[Daily article] November 30: Charles-Valentin Alkan Published On

Charles-Valentin Alkan (1813–88) was a French composer and pianist.
Alongside his friends and colleagues Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt,
he was among the leading virtuoso pianists in Paris. His career was
marked by his occasional long withdrawals for personal reasons from
public performance, and from 1848 he began to adopt a reclusive life
style, while continuing with his compositions, virtually all of which
are for the keyboard. During this period he published his collections of
large-scale studies in all the major keys (Op. 35) and all the minor
keys (Op. 39). The latter includes his Symphony for Solo Piano and
Concerto for Solo Piano, considered among his masterpieces, of great
musical and technical complexity. Alkan's attachment to his Jewish
origins is displayed both in his life and his work. He was the first
composer to incorporate Jewish melodies in art music. Fluent in Hebrew
and Greek, he devoted much time to a complete new translation of the
Bible into French. After his death (which according to a persistent myth
was caused by a falling bookcase), his music was neglected, but since
the late 1960s many pianists have recorded it and brought it back into
the repertoire.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1853:

Russian warships led by Pavel Nakhimov destroyed an Ottoman
fleet of frigates at the Battle of Sinop, precipitating the Crimean War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War>

1872:

The first-ever international football match took place at
Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow, between Scotland and England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Scotland_vs_England_football_match>

1939:

The Winter War broke out as the Soviet Red Army invaded Finland
(Finnish troops pictured) and quickly advanced to the Mannerheim Line,
an action judged as illegal by the League of Nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War>

1993:

U.S. President Bill Clinton signed the Brady Handgun Violence
Prevention Act into law, requiring purchasers of handguns to pass a
background check.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act>

1999:

Protests by anti-globalization activists against the World
Trade Organization Ministerial Conference in Seattle forced the
cancellation of its opening ceremonies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Seattle_WTO_protests>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

exterminate:
1. To kill all of a population, usually deliberate and especially applied
to pests.
2. (figuratively) To bring a definite end to; to finish completely.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exterminate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Although men are accused of not knowing their own weakness, yet
perhaps as few know their own strength. It is in men as in soils, where
sometimes there is a vein of gold, which the owner knows not of.
 
--Jonathan Swift
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift>

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[Daily article] November 29: Artur Phleps Published On

Artur Phleps (1881–1944) was an Austro-Hungarian, Romanian and German
officer who held the rank of SS-Obergruppenführer und General der
Waffen-SS (lieutenant general) in the Waffen-SS during World War II. He
was an Austro-Hungarian Army officer before and during World War I,
specialising in mountain warfare and logistics. During the interwar
period, he joined the Romanian Army and became an adviser to King Carol.
After he spoke out against the government, he was sidelined and forcibly
retired from the army. In 1941 he left Romania and joined the Waffen-SS.
He saw action on the Eastern Front before raising two Waffen-SS mountain
divisions and one corps in occupied Yugoslavia. Units under his command
committed many crimes against the civilian population of the Independent
State of Croatia. This was the subject of international controversy when
Kurt Waldheim's service as Phleps' translator became public in the mid-
1980s, during his successful bid for the Austrian presidency. In
addition to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, Phleps was awarded the
German Cross in Gold, and after he was killed in September 1944, he was
awarded the Oak Leaves to his Knight's Cross.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Phleps>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1549:

After the death of Pope Paul III, a papal conclave with an
unprecedented number of cardinal electors convened to determine his
successor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1549%E2%80%9350>

1777:

El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the first civil settlement
in the Spanish colony of Alta California, was founded as a farming
community.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Jose,_California>

1890:

The Diet of Japan (pictured in session), a bicameral
legislature modelled after both the German Reichstag and the British
Westminster system, first met after the Meiji Constitution went into
effect.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet>

1963:

Five minutes after takeoff from Montreal, Trans-Canada Air
Lines Flight 831 crashed, killing all 118 people aboard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Air_Lines_Flight_831>

2007:

Philippine soldiers led by Senator Antonio Trillanes, on trial
for the 2003 Oakwood mutiny, staged a mutiny and temporarily seized a
conference room in The Peninsula Manila hotel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_Peninsula_rebellion>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

capacious:
Having a lot of space inside; roomy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capacious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Simple, sincere people seldom speak much of their piety. It
shows itself in acts rather than in words, and has more influence than
homilies or protestations.  
--Louisa May Alcott
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott>

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[Daily article] November 28: Niels Bohr Published On

Niels Bohr (1885–1962) was a Danish physicist who created the Bohr
model, the first widely accepted model of atomic structure. A central
figure of 20th-century physics, he received the Nobel prize in 1922. In
three articles published in 1913, the third in November, he applied old
quantum theory to restrict the revolving electrons to stable orbits,
creating the Bohr model of the atom. A dozen years later, faced with the
opposing particle and wave interpretations of atomic phenomena in the
new quantum mechanics, he proposed the complementarity principle of
using both interpretations to fully explain the results. He founded the
Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, now known as the Niels
Bohr Institute, and predicted the existence of a new element, which was
named hafnium after the Latin name for Copenhagen. Later, the element
bohrium was named after him. During the 1930s, he helped refugees from
Nazism. In September 1943, after receiving word of his impending arrest
by the Germans, he fled to Sweden. Flown next to Britain, he joined the
British Tube Alloys nuclear weapons project, and later the Manhattan
Project. After the war, Bohr was involved with the establishment of
CERN.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

936:

Shi Jingtang was enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin
Dynasty by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt against Emperor
Fei of Later Tang.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Jingtang>

1443:

Rebelling against the Ottoman Empire, Skanderbeg and his forces
liberated Kruja in Middle Albania and raised the Albanian flag.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg>

1925:

The country music radio program Grand Ole Opry was first
broadcast on WSM radio in Nashville, Tennessee.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Ole_Opry>

1971:

Prime Minister of Jordan Wasfi al-Tal was assassinated by the
Black September unit of the Palestine Liberation Organization in Cairo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasfi_al-Tal>

1990:

After being elected as leader of the British Conservative Party
one day earlier, John Major officially succeeded Margaret Thatcher as
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

tractator:
1. (historical) In medieval commerce, the person who handles or transports
merchandise on behalf of an investor.
2. A person who writes tracts.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tractator>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If the brain were so simple we could understand it, we would be
so simple we couldn't.  
--David Zindell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/David_Zindell>

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[Daily article] November 27: Adiantum viridimontanum Published On

Adiantum viridimontanum, commonly known as Green Mountain maidenhair
fern, is a rare fern found only in outcrops of serpentine rock in New
England and Canada. It is named after the site of its discovery in the
Green Mountains in Vermont; it has since been located in Quebec and in
one site on serpentine in coastal Maine. Until 1991, it was grouped with
the western maidenhair fern A. aleuticum, which itself was classified
as a variety of the northern maidenhair fern A. pedatum. It was then
established that A. viridimontanum was a hybrid species and that the
other two ferns were distinct species, although it is difficult to
distinguish between the three species in the field. Due to the limited
distribution of A. viridimontanum and its similarity to other species,
little is known of its ecology. It thrives on sunny, disturbed areas
where ultramafic rock is covered with thin soil, such as road cuts,
talus slopes, and asbestos mines. Individual plants seem long-lived, and
new individuals only infrequently reach maturity. It is one of four
species endemic to serpentine in eastern North America and is considered
globally threatened due to its habitat restrictions.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiantum_viridimontanum>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1703:

The Great Storm of 1703, one of the severest storms to strike
southern Great Britain, destroyed the first Eddystone Lighthouse in
Plymouth, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddystone_Lighthouse>

1815:

As specified by the Congress of Vienna, the Constitution of the
Kingdom of Poland was signed for the newly recreated Polish state that
was under Russian control.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland>

1940:

The Iron Guard killed over 60 political detainees at a
penitentiary near Bucharest and followed up with several high-profile
assassinations, including that of former Romanian Prime Minister Nicolae
Iorga (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga>

1978:

The Kurdistan Workers' Party, which has been in conflict with
Turkey over the formation of an autonomous Kurdish state, was founded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party>

2005:

French oral and maxillofacial surgeon Bernard Devauchelle
performed the world's first partial face transplant on a living human,
replacing Isabelle Dinoire's face, which had been mutilated by her dog.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_transplant>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ace:
(UK, slang) Excellent.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ace>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Truth has no path. Truth is living and, therefore, changing.
Awareness is without choice, without demand, without anxiety; in that
state of mind, there is perception. To know oneself is to study oneself
in action with another person. Awareness has no frontier; it is giving
of your whole being, without exclusion.  
--Bruce Lee
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee>

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[Daily article] November 26: 13th Airborne Division (United States) Published On

The 13th Airborne Division was a U.S. Army airborne formation in World
War II. Although it was active between August 1943 and February 1946,
it never saw combat. The division's training was disrupted by providing
reinforcements for the 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions and by a lack
of transport aircraft for training exercises, as divisions in combat had
priority for their use. The division was combat-ready by January 1945
and was transferred to France, but arrived too late to participate in
Operation Market Garden, the third major airborne operation conducted by
the Allies. The division was selected for Operation Varsity, supporting
21st Army Group crossing the River Rhine, but there were insufficient
transport aircraft to carry it into combat. Several other operations
were planned for the division, but these were cancelled because of the
rapid advance of Allied ground forces. After the end of the conflict in
Europe, it was shipped home before the planned invasion of Japan, but
the conflict in the Far East ended before it was required. After
deactivation of the division, combat personnel transferred to the
82nd Airborne Division.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Airborne_Division_(United_States)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1805:

The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, the longest and highest aqueduct in
Great Britain, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct>

1922:

Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon became the first people to
enter the tomb (burial chamber pictured) of Pharaoh Tutankhamun in over
3,000 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KV62>

1950:

Korean War: With the battles of Chosin Reservoir and the
Ch'ongch'on River, China launched a massive counterattack against United
Nations forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River>

1983:

Six robbers broke into the Brink's-MAT warehouse at London
Heathrow Airport and stole three tonnes (6,612 lb) of gold bullion,
much of which has never been recovered.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brink%27s-MAT_robbery>

2008:

A coordinated group of shooting and bombing attacks across
Mumbai began, ultimately killing a total of 173 people and wounding more
than 300 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unearthly:
1. Not of the earth; non-terrestrial.
2. Preternatural or supernatural.
3. Strange, enigmatic, or mysterious.
4. Ideal beyond the mundane.
5. Ridiculous, ludicrous, or outrageous.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unearthly>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Why do people always expect authors to answer questions? I am an
author because I want to ask questions. If I had answers, I'd be a
politician.  
--Eugène Ionesco
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco>

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November 25: History of the National Hockey League (1942–1967) Published On

The history of the National Hockey League from 1942 to 1967 covers the
period from the demise of the Brooklyn Americans, which reduced the NHL
to six teams, to the league doubling in size with six new expansion
teams. Maurice Richard (pictured) became the first player to score
50 goals in a season in 1944–45. In 1955, he was suspended for
assaulting a linesman, leading to the Richard Riot. Gordie Howe made his
debut in 1946, retiring 32 years later as the NHL's all-time leader in
goals and points. Willie O'Ree broke the NHL's colour barrier in 1958.
The Stanley Cup became the official championship in 1947; during this
period, the Toronto Maple Leafs won the cup nine times and the Montreal
Canadiens ten times, including five consecutive titles. Changes occurred
on and off the ice. The NHL introduced the centre-ice red line in 1943,
allowing players to pass out of their defensive zone for the first time.
In 1959, Jacques Plante became the first goaltender to regularly use a
mask for protection. The first amateur draft was held in 1963 as part of
efforts to balance talent distribution within the league, and the
National Hockey League Players' Association was formed in 1967.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_National_Hockey_League_(1942%E2%80%931967)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1795:

Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last King of Poland, was
forced to abdicate after the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth by Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski>

1917:

World War I: German troops invaded Portuguese East Africa in an
attempt to escape superior British forces to the north and resupply from
captured Portuguese materiel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano>

1940:

The de Havilland Mosquito (examples pictured) and the Martin
B-26 Marauder, two of the most successful military aircraft in World
War II, both had their first flights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_B-26_Marauder>

1947:

McCarthyism: Executives from movie studios agreed to blacklist
ten screenwriters and directors who were jailed for contempt of Congress
for refusing to give testimony to the House Un-American Activities
Committee.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist>

1970:

Failing to instigate a military coup to restore the powers of
the Emperor of Japan, author Yukio Mishima committed the ritual suicide
seppuku at the Japan Self-Defense Forces headquarters in Tokyo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Mishima>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rani:
1. The wife of a rajah.
2. A Hindu princess or female ruler in India.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rani>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All human history is the struggle between systems that attempt to
shackle the human personality in the name of some intangible good on the
one hand and systems that enable and expand the scope of human
personality in the pursuit of extremely tangible aims. The American
system is the most successful in the world because it harmonizes best
with the aims and longings of human personality while allowing the best
protection to other personalities.  
--Ben Stein
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ben_Stein>

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[Daily article] November 24: Goblin shark Published On

The goblin shark is a rare, poorly known species of deep-sea shark.
Sometimes called a "living fossil", it is the only extant representative
of the family Mitsukurinidae, a lineage some 125 million years old.
This species looks unlike any other shark, with a long flattened snout,
highly protrusible jaws containing prominent nail-like teeth, and pink
coloration. Its snout is covered with ampullae of Lorenzini that enable
it to sense minute electric fields produced by nearby prey, which it can
snatch up by rapidly extending its jaws. It is usually three to four
meters long (10–13 ft) when mature. Goblin sharks inhabit upper
continental slopes, submarine canyons, and seamounts around the world at
depths greater than 100 m (330 ft). Various anatomical features, such
as its flabby body and small fins, suggest that it is sluggish in
nature. This species hunts for teleost fishes, cephalopods, and
crustaceans both near the sea floor and in the middle of the water
column. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has
assessed it as Least Concern, citing its wide distribution and low
incidence of accidental capture by deepwater fisheries.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_shark>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1542:

Anglo-Scottish Wars: England captured about 1,200 Scottish
prisoners with its victory in the Battle of Solway Moss.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss>

1859:

On the Origin of Species by British naturalist Charles Darwin
was first published, and sold out its initial print run on the first
day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species>

1863:

American Civil War: As part of the Chattanooga Campaign in
Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces captured Lookout Mountain, helping
them to begin breaking the Confederate siege of the city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lookout_Mountain>

1950:

The "Storm of the Century", a large extratropical cyclone,
struck the east coast of the United States before moving northeast.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Appalachian_Storm_of_November_1950>

1974:

A group of paleoanthropologists discovered a 3.2-million-year-
old skeleton of an Australopithecus afarensis in the Afar Depression in
Ethiopia, nicknaming it "Lucy".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_(Australopithecus)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

scriptorium:
A room set aside for the copying, writing, or illuminating of
manuscripts and records, especially such a room in a monastery.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scriptorium>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Schisms do not originate in a love of truth, which is a source
of courtesy and gentleness, but rather in an inordinate desire for
supremacy. From all these considerations it is clearer than the sun at
noonday, that the true schismatics are those who condemn other men's
writings, and seditiously stir up the quarrelsome masses against their
authors, rather than those authors themselves, who generally write only
for the learned, and appeal solely to reason. In fact, the real
disturbers of the peace are those who, in a free state, seek to curtail
the liberty of judgment which they are unable to tyrannize over.
 
--Baruch Spinoza
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza>

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[Daily article] November 23: The Stolen Earth Published On

"The Stolen Earth" is the twelfth episode of the 2007–08 series and
the 750th overall episode of the British science fiction television
series Doctor Who, which marks its 50th anniversary on 23 November
2013. The episode was written by show runner and head writer Russell T
Davies. It is the first of a two-part crossover story with spin-offs The
Sarah Jane Adventures and Torchwood, concluding with "Journey's End",
the finale of the fourth series, which brings closure to several
prominent story arcs created under Davies. In the episode, contemporary
Earth and 26 other planets are stolen by the Daleks. As the Doctor
(David Tennant, pictured) and his companion Donna Noble (Catherine Tate)
try to find Earth, his previous companions Jack Harkness (John
Barrowman), Martha Jones (Freema Agyeman), Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth
Sladen), and Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) convene to contact him and mount
a defence against the Daleks. The episode was received positively by the
audience and professional reviewers. It received one of the highest
Audience Appreciation Index ratings for a television programme, and when
first shown was the second most-watched programme of the week.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stolen_Earth>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1733:

African slaves from Akwamu in the Danish West Indies revolted
against their owners, one of the earliest and longest slave revolts in
the Americas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1733_slave_insurrection_on_St._John>

1867:

The Manchester Martyrs were hanged in Manchester, England, for
killing a police officer while helping two Irish nationalists escape
from police custody.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Martyrs>

1924:

Edwin Hubble published evidence in a newspaper that the
Andromeda Nebula, previously believed to be part of the Milky Way, is
actually another galaxy, one of many in the universe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble>

1992:

IBM introduced the Simon (pictured), a handheld, touchscreen
mobile phone and PDA that is considered the first smartphone.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Simon>

2011:

Arab Spring: After 11 months of protests in Yemen, the Yemeni
president Ali Abdullah Saleh agreed to transfer power to Vice President
Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_Rabbuh_Mansur_Hadi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

donna:
A lady, especially a noblewoman; the title given to a lady in Italy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/donna>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I've been running all my lives. Through time and space, every
second of every minute of every day for over 900 years. I fought for
peace in a universe at war. Now the time has come to face the choices
I've made in the name of the Doctor. Our future depends upon one single
moment of one impossible day — the day I've been running from all my
life: The Day of the Doctor.  
--Doctor Who
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doctor_Who>

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[Daily article] November 22: Benjamin Britten Published On

Benjamin Britten (1913–76) was an English composer, conductor and
pianist, and a central figure in 20th-century British classical music.
His wide compositional range includes opera, orchestral, choral, solo
vocal, chamber, instrumental and film music. He showed talent from an
early age, and first came to public attention with the choral work A Boy
Was Born in 1934. His best-known works include the operas Peter Grimes
(1945) and Billy Budd (1951), the War Requiem (1962) and the orchestral
showpiece The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1945). Recurring
themes in his operas are the struggle of an outsider against a hostile
society, and the corruption of innocence. He wrote copiously for
children and amateur performers, including the opera Noye's Fludde, a
Missa Brevis, and the song collection Friday Afternoons. Britten often
composed with particular performers in mind, most importantly his
personal and professional partner, the tenor Peter Pears, with whom he
co-founded the annual Aldeburgh Festival in 1948; the pair were
responsible for the creation of its Snape Maltings concert hall in 1967.
In 1976 Britten became the first composer to be awarded a life peerage.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

498:

Following the death of Anastasius II, both Symmachus and
Laurentius were elected pope, causing a schism that would last until
506.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Laurentius>

1635:

Dutch colonial forces on Taiwan launched a three-month
pacification campaign against Taiwanese aborigines.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_pacification_campaign_on_Formosa>

1963:

Hours after John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas,
Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One as the 36th
President of the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy>

1988:

The first B-2 stealth bomber of the United States Air Force was
first displayed in public at Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit>

2005:

Angela Merkel assumed office as the first female Chancellor of
Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

zygon:
1. (anatomy) In the cerebrum, the short crossbar or stem that connects the
two pairs of branches of an H-shaped fissure.
2. (music) An affinity or connection in a piece of music between tones,
chords, or phrases, such that one part appears to repeat, to imitate, or
to derive from the other, especially when perceived as an organising
force in the music.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zygon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It should be clear by now that a nation can be no stronger abroad
than she is at home. Only an America which practices what it preaches
about equal rights and social justice will be respected by those whose
choice affects our future. Only an America which has fully educated its
citizens is fully capable of tackling the complex problems and
perceiving the hidden dangers of the world in which we live. And only an
America which is growing and prospering economically can sustain the
worldwide defenses of freedom, while demonstrating to all concerned the
opportunities of our system and society.  
--John F. Kennedy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy>

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[Daily article] November 21: Uru: Ages Beyond Myst Published On

Uru: Ages Beyond Myst is an adventure video game developed by Cyan
Worlds and published by Ubisoft. Released in November 2003, the title
is the fourth game in the Myst canon. Departing from previous games of
the franchise, Uru takes place in the modern era and allows players to
customize their onscreen avatars. Players use their avatars to explore
the abandoned city of an ancient race known as the D'ni, uncover story
clues and solve puzzles. Uru took five years and $12 million to
complete. It was initially conceived as a multiplayer game, but the
multiplayer component was delayed and eventually canceled, although an
online version (Myst Online: Uru Live) was available in 2007 and 2008.
Uru was not as well received as previous Myst titles. Critics admired
the visuals and new features of the game but criticized the lack of
multiplayer in the retail version and clunky controls. Uru sold poorly,
while the first three games had sold millions of copies each. The game
was a critical and commercial disappointment for Cyan, causing the
company financial troubles; nevertheless, it has attracted a cult
following.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uru:_Ages_Beyond_Myst>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1386:

Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur captured and sacked the Georgian
capital of Tbilisi, forcing King Bagrat V to convert to Islam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur%27s_invasions_of_Georgia>

1918:

Polish troops and civilians began a three-day pogrom against
Jews and Ukrainian Christians in Lwów (now Lviv, Ukraine).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)>

1962:

The Sino-Indian War ended after the Chinese People's Liberation
Army declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew to the prewar Line of
Actual Control, returning all the territory they had captured during the
conflict.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Indian_War>

1996:

A propane explosion at the Humberto Vidal shoe store in Río
Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, killed 33 people and wounded 69 others
when the building collapsed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Vidal_explosion>

2006:

Lebanese politician Pierre Amine Gemayel (pictured), a vocal
critic of Syria's military presence in and political domination of
Lebanon, was assassinated in Jdeideh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Amine_Gemayel>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

yana:
(Buddhism) Any of the three modes or methods of Buddhist spiritual
practice; Mahayana, Hinayana and Vajrayana.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yana>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Wherever we are, God's in that moment, God's speaking to us, and
if we've just got our ears open and our antennas up, there's no lack of
inspiration. He's not silent. We just have to be listening.  
--Steven Curtis Chapman
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Steven_Curtis_Chapman>

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[Daily article] November 20: Tropical Storm Keith (1988) Published On

Tropical Storm Keith, the eleventh tropical storm of the 1988 season,
was the latest North Atlantic tropical cyclone in the calendar year to
strike the Continental United States since the 1925 season. Keith
developed out of a tropical wave in the Caribbean Sea on November 17
and reached a peak intensity of 70 mph (110 km/h) shortly before
striking the northeastern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula. It turned
northeastward in the Gulf of Mexico, and made landfall near Sarasota,
Florida, on November 23. Keith became extratropical near Bermuda on
November 24. The extratropical remnant persisted for two more days.
Keith produced moderate to heavy rainfall in Honduras, Jamaica, and
Cuba. Minimal damage was reported in Mexico. The last of four named
North Atlantic hurricanes to hit the United States during the season,
Keith produced moderate rainfall, rough storm surge, and gusty winds
across central Florida. Overall damage was fairly minor but widespread,
totaling $7.3 million. Near the coast of Florida, damage occurred
mainly from storm surge and beach erosion. Further inland there were
floods, downed trees and power lines. No fatalities were reported.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Keith_(1988)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1820:

The American whaleship Essex sank 2,000 nautical miles (3,700
km) west of the western coast of South America after it was attacked by
a sperm whale, an event which inspired Herman Melville's novel Moby-
Dick.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex_(whaleship)>

1945:

The Nuremberg Trials of 24 leading Nazis involved in the
Holocaust and various war crimes during World War II began in
Nuremberg, Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials>

1980:

An oil platform drilling accident caused Lake Peigneur in the
U.S. state of Louisiana to drain into a salt mine underneath, creating a
whirlpool that sucked down the lake's entire contents.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Peigneur>

1991:

Nagorno-Karabakh War: An Azerbaijani military helicopter
carrying a peacekeeping mission team was shot down in Nagorno-Karabakh,
Azerbaijan, disrupting the ongoing peace talks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown>

1998:

The assembly of the International Space Station began when
Zarya, its first module, was launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome,
Kazakhstan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

spoiler:
1. One who spoils; a plunderer, pillager, despoiler.
2. A document, review or comment that discloses the ending or some key
surprise or twist in a story.
3. (automotive) A device to reduce lift and increase downforce.
4. (US, chiefly politics, sports) An individual, unable to win themselves,
who spoils the chances of another's victory.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spoiler>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is from numberless diverse acts of courage and belief that
human history is shaped. Each time a man stands up for an ideal, or acts
to improve the lot of others, or strikes out against injustice, he sends
forth a tiny ripple of hope, and crossing each other from a million
different centers of energy and daring those ripples build a current
which can sweep down the mightiest walls of oppression and resistance.
 
--Robert F. Kennedy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy>

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[Daily article] November 19: Lambeosaurus Published On

Lambeosaurus is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur that lived about 76 to
75 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period (Campanian) of
North America. This bipedal/quadrupedal, herbivorous dinosaur is known
for its distinctive hollow cranial crest, which in the best-known
species resembled a hatchet. Several possible species have been named in
Canada, the US, and Mexico, but only the two Canadian species are
currently recognized as valid. The various skulls assigned to the type
species L. lambei are interpreted as showing age differences and sexual
dimorphism, including some juvenile fossils previously thought to belong
to a genus of dwarf hadrosaur. Lambeosaurus was closely related to the
better known Corythosaurus, which is found in slightly older rocks, as
well as the less well-known dinosaurs Hypacrosaurus and Olorotitan. All
had unusual crests, which are now generally assumed to have served
social functions like noisemaking and recognition. Lambeosaurus was
belatedly described in 1923 by William Parks, over twenty years after
the first material was studied by Lawrence Lambe, after whom the
dinosaur is named.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeosaurus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1794:

The United States and Great Britain concluded the Jay Treaty,
the basis for ten years of peaceful trade between the two nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Treaty>

1863:

American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered
the Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National
Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Address>

1943:

The Holocaust: Inmates at the Janowska concentration camp near
modern Lviv, Ukraine, staged a failed uprising, after which the SS
liquidated the camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janowska_concentration_camp>

1977:

TAP Portugal Flight 425 crashed while attempting to land at
Madeira Airport in Funchal, Madeira, killing over 130 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAP_Portugal_Flight_425>

2010:

The first of four explosions occurred at the Pike River Mine in
the West Coast Region of New Zealand in the nation's worst mining
disaster in nearly a century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_River_Mine_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

omega:
1. The final letter of the Greek alphabet.
2. (idiomatic) The end; the final, last or ultimate in a series.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/omega>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on
this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a
great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of
that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final
resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might
live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But,
in a larger sense, we can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can
not hallow, this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled
here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.
The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it
can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to
be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have
thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to
the great task remaining before us — that from these honored dead we
take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion — that we here highly resolve that these dead
shall not have died in vain — that this nation, under God, shall have
a new birth of freedom — and that government of the people, by the
people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.  
--Abraham Lincoln
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln>

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[Daily article] November 18: Volubilis Published On

Volubilis is a partly excavated Roman city in Morocco near Meknes. Built
in a fertile agricultural area, it developed from the 3rd century BC
onwards as a Phoenician/Carthaginian settlement and grew rapidly under
Roman rule from the 1st century AD onwards. Public buildings included a
basilica, temple and triumphal arch (pictured). Its prosperity, derived
principally from olive growing, prompted the construction of many fine
town-houses with large mosaic floors. The town fell to local tribesmen
around 285 and was never retaken by Rome due to its remoteness. In the
late 8th century it became the seat of Idris ibn Abdallah, the founder
of the state of Morocco. Volubilis was abandoned by the 11th century.
Its ruins remained substantially intact until an earthquake in the mid-
18th century and subsequent use of the stones for building Meknes.
During and after the period of French rule over Morocco, about half of
the site was excavated and some of the more prominent buildings were
restored or reconstructed. Today it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site,
listed for being "an exceptionally well preserved example of a large
Roman colonial town on the fringes of the Empire".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volubilis>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1210:

Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated by Pope
Innocent III after he commanded the Pope to annul the Concordat of
Worms.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor>

1812:

Napoleonic Wars: During Napoleon's invasion of Russia, Marshal
Michel Ney's leadership in the Battle of Krasnoi earned him the nickname
"the bravest of the brave" despite the overwhelming French defeat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi>

1943:

Second World War: The Royal Air Force began its bombing
campaign against Berlin (ruins of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)>

1963:

The first push-button telephone was made available to AT&T;
customers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push-button_telephone>

2003:

With its ruling in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health,
the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court made the state the first in the
U.S. to legalize same-sex marriage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodridge_v._Department_of_Public_Health>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

full circle:
1. Through a rotation or revolution that ends at the starting point.
2. (idiomatic) Through a cycle of transition, returning to where one
started after gaining experience or exploring other things.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/full_circle>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  So... all of time and space, everything that ever happened or
ever will — where do you want to start?  
--Steven Moffat
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Steven_Moffat>

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[Daily article] November 17: Heidi Game Published On

The Heidi Game was an American football game played on November 17,
1968, in which the Oakland Raiders came from behind to defeat the New
York Jets 43–32, scoring two touchdowns in the final minute to win. It
obtained its nickname because the National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
controversially broke away from the game with the Jets still winning to
air the television film Heidi at 7 p.m. in the Eastern Time Zone. A
high-scoring contest, together with a number of injuries and penalties
for the two bitter American Football League rivals, caused the game to
run long. NBC executives had ordered that Heidi must begin on time, but
given the exciting game, they decided to postpone the start of the film.
Many members of the public called NBC to inquire about the schedule, to
complain or opine, jamming the network's switchboards. As NBC executives
were trying to call the same switchboards to implement their decision,
the change could not be communicated, and Heidi began as scheduled. The
movie preempted the final moments of the game in the eastern half of the
country, to the outrage of viewers. In 1997, the Heidi Game was voted
the most memorable regular season game in pro football history.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi_Game>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1405 - The Sultanate of Sulu was established on the Sulu Archipelago off
the coast of Mindanao in the Philippines.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu>

1869:

The Suez Canal opened, allowing shipping to travel between
Europe and Asia via the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal>

1970:

American inventor Douglas Engelbart received the patent for the
first computer mouse (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)>

1993:

General Sani Abacha ousted Ernest Shonekan to become chairman
of the Provisional Ruling Council of Nigeria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha>

2005:

"Il Canto degli Italiani" officially became the national anthem
of Italy almost sixty years after it was provisionally chosen following
the birth of the Italian Republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rory:
1. (obsolete) Covered by dew.
2. (obsolete) Of gaudy, tasteless, or unsubtle colors.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rory>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I would have men invest themselves with the dignity of an aim
higher than the chase for wealth; choose a thing to do in life outside
of the making of things, and keep it in mind, — not for a day, nor a
year, but for a life-time.  
--Voltairine de Cleyre
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre>

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[Daily article] November 16: Walter de Coutances Published On

Walter de Coutances was a medieval Anglo-Norman Bishop of Lincoln and
Archbishop of Rouen. He began his royal service in the government of
Henry II, serving as a vice-chancellor. He also accumulated a number of
ecclesiastical offices, becoming successively canon of Rouen Cathedral
(pictured), treasurer of Rouen, and Archdeacon of Oxford. King Henry
sent him on a number of diplomatic missions, and finally rewarded him
with the Bishopric of Lincoln in 1183. He did not remain there long, for
he was translated to the archbishopric of Rouen in late 1184. When
Richard I, King Henry's son, became king in 1189, Coutances absolved
Richard for his rebellion against his father and invested him as Duke of
Normandy. He then accompanied Richard to Sicily as the king began the
Third Crusade, but events in England prompted Richard to send the
archbishop back to England to mediate between William Longchamp, the
justiciar whom Richard had left in charge of the kingdom, and Prince
John, Richard's younger brother. Coutances succeeded in securing a peace
between Longchamp and John, but further actions by Longchamp led to the
justiciar's expulsion from England. Coutances died in November 1207 and
was buried in his cathedral.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_de_Coutances>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1491:

Several Jews and conversos were executed in Toledo, Spain, for
the alleged ritual murder of an infant, who was later revered as the
Holy Child of La Guardia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Child_of_La_Guardia>

1920:

Qantas, Australia's national airline, was founded as Queensland
and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qantas>

1938:

Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann first synthesized the psychedelic
drug LSD (3D representation of molecule pictured) at the Sandoz
Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hofmann>

1973:

U.S. President Richard Nixon signed the Trans-Alaska Pipeline
Authorization Act, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline
to transport oil from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Alaska.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System>

2002:

The first case of the respiratory disease Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was recorded in Guangdong, China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_(SARS)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

kraal:
1. In Central and Southern Africa, a rural village of huts surrounded by a
stockade.
2. An enclosure for livestock.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kraal>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Besides the conversation of women, it is dreams that keep the
world in orbit. But dreams also form a diadem of moons, therefore the
sky is that splendour inside a man's head, if his head is not, in fact,
his own unique sky.  
--José Saramago
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago>

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[Daily article] November 15: Jefferson nickel Published On

The Jefferson nickel has been the five-cent coin struck by the United
States Mint since 1938, when it replaced the Buffalo nickel. Since 2006,
the copper-nickel coin's obverse has featured a forward-facing portrayal
of early U.S. President Thomas Jefferson by Jamie Franki. The coin's
reverse is the original by Felix Schlag; in 2004 and 2005, the piece
bore commemorative designs. The Mint conducted a competition for a new
nickel depicting Jefferson and his home, Monticello, which Schlag won,
but was required to submit an entirely new reverse and make other
changes. The new piece went into production in October 1938 and was
released on November 15. As nickel was a strategic war material during
World War II, nickels coined from 1942 to 1945 were struck in a copper-
silver-manganese alloy which would not require adjustment to vending
machines, and bear a large mint mark above the depiction of Monticello
on the reverse. In 2004 and 2005, the nickel saw new designs as part of
the Westward Journey nickel series, and since 2006 has borne Schlag's
reverse and Franki's obverse.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_nickel>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1315:

A 1,500-strong force from the Swiss Confederacy ambushed a
group of Austrian soldiers of the Holy Roman Empire on the shores of
Lake Ägerisee in Switzerland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morgarten>

1688:

Prince William of Orange landed at Brixham in Devon, on his way
to depose his father-in-law King James II, the last Catholic monarch of
England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glorious_Revolution>

1889:

Brazilian Emperor Pedro II was overthrown in a coup led by
Deodoro da Fonseca, and Brazil was proclaimed a republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_fall_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil>

1943:

The Holocaust: Heinrich Himmler ordered that Romanies were to
be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porajmos>

1983:

Turkish Cypriots on the northeastern portion of Cyprus declared
the creation of a new state known as the Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus, which currently remains recognised only by Turkey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Cyprus>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Easter egg:
1. A dyed or decorated egg, traditionally associated with Easter and
usually hidden for children to find.
2. A chocolate confection in the shape of an egg.
3. (computing) An undocumented function hidden in a program or video game,
typically triggered by a particular input sequence or combination of
keystrokes.
4. Any image, feature, or other content that is hidden on a video disc, in
a movie, trailer, or poster.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Easter_egg>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I have things in my head that are not like what anyone has taught
me — shapes and ideas so near to me — so natural to my way of being
and thinking that it hasn't occurred to me to put them down. I decided
to start anew, to strip away what I had been taught.  
--Georgia O'Keeffe
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe>

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[Daily article] November 14: Japanese battleship Haruna Published On

Haruna was a warship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War I
and World War II. Designed by the British naval engineer George
Thurston, she was a battlecruiser of the Kongō class, among the most
heavily armed ships in any navy when built. Named after Mount Haruna,
she was laid down in 1912 and commissioned in 1915. Beginning in 1926,
she was rebuilt as a battleship, strengthening her armor and improving
her speed and power. In 1933, her superstructure was completely rebuilt,
her speed was increased, and she was equipped with launch catapults for
floatplanes. Now fast enough to accompany Japan's growing carrier fleet,
Haruna was reclassified as a fast battleship. During the Second Sino-
Japanese War, Haruna transported Japanese troops to mainland China. On
the eve of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, she sailed as part of
the Southern Force in preparation for the Battle of Singapore. Haruna
fought in almost every major naval action of the Pacific Theater,
including the Battle of Midway, the Guadalcanal Campaign, the Battle of
the Philippine Sea and the Battle of Leyte Gulf. In 1945, Haruna was
transferred to Kure Naval Base, where she was sunk by aircraft of Task
Force 38.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1910:

Aviator Eugene Burton Ely performed the first takeoff from a
ship (pictured), flying from a makeshift deck on the USS Birmingham in
Hampton Roads, Virginia, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Burton_Ely>

1940:

Second World War: Coventry Cathedral and much of the city
centre of Coventry, England, were destroyed by the German Luftwaffe
during the Coventry Blitz.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Blitz>

1984:

Cesar Climaco, mayor of Zamboanga City, the Philippines, was
assassinated by an unknown gunman.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Climaco>

2003:

Astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David L.
Rabinowitz discovered the trans-Neptunian object 90377 Sedna.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna>

2010:

Red Bull Racing's Sebastian Vettel won the Drivers'
Championship after winning the final race of the season to become the
youngest Formula One champion ever.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

minyan:
The minimum number of ten adult Jews required for a communal religious
service.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/minyan>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Most of us seldom take the trouble to think. It is a troublesome
and fatiguing process and often leads to uncomfortable conclusions. But
crises and deadlocks when they occur have at least this advantage, that
they force us to think.  
--Jawaharlal Nehru
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru>

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[Daily article] November 13: Faith Leech Published On

Faith Leech (1941–2013) was an Australian freestyle swimmer who won
gold in the 4 × 100 metres freestyle relay and bronze in the 100 m
freestyle at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. A tall and lean
swimmer known for her elegant technique, Leech started swimming as a
child to build strength after a series of eating disorders. In 1955, she
became the youngest swimmer to win an Australian title, claiming victory
in the 100 yards freestyle, and twice broke the Australian record at
this distance. Illness forced her out of the 1956 Australian
Championships, but she recovered to gain Olympic selection. Leech
produced a late surge to take bronze in the individual event and seal an
Australian trifecta, before swimming the second leg in the relay to help
secure an Australian victory in world record time. She retired from
competitive swimming after the Olympics aged 15, citing anxiety caused
by racing as one of the main factors in her decision. She worked in the
family jewelry business, taught swimming to disabled children, and
continued her involvement with the Olympic movement through volunteer
work. Leech was an inductee of the Path of Champions at Sydney Olympic
Park Aquatic Centre.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Leech>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1841:

Scottish surgeon James Braid first observed the operation of
animal magnetism, which led to his study of the subject he eventually
called hypnotism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)>

1966:

The Israeli military conducted a large cross-border assault on
the Jordanian-controlled West Bank village of Samu in response to an al-
Fatah land mine incident two days earlier near the West Bank border.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samu_Incident>

1982:

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated in Constitution
Gardens in Washington, D.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial>

1989:

Hans-Adam II, reigning Prince of Liechtenstein, took the throne
upon the death of his father.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Adam_II,_Prince_of_Liechtenstein>

1992:

The High Court of Australia ruled in Dietrich v The Queen that
although there is no absolute right to have publicly funded counsel, in
most circumstances a judge should grant any request for an adjournment
or stay when an accused is unrepresented.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_v_The_Queen>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

adipose:
1. Containing, composed of, or consisting of fat.
2. Slightly overweight, somewhat fat and hence soft.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adipose>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All who have meant good work with their whole hearts, have done
good work, although they may die before they have the time to sign it.
Every heart that has beat strong and cheerfully has left a hopeful
impulse behind it in the world, and bettered the tradition of mankind.
 
--Robert Louis Stevenson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson>

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[Daily article] November 12: Fanno Creek Published On

Fanno Creek is a 15-mile (24 km) tributary of the Tualatin River in the
U.S. state of Oregon. Part of the drainage basin of the Columbia River,
its watershed covers about 32 square miles (83 km2) in Multnomah,
Washington, and Clackamas counties, including about 7 square miles
(18 km2) within the Portland city limits. From its headwaters in the
Tualatin Mountains (West Hills) in southwest Portland, the creek flows
generally west and south through the cities of Portland, Beaverton,
Tigard and Durham, and unincorporated areas of Washington County. It
enters the Tualatin River about 9 miles (14 km) above the Tualatin's
confluence with the Willamette River at West Linn. For thousands of
years, the Atfalati (Tualatin) tribe of the Kalapuya inhabited the
watershed. The first settler of European descent, Augustus Fanno, for
whom the creek is named, arrived in the mid-19th century. Fanno
Farmhouse, the restored family home, is a Century Farm on the National
Register of Historic Places and is one of 14 urban parks in a narrow
corridor along the creek. Although heavily polluted, the creek supports
aquatic life, including cutthroat trout in its upper reaches.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanno_Creek>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1028:

Future Byzantine empress Zoe first took the throne as empress
consort to Romanos III Argyros.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita>

1330:

Led by voivode Basarab I, Wallachian forces defeated the
Hungarian army in an ambush at the Battle of Posada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Posada>

1893:

Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary of British India, and Abdur
Rahman Khan, Amir of Afghanistan, signed the Durand Line Agreement,
establishing what is now the international border between Afghanistan
and Pakistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand_Line>

1936:

The San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge, connecting San
Francisco and Oakland, California across San Francisco Bay, opened to
traffic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge>

1970:

The 1970 Bhola cyclone made landfall on the coast of East
Pakistan (Bangladesh), becoming the deadliest tropical cyclone in
history, with over 300,000 people killed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Bhola_cyclone>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

peri:
A sprite or supernatural being in Persian mythology.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peri>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Justice and equity are twin Guardians that watch over men. From
them are revealed such blessed and perspicuous words as are the cause of
the well-being of the world and the protection of the nations.  
--Bahá'u'lláh
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h>

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[Daily article] November 11: John Treloar (museum administrator) Published On

John Treloar (1894–1952) was an Australian archivist who was the
director for almost 30 years of the Australian War Memorial (AWM), the
country's national memorial to the members of its armed forces and
supporting organisations who have participated in war. Prior to World
War I he worked as a clerk in the Department of Defence and, after
volunteering for the First Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in 1914,
served in staff roles for most of the war's first years. Treloar was
selected to command the Australian War Records Section in 1917. In this
position, he improved the AIF's records and collected a large number of
artefacts for later display in Australia. Treloar was appointed the
director of what eventually became the AWM in 1920, and was a key figure
in establishing the Memorial and raising funds for its permanent
building in Canberra. He headed the Department of Information during the
first years of World War II, and spent the remainder of the war in
charge of the Australian military's history section. Treloar returned to
the AWM in 1946, and continued as its director until his death.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Treloar_(museum_administrator)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1675:

German polymath Gottfried Leibniz employed integral calculus
for the first time to find the area under the graph of the function .
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz>

1813:

War of 1812: A British–Canadian force repelled an American
attack in the Battle of Crysler's Farm, forcing the latter to give up
their attempt to capture Montreal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm>

1918:

Józef Piłsudski was appointed Commander in Chief of Polish
forces by the Regency Council and was entrusted with creating a national
government for the newly independent country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski>

1940:

World War II: The German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis captured
top secret documents from SS Automedon that would later influence
Japan's decision to enter the war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_auxiliary_cruiser_Atlantis>

1975:

During a constitutional crisis in Australia, Governor-General
John Kerr dismissed the government of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and
dissolved Parliament for a double dissolution election.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rumpty:
(New Zealand) Having a quality below standard; in a state of disrepair.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rumpty>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A great swindle of our time is the assumption that science has
made religion obsolete. All science has damaged is the story of Adam and
Eve and the story of Jonah and the Whale. Everything else holds up
pretty well, particularly lessons about fairness and gentleness. People
who find those lessons irrelevant in the twentieth century are simply
using science as an excuse for greed and harshness. Science has nothing
to do with it, friends.  
--Kurt Vonnegut
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut>

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[Daily article] November 10: Water Rail Published On

The Water Rail is a bird of the rail family found across Europe, Asia
and North Africa. Northern and eastern populations are migratory, but
this species is a permanent resident in the warmer parts of its breeding
range. It breeds in reed beds and other marshy sites with tall, dense
vegetation, building its nest a little above the water level from
whatever plants are available nearby. The adult is 23–28 cm
(9–11 in) long, and, like other rails, has a body that is flattened
laterally to allow it easier passage through reed beds. It has mainly
brown upperparts and blue-grey underparts, black barring on the flanks,
long toes, a short tail and a long reddish bill. The off-white, blotched
eggs are incubated mainly by the female, and the precocial downy chicks
hatch in 19–22 days. Water Rails are omnivorous, although they feed
mainly on animals. They are territorial even after breeding, and will
aggressively defend feeding areas in winter. These rails are vulnerable
to flooding or freezing conditions, loss of habitat and predation by
mammals (such as the American mink) and large birds, but overall the
species' huge range and large numbers mean that it is not considered to
be threatened.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Rail>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1202:

The first major action of the Fourth Crusade and the first
attack against a Catholic city by Catholic crusaders, the Siege of Zara,
began in Zadar, Croatia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zara>

1766:

William Franklin, the last Royal Governor of New Jersey, signed
the charter establishing Queen's College, now known as Rutgers
University.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University>

1871:

Journalist and explorer Henry Morton Stanley located missing
missionary and explorer David Livingstone (both pictured, left and right
respectively) in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika in present-day Tanzania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone>

1969:

The first episode of the children's television series Sesame
Street premiered on public broadcasting television stations in the
United States, to adulatory reviews, some controversy, and high ratings.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street>

2007:

At the Ibero-American Summit in Santiago, Chile, King Juan
Carlos I of Spain asked President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez "Why don't
you shut up?" after Chávez repeatedly interrupted a speech by Spanish
Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%BFPor_qu%C3%A9_no_te_callas%3F>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

xoanon:
(historical) A wooden statue, used as a cult image in Ancient Greece.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/xoanon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Dare to be wise! Energy and spirit is needed to overcome the
obstacles which indolence of nature as well as cowardice of heart oppose
to our instruction. It is not without significance that the old myth
makes the goddess of Wisdom emerge fully armed from the head of Jupiter;
for her very first function is warlike. Even in her birth she has to
maintain a hard struggle with the senses, which do not want to be
dragged from their sweet repose. The greater part of humanity is too
much harassed and fatigued by the struggle with want, to rally itself
for a new and sterner struggle with error. Content if they themselves
escape the hard labor of thought, men gladly resign to others the
guardianship of their ideas, and if it happens that higher needs are
stirred in them, they embrace with a eager faith the formulas which
State and priesthood hold in readiness for such an occasion.  
--Friedrich Schiller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller>

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[Daily article] November 9: A Child of Our Time Published On

A Child of Our Time is a secular oratorio by the British composer
Michael Tippett (1905–98). It was inspired by events in 1938 that had
affected Tippett profoundly: the assassination of a German diplomat by a
young Jewish refugee (Herschel Grynszpan, pictured) and the Nazi
government's reaction in the form of the so-called Kristallnacht—a
vicious pogrom against Germany's Jewish population on the night of
9–10 November. Tippett uses these incidents to represent the
experiences of all oppressed peoples, in the context of a pacifist
message of ultimate understanding and reconciliation. The text's
recurrent themes of shadow and light reflect the Jungian psychoanalysis
which Tippett underwent in the years immediately before writing the
work. The oratorio's most original feature is the use of African
American spirituals, which perform the function allocated in Bach's
Passions to chorales; Tippett believed that these songs of oppression
possess a universality absent from specifically Christian and other
hymns. A Child of Our Time was well received on its first performance in
1944 at the Adelphi Theatre, London, and has since been performed all
over the world in many languages.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Child_of_Our_Time>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1799:

The coup of 18 Brumaire led by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and
Napoleon deposed the French government, replacing the Directory with the
Consulate.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_Brumaire>

1888:

Mary Jane Kelly was murdered in London, widely believed to be
the fifth and final victim of the notorious unidentified serial killer
Jack the Ripper.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Jane_Kelly>

1913:

The "Big Blow" storm reached its maximum intensity in the Great
Lakes Basin of North America, destroying 19 ships and 68,300 tons of
cargo, and killing over 250 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Storm_of_1913>

1989:

East Germany announced the opening of the inner German border
and the Berlin Wall, marking the symbolic end of the Cold War, impending
collapse of the Warsaw Pact, and beginning of the end of Soviet
communism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_German_border>

1998:

With the passing of the Human Rights Act, the United Kingdom
abolished capital punishment for all criminal offences.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dematerialize:
1. (intransitive) to disappear by becoming immaterial.
2. (transitive) to cause something to disappear by becoming immaterial.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dematerialize>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In the fabric of space and in the nature of matter, as in a great
work of art, there is, written small, the artist's signature.
 
--Carl Sagan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan>

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[Daily article] November 8: Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) Published On

Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) is the debut album of American hip hop
group Wu-Tang Clan, released in November 1993 on Loud Records and
distributed through RCA Records. Recording sessions for the album took
place during 1992 and 1993 at Firehouse Studio in New York City, and it
was mastered at The Hit Factory. The album's title originates from the
martial arts film The 36th Chamber of Shaolin (1978). The group's de
facto leader RZA (pictured), produced the album, utilizing heavy, eerie
beats and a sound largely based on martial-arts movie clips and soul
music samples. The album's distinctive sound created a blueprint for
hardcore hip hop during the 1990s and helped return New York City hip
hop to national prominence. Its sound also became hugely influential in
modern hip hop production, while the group members' explicit, humorous,
and free-associative lyrics have served as a template for many
subsequent hip hop records. Receiving generally positive reviews from
contemporary critics, Enter the Wu-Tang (36 Chambers) is regarded by
music writers as one of the most significant albums of the 1990s, as
well as one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enter_the_Wu-Tang_(36_Chambers)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1644:

The Shunzhi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing Dynasty, was
enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming Dynasty as the first
Qing emperor to rule over China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor>

1837:

In South Hadley, Massachusetts, US, Mary Lyon founded a
seminary for women that became Mount Holyoke College, the first of the
Seven Sisters group of colleges.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College>

1895:

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen produced and detected
electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known today as X-ray.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray>

1940:

The Italian invasion of Greece failed as outnumbered Greek
units repulsed the Italians in the Battle of Elaia–Kalamas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elaia%E2%80%93Kalamas>

1965:

The United Kingdom split the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius
and the islands of Aldabra, Farquhar and Desroches from the Seychelles
to form the British Indian Ocean Territory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

turlough:
(Ireland) A temporary lake in an area of limestone, filled by rising
groundwater during the rainy winter season.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turlough>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We are not expecting Utopia here on this earth. But God meant
things to be much easier than we have made them. A man has a natural
right to food, clothing, and shelter. A certain amount of goods is
necessary to lead a good life. A family needs work as well as bread.
Property is proper to man. We must keep repeating these things. Eternal
life begins now. "All the way to heaven is heaven, because He said, "I
am the Way." The cross is there, of course, but "in the cross is joy of
spirit." And love makes all things easy.  
--Dorothy Day
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dorothy_Day>

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[Daily article] November 7: Ine of Wessex Published On

Ine was King of Wessex from 688 to 726. He was unable to retain the
territorial gains of his predecessor, Cædwalla, who had brought much of
southern England under his control and expanded West Saxon territory
substantially. By the end of Ine's reign the kingdoms of Kent, Sussex
and Essex were no longer under West Saxon domination; however, Ine
maintained control of what is now Hampshire, and consolidated and
extended Wessex's territory in the western peninsula. Ine is noted for
his code of laws (Ine's laws or laws of Ine), which he issued in about
694 (12th-century copy pictured). These laws were the first issued by an
Anglo-Saxon king outside Kent. They shed much light on the history of
Anglo-Saxon society, and reveal Ine's Christian convictions. Trade
increased significantly during Ine's reign, with the town of Hamwic (now
Southampton) becoming prominent. It was probably during Ine's reign that
the West Saxons began to mint coins, though none have been found that
bear his name. Ine abdicated in 726 to go to Rome, leaving the kingdom
to "younger men", in the words of the contemporary chronicler Bede. He
was succeeded by Æthelheard.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1665:

The London Gazette, the oldest surviving English-language
newspaper, was first published as the Oxford Gazette.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette>

1811:

American forces led by Indiana Territory Governor William Henry
Harrison defeated the forces of Shawnee leader Tecumseh's growing
American Indian confederation at the Battle of Tippecanoe near present-
day Battle Ground, Indiana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe>

1885:

Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the first
transcontinental railroad across Canada, concluded with the driving of
the "last spike" in Craigellachie, British Columbia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Spike_(Canadian_Pacific_Railway)>

1929:

The Museum of Modern Art (pictured), often identified as the
most influential museum of modern art in the world, opened to the
public.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art>

1941:

World War II: German aircraft sank the Soviet hospital ship
Armenia while she was evacuating civilians and wounded soldiers from
Crimea, killing an estimated 5,000 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia_(Soviet_hospital_ship)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Cassandra:
A person who makes dire predictions, especially those which are not
believed but turn out to be true.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cassandra>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In that daily effort in which intelligence and passion mingle
and delight each other, the absurd man discovers a discipline that will
make up the greatest of his strengths. The required diligence and
doggedness and lucidity thus resemble the conqueror's attitude. To
create is likewise to give a shape to one's fate. For all these
characters, their work defines them at least as much as it is defined by
them. The actor taught us this: There is no frontier between being and
appearing.  
--Albert Camus
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albert_Camus>

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