist publication, organized a
protest against corporate influence on democracy at Zuccotti Park in New
York City that became known as Occupy Wall Street.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rapine:
The seizure of someone's property by force; plunder.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapine>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What I always wanted to be was a magician… Doing magic, you not
only have to be able to do a trick, you have to have a little story line
to go with it.  
--Ken Kesey
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ken_Kesey>

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[Daily article] September 16: The Simpsons: Hit and Run Published On

The Simpsons: Hit & Run is an action-adventure video game based on the
animated sitcom The Simpsons. It was released in North America on
September 16, 2003, and in Europe and Japan later in the year. The
story and dialogue were crafted by writers from The Simpsons, with all
character voices supplied by the actual cast. The game follows the
Simpson family and the citizens of Springfield, who witness strange
incidents in town and discover that two aliens are filming a reality
television series about the populace. To make the show more interesting,
the aliens release a new version of the popular soft drink Buzz Cola
into Springfield's water supply, which causes insanity. With help from
Professor Frink, Homer destroys the aliens' spaceship, and Springfield
and its inhabitants are returned to normal. The game received generally
favorable reviews from video game critics. Praise focused on the
interpretation of the Simpsons television series as a video game and its
parodical take on the game Grand Theft Auto III, while criticism mostly
surrounded some aspects of gameplay. The game received the award for
Fave Video Game at the 2004 Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards
and sold three million copies.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons:_Hit_and_Run>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1810:

Miguel Hidalgo, the parish priest in Dolores, Guanajuato,
delivered the Grito de Dolores to his congregation, instigating the
Mexican War of Independence against Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores>

1941:

Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran was forced to abdicate in favour of
his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h>

1959:

Haloid Xerox introduced the Xerox 914, the first modern
photocopier, invented by American physicist Chester Carlson.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Carlson>

1963:

Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo (present-day Sabah), and
Sarawak merged to form Malaysia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia>

1987:

The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty designed to
protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of
substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion, opened for
signature.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Protocol>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

munificence:
The quality of being munificent; generosity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/munificence>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Carol, every violet has Heaven for a looking-glass! Every little
valley lies Under many-clouded skies; Every little cottage stands Girt
about with boundless lands; Every little glimmering pond Claims the
mighty shores beyond; Shores no seaman ever hailed, Seas no ship has
ever sailed. All the shores when day is done Fade into the setting sun,
So the story tries to teach More than can be told in speech.  
--Alfred Noyes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Noyes>

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[Daily article] September 15: 2005 Sugar Bowl Published On

The 2005 Sugar Bowl was a American college football bowl game between
the Virginia Tech Hokies and the Auburn Tigers at the Louisiana
Superdome in New Orleans, Louisiana, on January 3, 2005. Virginia Tech
represented the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) after winning the ACC
football championship. Auburn represented the Southeastern Conference
(SEC), finishing the regular season undefeated. Pre-game media coverage
of the game focused on Auburn being left out of the Bowl Championship
Series national championship game because of its lower ranking in the
BCS poll, a point of controversy for Auburn fans and others. For Auburn,
running backs Carnell Williams (pictured) and Ronnie Brown were
considered among the best at their position; for Tech, senior
quarterback Bryan Randall had had a record-breaking season. Both teams
also had high-ranked defenses and in a defensive struggle, Auburn earned
a 16–13 victory despite a late-game rally by Virginia Tech. In
recognition of his game-winning performance, Auburn quarterback Jason
Campbell was named the game's most valuable player. Several players from
each team were selected in the 2005 NFL Draft and went on to careers in
the National Football League.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Sugar_Bowl>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1440:

French knight Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial
killers, was taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him
by the Bishop of Nantes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_de_Rais>

1831:

The John Bull (pictured), the oldest operable steam locomotive
in the world, ran for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and
Amboy Railroad.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bull_(locomotive)>

1916:

Tanks, the "secret weapons" of the British Army during the
First World War, were first used in combat at the Battle of the Somme in
Somme, Picardy, France, leading to strategic Allied victory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme>

1944:

American and Australian forces landed on the Japanese-occupied
island of Morotai, starting the Battle of Morotai.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai>

1963:

A bomb planted by members of the Ku Klux Klan exploded in the
16th Street Baptist Church, an African American Baptist church in
Birmingham, Alabama, US, killing four children and injuring at least 22
others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rally cap:
(US, baseball) A baseball cap worn inside-out and backwards, or in
another unconventional manner, by players or fans, as a talisman in
order to will a team into a come-from-behind rally late in the game.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rally_cap>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Candor is a proof of both a just frame of mind, and of a good
tone of breeding. It is a quality that belongs, equally to the honest
man and to the gentleman: to the first, as doing to others as we would
ourselves be done by; to the last, as indispensable to the liberality of
the character. By candor we are not to understand trifling and uncalled
for expositions of truth; but a sentiment that proves a conviction of
the necessity of speaking truth, when speaking at all; a contempt for
all designing evasions of our real opinions; and a deep conviction that
he who deceives by necessary implication, deceives willfully. In all the
general concerns, the publick has a right to be treated with candor.
Without this manly and truly republican quality, republican because no
power exists in the country to intimidate any from its exhibition, the
institutions are converted into a stupendous fraud.  
--James Fenimore Cooper
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper>

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[Daily article] September 14: The Hunger Games Published On

The Hunger Games is a 2008 science fiction novel by the American writer
Suzanne Collins (pictured). It is written in the voice of 16-year-old
Katniss Everdeen, who lives in the post-apocalyptic nation of Panem in
North America. The Capitol, a highly advanced metropolis, exercises
political control over the rest of the nation. The Hunger Games are an
annual event in which one boy and one girl aged 12–18 from each of
the twelve districts surrounding the Capitol are selected by lottery to
compete in a televised battle to the death. In writing the novel,
Collins drew upon Greek mythology, Roman gladiatorial games, and
contemporary reality television for thematic content. The novel won many
awards, including the California Young Reader Medal, and was named one
of Publishers Weekly's "Best Books of the Year" in 2008. Since its
release, The Hunger Games has been translated into 26 languages, and
publishing rights have been sold in 38 territories. The novel is the
first in The Hunger Games trilogy, followed by Catching Fire (2009) and
Mockingjay (2010). A film adaptation, directed by Gary Ross and co-
written and co-produced by Collins herself, was released in 2012.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunger_Games>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

81:

Domitian became the last Flavian emperor of Rome, succeeding his
brother Titus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian>

1763:

About 300 Seneca warriors during Pontiac's Rebellion attacked a
British Army detachment, killing 81 soldiers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Devil%27s_Hole>

1926:

The Locarno Treaties establishing post-First World War
territorial settlements were formally ratified by the signatory nations
and came into effect.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Treaties>

1979:

Afghan President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated upon the
order of Hafizullah Amin, who became the new president.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki>

2008:

All 88 people aboard Aeroflot Flight 821 died when the aircraft
crashed on approach to Perm Airport in Perm Krai, Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_821>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

torrefy:
To subject to intense heat.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torrefy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The old phrase, "Government of the people, by the people, for the
people", represents a true ideal. It is best for the people as a whole.
It is even more clearly the best for the development of the individual
man and woman. And since in the end, the character and the prosperity of
the nation depend on the character of the individuals that compose it,
the form of government which best promotes individual development is the
best for the people as a whole.  
--Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood>

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[Daily article] September 13: Otto Becher Published On

Otto Becher (1908–77) was a senior officer in the Royal Australian
Navy. After graduating from the Royal Australian Naval College in 1926,
he was posted to a series of staff and training positions prior to
specialising in gunnery. He assisted in the extraction of Allied troops
from the Namsos region of Norway during the Second World War and was
awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Following service in the
Mediterranean theatre, he returned to Australia as officer-in-charge of
the gunnery school at HMAS Cerberus for two years. He was given command
of HMAS Quickmatch in 1944 and earned a Bar to his Distinguished Service
Cross for operations against Japanese forces in the Pacific. After the
war he was posted to the Navy Office and later to the aircraft carrier
HMAS Sydney; in 1951 he was given command of the destroyer HMAS
Warramunga. Warramunga formed part of Australia's contribution to the
United Nations forces engaged in the Korean War; he was awarded the
Distinguished Service Order for his role. Promoted to rear admiral in
1959, he served as Flag Officer Commanding Australian Fleet and then as
Flag Officer-in-Charge East Australia Area before retiring in 1966.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Becher>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1759:

Seven Years' War: British forces defeated the French at the
Battle of the Plains of Abraham near Quebec City, New France, though
General James Wolfe was mortally wounded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham>

1814:

War of 1812: Fort McHenry in Baltimore's Inner Harbor was
attacked by British forces during the Battle of Baltimore, later
inspiring Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner", which
later became the national anthem of the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key>

1933:

Elizabeth McCombs became the first woman elected to the
Parliament of New Zealand.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_McCombs>

1988:

Hurricane Gilbert reached a minimum pressure of 888 mb
(26.22 inHg) with sustained flight-level winds of 185 mph (295 km/h),
making it the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Gilbert>

2008:

Five synchronised bomb blasts took place within a span of few
minutes in Delhi, India, resulting in 30 deaths and 130 injuries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_September_2008_Delhi_bombings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gooseberry:
1. A fruit closely related to the currant.
2. Any of several other unrelated fruits, such as the Chinese gooseberry
(kiwifruit) or the Indian gooseberry (amla).
3. (British, informal) An unwanted additional person: Robert and Susan were
so in love that nobody could go near them without feeling like a
gooseberry.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gooseberry>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You will have to know life … If you are to become a writer
you'll have to stop fooling with words … It would be better to give
up the notion of writing until you are better prepared. Now it's time
to be living. I don't want to frighten you, but I would like to make
you understand the import of what you think of attempting. You must not
become a mere peddler of words. The thing to learn is to know what
people are thinking about, not what they say.  
--Sherwood Anderson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson>

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[Daily article] September 12: Middle Ages Published On

The Middle Ages of European history lasted from the 5th to the 15th
century. It began with the collapse of the Western Roman Empire and
barbarian invaders formed new kingdoms. The Franks, under the
Carolingian dynasty, established an empire covering much of Western
Europe; the Carolingian Empire endured until the 9th century. During the
High Middle Ages, which began after AD 1000, the population of Europe
increased as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to
flourish and crop yields to increase. Western European Christians
attempted to regain control of the Holy Land in the Crusades.
Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism and the founding of
universities. The philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto,
the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the
architecture of Gothic cathedrals are among the outstanding achievements
of this period. The Late Middle Ages was marked by famine, plague, and
war; between 1347 and 1350, the Black Death killed about a third of
Europeans. Cultural and technological developments transformed European
society, leading to the early modern period.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1309:

Reconquista: Forces of the Kingdom of Castile captured
Gibraltar from the Emirate of Granada, although they would lose control
of it 24 years later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Siege_of_Gibraltar>

1848:

Switzerland became a federal state with the adoption of a new
constitution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland>

1933:

Hungarian-American physicist Leó Szilárd conceived of the
idea of the nuclear chain reaction while waiting for a traffic light in
Bloomsbury, London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3_Szil%C3%A1rd>

1942:

A U-boat sank RMS Laconia with a torpedo off the coast of West
Africa and attempted to rescue the passengers, which included some 80
civilians, 160 Polish and 268 British soldiers and about 1800 Italian
POWs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconia_incident>

1983:

The clandestine group Boricua Popular Army staged a bank
robbery in West Hartford, Connecticut, US, making off with $7 million in
the largest cash theft in U.S. history at the time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boricua_Popular_Army>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vocable:
1. A word or utterance, especially with reference to its form rather than
its meaning.
2. A syllable or sound without specific meaning, used together with or in
place of actual words in a song.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vocable>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It all goes so fast, and character makes the difference when it's
close.  
--Jesse Owens
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jesse_Owens>

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[Daily article] September 11: Harry McNish Published On

Harry McNish (1874–1930) was the carpenter on Sir Ernest Shackleton's
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914 to 1917. At 40, he was one
of the oldest members of the crew and was regarded as somewhat odd and
unrefined, but was highly respected as a carpenter. He was responsible
for much of the work that ensured the crew's survival after their ship,
the Endurance, was destroyed when it became trapped in pack ice in the
Weddell Sea. He modified the small boat, James Caird, that allowed
Shackleton and five men (including McNish) to make a voyage of hundreds
of miles to fetch help for the rest of the crew. He briefly refused to
follow orders on the crew's long trek pulling the boats across the pack
ice, and, despite his efforts during the journey, was one of only four
of the crew not to receive the Polar Medal. After the expedition he
returned to work in the Merchant Navy and eventually emigrated to New
Zealand, where he worked on the docks in Wellington until ill-health
forced his retirement. He died destitute in the Ohiro Benevolent Home in
Wellington. McNish Island, which lies in the approaches to King Haakon
Bay, South Georgia, was named in his honour.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_McNish>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1775:

American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold's expedition
departed from Cambridge, Massachusetts as part of the invasion of
Quebec.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec>

1897:

Gaki Sherocho was captured by the forces of Emperor of Ethiopia
Menelik II, bringing an end to the Kingdom of Kaffa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa>

1945:

The Japanese-run camp at Batu Lintang, Sarawak, in Borneo was
liberated by the Australian 9th Division, averting the planned massacre
of its 2,000-plus Allied POWs and civilian internees by four days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Lintang_camp>

1965:

Indo-Pakistani War: Indian infantry captured the town of Burki
near Lahore, Pakistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Burki>

2001:

Al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four passenger airliners for a
series of suicide attacks against targets in New York City and the
Washington, D.C., area.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

in memoriam:
In memory (of); as a memorial.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_memoriam>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The magnificent here and now of life in the flesh is ours, and
ours alone, and ours only for a time. We ought to dance with rapture
that we should be alive and in the flesh, and part of the living,
incarnate cosmos. I am part of the sun as my eye is part of me. That I
am part of the earth my feet know perfectly, and my blood is part of the
sea. My soul knows that I am part of the human race, my soul is an
organic part of the great human soul, as my spirit is part of my nation.
In my own very self, I am part of my family. There is nothing of me that
is alone and absolute except my mind, and we shall find that the mind
has no existence by itself, it is only the glitter of the sun on the
surface of the waters.  
--D. H. Lawrence
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence>

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[Daily article] September 10: Pigeye shark Published On

The pigeye shark is an uncommon species of requiem shark found in the
warm coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic and western Indo-Pacific. It
prefers shallow, murky environments with soft bottoms, and tends to roam
within a fairly localised area. With its bulky grey body, small eyes,
and short, blunt snout, the pigeye shark looks almost identical to (and
is often confused with) the better-known bull shark. The pigeye shark is
an apex predator that mostly hunts low in the water column. It has a
varied diet, consisting mainly of bony and cartilaginous fishes but also
including crustaceans, molluscs, sea snakes, and cetaceans. This species
gives birth to live young, with the developing embryos sustained to term
via a placental connection to their mother. Litters of three to thirteen
pups are born after a gestation period of nine or twelve months. Young
sharks spend their first few years of life in sheltered inshore habitats
such as bays. The pigeye shark's size and dentition make it potentially
dangerous, though it has not been known to attack humans. It is
infrequently caught by fisheries, which use it for meat and fins, and in
shark nets used to protect beaches.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeye_shark>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1509:

An estimated 10,000 people died in Constantinople due to an
earthquake so strong it was known as "the Lesser Judgement Day".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1509_Constantinople_earthquake>

1813:

War of 1812: American forces led by Oliver Hazard Perry
defeated the British on Lake Erie near Put-in-Bay, Ohio.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie>

1937:

Led by the United Kingdom and France, nine nations met in the
Nyon Conference to address international piracy in the Mediterranean
Sea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_Conference>

1960:

Mickey Mantle hit what was originally thought to be the longest
home run in major league baseball, an estimated 643 feet (196 m).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mickey_Mantle>

2007:

Nawaz Sharif, the current Prime Minister of Pakistan, returned
to the country after being ousted in a coup and exiled eight years
earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

variadic:
(Computing, mathematics, linguistics) Taking a variable number of
arguments; especially, taking arbitrarily many arguments.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/variadic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Between too early and too late, there is never more than a
moment.  
--Franz Werfel
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Franz_Werfel>

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[Daily article] September 9: Tasha Yar Published On

Natasha "Tasha" Yar is a fictional character who mainly appeared in the
first season of the American science fiction television series Star
Trek: The Next Generation. Portrayed by Denise Crosby (pictured), she is
chief of security aboard the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise-D. The
character's concept was originally based upon the character of Vasquez
from the 1986 film Aliens. Yar first appeared in the series' pilot
episode, "Encounter at Farpoint". After Crosby decided to leave the
show, Yar was killed by the creature Armus in "Skin of Evil", the
23rd episode of the season – a death that received mainly negative
reviews. She was written back into the show for a guest appearance in
the third season episode "Yesterday's Enterprise", in which the timeline
was altered so that she did not die, and again in the final episode of
the series "All Good Things...", in events set prior to the pilot. She
has been described as a forerunner to other strong women in science
fiction, such as Kara Thrace from the 2004 version of Battlestar
Galactica, and a step between the female characters in The Original
Series and the command positions they have in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
and Voyager.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasha_Yar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1141:

Yelü Dashi, the Liao Dynasty general who founded the Qara-
Khitai, defeated the Seljuq and Kara-Khanid forces at the Battle of
Qatwan near Samarkand, present-day Uzbekistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan>

1513:

War of the League of Cambrai: James IV of Scotland was killed
at the Battle of Flodden in Northumberland while leading an invasion of
England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden>

1739:

The Stono Rebellion, at the time the largest slave rebellion in
the Thirteen Colonies of British America, erupted near Charleston, South
Carolina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stono_Rebellion>

1969:

The Official Languages Act of Canada came into force, giving
both French and English equal status throughout the Canadian national
government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Languages_Act_(Canada)>

2010:

A natural gas pipeline exploded in San Bruno, California, US,
creating a "wall of fire more than 1,000 feet (300 m) high".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_San_Bruno_pipeline_explosion>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

zealous:
Full of zeal; ardent, fervent; exhibiting enthusiasm or strong passion.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zealous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The most difficult subjects can be explained to the most slow-
witted man if he has not formed any idea of them already; but the
simplest thing cannot be made clear to the most intelligent man if he is
firmly persuaded that he knows already, without a shadow of doubt, what
is laid before him.  
--Leo Tolstoy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy>

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[Daily article] September 8: SummerSlam (2003) Published On

SummerSlam (2003) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event
produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) on August 24, 2003 at
the America West Arena in Phoenix, Arizona. It was the 16th annual
SummerSlam event and starred wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown!
brands in nine professional wrestling matches. In the first main event,
World Heavyweight Champion Triple H (pictured) defeated Chris Jericho,
Goldberg, Kevin Nash, Randy Orton, and Shawn Michaels to retain his
championship. In the other main match, featuring wrestlers from the
SmackDown! brand, defending WWE Champion Kurt Angle defeated challenger
Brock Lesnar. The other main match was a No Holds Barred match between
wrestlers from the Raw brand, in which Kane defeated Rob Van Dam. The
event marked the second time the Elimination Chamber format was used by
WWE; the first was at Survivor Series 2002. Including its scripted
buildup, SummerSlam (2003) grossed over $715,000 ticket sales from an
attendance of 16,113 and received about 415,000 pay-per-view buys, more
than the following year's event. This event helped WWE increase its pay-
per-view revenue by $6.2 million from the previous year.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SummerSlam_(2003)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

617:

Li Yuan defeated a Sui Dynasty army in the Battle of Huoyi,
opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the
eventual establishment of the Tang Dynasty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Huoyi>

1796:

French Revolutionary Wars: The French defeated Austrian forces
in Bassano, Venetia, present-day Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano>

1831:

William IV and Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen were crowned King and
Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen>

1935:

U.S. Senator Huey Long was fatally shot in Baton Rouge,
Louisiana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Long>

1978:

Iranian Revolution: After the government of the Shah of Iran
declared martial law in response to protests, the Iranian Army shot and
killed at least 88 demonstrators in Tehran on Black Friday.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unstinted:
Not constrained, not restrained, or not confined.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unstinted>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I like to watch.  
--Being There
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Being_There>

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September 7: History of Arsenal F.C. (1886–1966) Published On

The history of Arsenal Football Club between 1886 and 1966 covers the
time from the club's foundation, through the first two major periods of
success and their subsequent decline to mid-table status. Arsenal were
founded in 1886 as a workers' team from Woolwich, in present-day South
East London. They turned professional in 1891 and joined the Football
League two years later, winning promotion into the First Division in
1904. Arsenal were bought out in 1910 by Sir Henry Norris, and he moved
the team to Arsenal Stadium in Highbury, North London, in 1913 to
improve their financial standing. It was not until the appointment of
Herbert Chapman as manager that Arsenal had their first period of major
success; under him and his successor George Allison, Arsenal won five
First Division titles and two FA Cups in the 1930s. After the Second
World War, Tom Whittaker continued the success, leading the club to two
First Division titles and another FA Cup. Arsenal's fortunes gradually
declined; by 1966, they were in mid-table obscurity and had not won a
trophy in thirteen years. This led to the dismissal of Billy Wright as
manager, and with it the appointment of Bertie Mee. (

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arsenal_F.C._(1886%E2%80%931966)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1191:

Third Crusade: Forces under Richard I of England defeated
Ayyubid troops under Saladin in Arsuf, present-day Israel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf>

1778:

American Revolutionary War: France invaded the island of
Dominica and captured the British fort there before the latter even knew
that France had entered the war as an ally of the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Dominica>

1901:

With Peking occupied by foreign troops from the Eight-Nation
Alliance, Qing China was forced to sign the Boxer Protocol, an unequal
treaty ending the Boxer Rebellion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Protocol>

1999:

Three weeks after an earthquake struck northwestern Turkey, a
major earthquake struck Athens, causing Greece and Turkey to initiate
"earthquake diplomacy".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_earthquake_diplomacy>

2011:

Yak-Service Flight 9633, carrying the players and coaching
staff of the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl professional ice hockey team, crashed
near the Russian city of Yaroslavl, killing all aboard but one.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Lokomotiv_Yaroslavl_air_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

iatrogenesis:
(medicine) Any adverse effect (or complication) resulting from medical
treatment.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iatrogenesis>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Brass shines as fair to the ignorant as gold to the goldsmiths.
 
--Elizabeth I of England
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England>

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[Daily article] September 6: Roger Waters Published On

Roger Waters (born 1943) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and
composer. He was a founder member of the progressive rock band Pink
Floyd, serving as bassist and co-lead vocalist. Following the departure
of bandmate Syd Barrett in 1968, Waters became the band's lyricist,
principal songwriter and conceptual leader. The band subsequently
achieved international success with the concept albums such as The Dark
Side of the Moon, Wish You Were Here, and The Wall. Although Waters'
primary instrument in Pink Floyd was the bass guitar, he also
experimented with synthesisers and tape loops and played rhythm guitar
on recordings and in concerts. Amid creative differences within the
group, Waters left Pink Floyd in 1985 and began a legal battle with the
remaining members over their intended use of the band's name and
material. They settled the dispute out of court in 1987, though the four
members did not play together until Live 8, nearly 18 years later.
Waters released Ça Ira (a three-act opera based on the French
Revolution) in 2005, and in 2010 staged The Wall Live concert tour, an
updated version of the original Pink Floyd album.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Waters>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1901:

U.S. President William McKinley was fatally wounded by
anarchist Leon Czolgosz at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New
York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley>

1943:

A group of businessmen in Monterrey, Mexico, founded the
Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, now one of the
largest universities in Latin America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education>

1955:

A Turkish mob attacked ethnic Greeks in Istanbul, killing at
least 13 people and damaging more than 5,000 Greek-owned homes and
businesses.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_riots>

1963:

Victor Krulak was sent on a mission by the Kennedy
administration to assess the progress of the Vietnam War, and the
viability of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem against the
backdrop of the Buddhist crisis and Xa Loi Pagoda raids.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krulak_Mendenhall_mission>

2000:

The Millennium Summit, a meeting of world leaders to discuss
the role of the United Nations at the turn of the 21st century, opened
in New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Summit>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

munificent:
Very liberal in giving or bestowing; lavish; as a munificent benefactor.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/munificent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Your spiritual teachers caution you against enquiry — tell you
not to read certain books; not to listen to certain people; to beware of
profane learning; to submit your reason, and to receive their doctrines
for truths. Such advice renders them suspicious counsellors. By their
own creed you hold your reason from their God. Go! ask them why he gave
it.  
--Frances Wright
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frances_Wright>

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