December 31: Áedán mac Gabráin Published On

Áedán mac Gabráin was a king of Dál Riata from circa 574 until circa
609. The kingdom of Dál Riata was situated in modern Argyll and Bute,
Scotland, and parts of County Antrim, Ireland. Genealogies record that
Áedán was a son of Gabrán mac Domangairt. He was a contemporary of
Saint Columba, and much that is recorded of his life comes from
hagiography such as Adomnán of Iona's Life of Saint Columba. Other
sources include Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum and Irish
annals; none of the sources are contemporary. Áedán appears as a
character in Old Irish and Middle Irish language works of prose and
verse, some now lost. Áedán also appears in some Welsh sources, making
him one of the few non-Britons to figure in Welsh tradition. The Irish
annals record his campaigns against his neighbours, in Ireland, and in
northern Britain, including expeditions to the Orkney Islands, the Isle
of Man, and the east coast of Scotland. As recorded by Bede, Áedán was
decisively defeated by Æthelfrith of Bernicia at the Battle of
Degsastan. Áedán may have been deposed, or have abdicated, following
this defeat, and the annals report nothing of him until his death around
six years later.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ed%C3%A1n_mac_Gabr%C3%A1in>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1225:

Lý Chiêu Hoàng, the only empress regnant in the history of
Vietnam, married Trần Thái Tông, making him the first emperor of the
Trần Dynasty at age seven.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_Chi%C3%AAu_Ho%C3%A0ng>

1857:

Queen Victoria selected Ottawa (Parliament Hill pictured), then
a small logging town, to be the capital of the British colony of Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa>

1963:

Despite Prime Minister Roy Welensky's efforts, the Central
African Federation officially collapsed, splitting into three separate
nations: Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Welensky>

1983:

Major-General Muhammadu Buhari was selected to lead Nigeria
after a successful military coup d'etat that overthrew civilian
President Shehu Shagari.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari>

1993:

Brandon Teena, an American trans man, was raped and murdered in
Humboldt, Nebraska; his death led to increased lobbying for hate crime
laws in the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Teena>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

reverie:
A state of dreaming while awake; a loose or irregular train of thought;
musing or meditation; daydream.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reverie>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The most important thing for the world today in my opinion is a
spiritual regeneration which would reestablish a feeling of good faith
among men generally. Discouraged people are in sore need of the
inspiration of great principles. Such leadership can be the rallying
point against intolerance, against distrust, against that fatal
insecurity that leads to war. It is to be hoped that the democratic
nations can provide the necessary leadership.  
--George Marshall
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Marshall>

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[Daily article] December 30: T-26 Published On

The T-26 tank was a Soviet light infantry tank used in the 1930s and
World War II. It is widely considered one of the most successful tank
designs of the 1930s until its light armor became vulnerable to newer
anti-tank guns. It was produced in greater numbers than any other tank
of the period, with more than 11,000 manufactured, and it was used
extensively in the armies of Spain, China and Turkey. Many variants were
produced, including different combat vehicles based on its chassis such
as flame-throwing tanks, remotely controlled tanks, and armoured
carriers. The T-26 together with the BT was the Red Army's main tank in
the interwar period. Though nearly obsolete by the beginning of World
War II, it was the most important tank of the Spanish Civil War and
played a significant role in the Battle of Lake Khasan in 1938 and the
Winter War in 1939–40. The T-26 was the most numerous Soviet tank
during the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. The T-26
was used in the Battle of Moscow in winter 1941/42, the Battle of
Stalingrad and the Battle of the Caucasus in 1942–43. The tanks last
saw use in August 1945, during the defeat of the Japanese Kwantung Army
in Manchuria.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-26>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1460:

War of the Roses: Richard, Duke of York, was killed in the
Battle of Wakefield in West Yorkshire, England, and his army was
destroyed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield>

1853:

The United States purchased approximately 29,600 sq mi
(77,000 km2) of land south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande
(map pictured) from Mexico for $10 million.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase>

1903:

In the deadliest single-building fire in United States history,
the Iroquois Theatre fire claimed 602 lives in Chicago.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Theatre_fire>

2000:

A series of bombings occurred around Metro Manila in the
Philippines within a span of a few hours, killing 22 people and injuring
100 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Day_bombings>

2006:

Former President of Iraq Saddam Hussein was executed after
being found guilty of crimes against humanity by the Iraqi Special
Tribunal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_of_Saddam_Hussein>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

peckled:
(now UK dialectal) Speckled, spotted.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peckled>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The true Vedantic spirit does not start out with a system of
preconceived ideas. It possesses absolute liberty and unrivaled courage
among religions with regard to the facts to be observed and the diverse
hypotheses it has laid down for their coordination. Never having been
hampered by a priestly order, each man has been entirely free to search
wherever he pleased for the spiritual explanation of the spectacle of
the universe.   
--Romain Rolland
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland>

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[Daily article] December 29: Robert Howe (Continental Army officer) Published On

Robert Howe (1732–86) was a Continental Army general from North
Carolina during the American Revolutionary War. He was one of only five
general officers, and the only major general, in the Continental Army
from that state. At the outset of the war, he was appointed a brigadier
general in the Continental Army, and eventually became commander of the
Southern Department. His early military career was contentious and
consumed by conflict with political and military leaders in Georgia and
South Carolina. These confrontations, including a 1778 duel with
Christopher Gadsden, and Howe's reputation as a womanizer eventually led
to his removal from command over the Southern Department. Prior to the
formal turnover of his command, Howe commanded the Continental Army and
Patriot militia forces in defeat in the First Battle of Savannah. He
later sat as a senior officer on the court-martial board that sentenced
British officer John André, a co-conspirator of Benedict Arnold, to
death. Howe himself was accused of attempting to defect to the British,
but the accusations were cast aside at the time as a British stratagem.
He died in December 1786 after being elected to the North Carolina House
of Commons.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Howe_(Continental_Army_officer)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1860:

To counter the French Navy's La Gloire, the world's first
ironclad warship, the British Royal Navy launched the world's first
iron-hulled armoured battleship, HMS Warrior.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)>

1890:

The United States Army killed over 150 members of the Great
Sioux Nation at the Wounded Knee Massacre.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre>

1911:

Sun Yat-sen was elected in Nanjing as the Provisional President
of the Republic of China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen>

1930:

Muhammad Iqbal introduced the two-nation theory outlining a
vision for the creation of an independent state for Muslim-majority
provinces in northwestern British India.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory>

1992:

President of Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello resigned in an
attempt to stop his impeachment proceedings from continuing, but the
Senate of Brazil continued anyway, finding him guilty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

nobble:
1. (UK, Australia, slang) To injure or obstruct intently; batter.
2. (UK, slang) To gain influence by corrupt means or intimidation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nobble>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Saints are not made by accident. Still less is a Christian
martyrdom the effect of a man's will to become a Saint, as a man by
willing and contriving may become a ruler of men. Ambition fortifies the
will of man to become ruler over other men: it operates with deception,
cajolery, and violence, it is the action of impurity upon impurity. Not
so in Heaven. A martyr, a saint, is always made by the design of God,
for His love of men, to warn them and to lead them, to bring them back
to His ways. A martyrdom is never the design of man; for the true martyr
is he who has become the instrument of God, who has lost his will in the
will of God, not lost it but found it, for he has found freedom in
submission to God. The martyr no longer desires anything for himself,
not even the glory of martyrdom.  
--T. S. Eliot
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot>

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[Daily article] December 28: Keith Johnson (cricket administrator) Published On

Keith Johnson (1894–1972) was an Australian cricket administrator. He
was the manager of the Australian Services cricket team immediately
after World War II, and of the Australian team that toured England in
1948. The Australian Services team played England in a series of
celebratory matches known as the Victory Tests to usher in the post-war
era. The series was highly successful, with unprecedented crowds raising
large amounts for war charities, and Johnson's men toured British India
and Australia before being demobilised. His administration was regarded
as a major factor in the success of the tour. The 1948 Australian team
earned the sobriquet The Invincibles by being the first side to complete
a tour of England without losing a match. Johnson's management was again
lauded. However, in 1951–52, the Australian Board of Control excluded
Sid Barnes from the team for "reasons other than cricket". Barnes took
the matter to court, and at trial, his lawyer embarrassed Johnson, who
contradicted himself several times under cross-examination. Following
the trial, Johnson resigned from the board and took no further part in
cricket administration.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Johnson_(cricket_administrator)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1065:

Westminster Abbey in London, built by Edward the Confessor
between 1045 and 1050, was consecrated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey>

1768:

Taksin the Great was crowned king of the newly established
Thonburi Kingdom in the new capital at Thonburi, present-day Thailand.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksin>

1943:

Second World War: After eight days of brutal house-to-house
fighting, the 1st Canadian Infantry Division captured the Italian town
of Ortona.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ortona>

1973:

U.S. President Richard Nixon signed the Endangered Species Act
into law, a wide-ranging environmental law designed to protect
critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of
economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and
conservation."
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act>

2011:

Acting on an information that PKK militants were crossing the
border in Şırnak Province, two Turkish F-16 jets fired at a group of
villagers, killing 34 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roboski_Massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

brawn:
Physical strength; muscularity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brawn>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   A good poem is a tautology. It expands one word by adding a
number which clarify it, thus making a new word which has never before
been spoken. The seed-word is always so ordinary that hardly anyone
perceives it. Classical odes grow from and or because, romantic lyrics
from but or if. Immature verses expand a personal pronoun ad nauseam,
the greatest works bring glory to a common verb.  
--Alasdair Gray
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alasdair_Gray>

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[Daily article] December 27: Homework (Daft Punk album) Published On

Homework is the debut studio album by French electronic music duo Daft
Punk (Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo pictured in
2010), released in January 1997 on Virgin Records. Homework's success
brought worldwide attention to French house music. According to The
Village Voice, the album revived house music and departed from the
Eurodance formula. The duo produced the tracks without plans to release
an album. After working on projects that were intended to be separate
singles over five months, they considered the material good enough for
an album. Homework charted in 14 different countries, peaking at number
150 on the United States Billboard 200 and at number 8 on the UK Albums
Chart. By February 2001, the album had sold more than two million
copies worldwide and received several gold and platinum certifications.
Overall Homework received positive critical response. The album features
singles that had significant impact in the French house and global dance
music scenes. These include the US Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play number-
one singles "Da Funk" and "Around the World", the latter of which
reached number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homework_(Daft_Punk_album)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1845:

John L. O'Sullivan, in his newspaper the New York Morning News,
argued that the United States had the right to claim the entire Oregon
Country "by the right of our manifest destiny".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny>

1904:

The stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up by
Scottish author and dramatist J. M. Barrie (pictured), about a
mischievous little boy who can fly, premiered in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy>

1922:

The Imperial Japanese Navy commissioned Hōshō, the world's
first purpose-built aircraft carrier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_H%C5%8Dsh%C5%8D>

1997:

Loyalist Volunteer Force leader Billy Wright was assassinated
in the Maze prison by members of the Irish National Liberation Army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)>

2009:

During protests in Tehran against the recent presidential
election, Iranian security forces opened fire on demonstrators on the
Day of Ashura.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashura_protests>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hooey:
(slang) Silly talk or writing; nonsense.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hooey>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What the world needs is more geniuses with humility; there are
so few of us left.  
--Oscar Levant
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Oscar_Levant>

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[Daily article] December 26: 2003 Insight Bowl Published On

The 2003 Insight Bowl was a post-season American college football bowl
game between the Virginia Tech Hokies and the California Bears on
December 26, 2003. The game was the final contest of the 2003 season
for both teams, in which Virginia Tech had come third in the Big East
Conference, while California had tied for third place in the Pacific-10
Conference. From the beginning of the game, it was a quick-paced, high-
scoring contest. In the first quarter, Virginia Tech jumped out to a
21–7 lead. In the second quarter, California scored two touchdowns but
Tech took a 28–21 lead into halftime. Bolstered by an improved
defensive effort, California scored 21 unanswered points to take a
42–28 lead into the fourth quarter. Tech evened the score at 49–49
after an 80-yard touchdown drive that took less than two minutes and a
punt return by DeAngelo Hall for a touchdown. The post-score Tech
kickoff went out of bounds, and with time running out, California began
to drive for a game-winning score. The Bears needed just seven plays to
advance 47 yards and set up a field goal attempt. As time expired,
kicker Tyler Fredrickson (pictured) kicked a 35-yard field goal to give
California a 52–49 victory.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Insight_Bowl>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1825:

Imperial Russian Army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a
protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder
brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt>

1871:

Thespis, the first comic opera by Gilbert and Sullivan, made
its debut at the Gaiety Theatre, London, UK.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thespis_(opera)>

1898:

At the French Academy of Sciences, physicists Pierre and Marie
Curie (both pictured) announced the discovery of a new element, naming
it radium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium>

1996:

Six-year-old American beauty queen JonBenét Ramsey was found
beaten and strangled in the basement of her family's home in Boulder,
Colorado, a murder that generated extensive coverage from the American
media.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_JonBen%C3%A9t_Ramsey>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rebarbative:
Irritating, repellent.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rebarbative>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   No man is great enough or wise enough for any of us to
surrender our destiny to. The only way in which anyone can lead us is to
restore to us the belief in our own guidance.   
--Henry Miller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Miller>

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[Daily article] December 25: Jesus Published On

Jesus (7–2 BC to 30–33 AD) is the central figure of Christianity,
whom the teachings of most Christian denominations hold to be the Son of
God and the awaited Messiah of the Old Testament. Virtually all modern
scholars of antiquity agree that a historical Jesus existed, although
there is little agreement on the reliability of the gospel narratives
and how closely the biblical Jesus reflects the historical Jesus. Most
scholars agree that Jesus was a Jewish preacher from Galilee, was
baptized by John the Baptist, and was crucified in Jerusalem on the
orders of the Roman prefect, Pontius Pilate. Christians believe that
Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of a virgin, performed
miracles, founded the Church, died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to
achieve atonement, rose from the dead, and ascended into heaven, from
which he will return. The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as
the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three Persons of a Divine
Trinity. A few Christian groups reject Trinitarianism, wholly or partly,
as non-scriptural. In Islam, Jesus is considered one of God's important
prophets and the Messiah.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

Norman Conquest: William the Conqueror was crowned King of
England at Westminster Abbey, although he still faced rebellions over
the following years and was not secure on his throne until after 1072.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror>

1809:

American physician Ephraim McDowell performed the world's first
removal of an ovarian tumor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_McDowell>

1927:

The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng, a revolutionary socialist
political party that sought Vietnamese independence from French colonial
rule, was formed in Hanoi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng>

1991:

In a nationally televised speech, Mikhail Gorbachev resigned as
President of the Soviet Union.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev>

2009:

The 19th-century St Mel's Cathedral in Longford, considered the
"flagship cathedral" of the Irish midlands, was destroyed by fire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mel%27s_cathedral,_Longford>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

wassail:
To go from house to house at Christmastime, singing carols.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wassail>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  And, lo, the angel of the Lord came upon them, and the glory of
the Lord shone round about them: and they were sore afraid. And the
angel said unto them, Fear not: for, behold, I bring you good tidings of
great joy, which shall be to all people. For unto you is born this day
in the city of David a Saviour, which is Christ the Lord. And this shall
be a sign unto you; Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes,
lying in a manger. And suddenly there was with the angel a multitude of
the heavenly host praising God, and saying, Glory to God in the highest,
and on earth peace, good will toward men.   
--Gospel of Luke
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke>

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[Daily article] December 24: Banksia epica Published On

Banksia epica is a shrub that grows on the south coast of Western
Australia. A spreading bush with wedge-shaped serrated leaves and large
creamy-yellow flower spikes, it grows as a spreading bushy shrub with
many branches, from 30 centimetres to 3½ metres (1–11½ ft) tall.
It has grey, fissured bark, and dark green, wedge-shaped leaves, 1½ to
5 centimetres (½–2 in) long. Flowers occur in Banksia's
characteristic "flower spike", an inflorescence made up of hundreds of
pairs of flowers densely packed in a spiral round a woody axis.
B. epica's flower spike is yellow or cream-yellow in colour,
cylindrical, 9 to 17 centimetres (3½–6½ inches) tall and around
6 centimetres (2½ inches) in diameter. It is known only from two
isolated populations in the remote south east of the state, near the
western edge of the Great Australian Bight. Both populations occur
amongst coastal heath on cliff-top dunes of siliceous sand. One of the
most recently described Banksia species, it was probably seen by Edward
John Eyre in 1841, but was not collected until 1973, and was only
recognised as a distinct species in 1988. There has been very little
research on the species since.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_epica>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

759:

Tang Dynasty poet Du Fu departed for Chengdu, staying with his
fellow poet Pei Di, where he composed poems about life in his thatched
cottage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Fu>

1818:

"Silent Night" (audio featured), a Christmas carol by Josef
Mohr and Franz Gruber, was first performed in a church in Austria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Night>

1913:

Seventy-three people were crushed to death in a stampede after
someone falsely yelled "fire" at a crowded Christmas party in Calumet,
Michigan, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Hall_disaster>

1953:

On New Zealand's North Island, at Tangiwai, a railway bridge
was damaged by a lahar and collapsed beneath a passenger train, killing
151 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangiwai_disaster>

1973:

The United States Congress granted Washington, D.C. home rule,
allowing the residents to elect their own mayor and city council.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_home_rule>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

bullshot:
1. A cocktail made from vodka and beef bouillon.
2. (neologism, video games) A phony screenshot created for promotional
purposes.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bullshot>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   If what distinguishes the greatest poets is their powerful
and profound application of ideas to life, which surely no good critic
will deny, then to prefix to the word ideas here the term moral makes
hardly any difference, because human life itself is in so preponderating
a degree moral. It is important, therefore, to hold fast to this: that
poetry is at bottom a criticism of life; that the greatness of a poet
lies in his powerful and beautiful application of ideas to life — to
the question, How to live. Morals are often treated in a narrow and
false fashion, they are bound up with systems of thought and belief
which have had their day, they are fallen into the hands of pedants and
professional dealers, they grow tiresome to some of us … the best cure
for our delusion is to let our minds rest upon that great and
inexhaustible word life, until we learn to enter into its meaning. A
poetry of revolt against moral ideas is a poetry of revolt against life;
a poetry of indifference towards moral ideas is a poetry of indifference
towards life.  
--Matthew Arnold
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold>

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[Daily article] December 23: Mario Power Tennis Published On

Mario Power Tennis is a sports game developed by Camelot Software
Planning and published by Nintendo for the GameCube in 2004. The game is
the sequel to the Nintendo 64 title Mario Tennis, and is the third game
in the Mario Tennis series. The game was re-released for the Wii in
2009. It incorporates multiple characters, themes, and locations from
the Mario series. The game includes standard tennis matches, but
contains variants that feature different scoring formats and objectives.
The game consists of 18 playable characters, each categorised by their
style of play and each with a pair of unique moves known as "Power
Shots". Power Tennis was developed simultaneously with Mario Golf:
Toadstool Tour, and the pair shared similar technology and concepts with
each other during production. Such similarities include an emphasis on
the Mario theme in characters and settings as well as alternative game
modes such as "Ring Shot". The game was positively received in general,
attaining an aggregate score of 81 percent from GameRankings and
80 percent from Metacritic. Critics praised the game's depth and
variety, but criticised the Power Shot animations, which could not be
skipped.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Power_Tennis>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1793:

French Revolution: The Royalist counterrevolutionary army was
decisively defeated in the Battle of Savenay, although fighting
continued in the War in the Vendée for years afterward.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e>

1888:

During a bout of mental illness, Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh
stalked his friend French painter Paul Gauguin with a razor, and then
afterwards cut off the lower part of his own left ear and gave it to a
prostitute.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh>

1913:

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act,
establishing a central banking system of the United States, the Federal
Reserve.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Act>

1938:

A South African fisher discovered the first living specimen of
a coelacanth, long believed to be extinct.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth>

1954:

Drs. Joseph Murray and J. Hartwell Harrison performed the first
successful kidney transplant.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_transplantation>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

relict:
1. Something which, or someone who, survives or remains after the loss of
others (compare relic).
2. (archaic) The surviving member of a married couple; a widow or widower.
3. (biology, ecology) A species, organism or ecosystem which was once
widespread but which is now found only in a few areas: some think the
Loch Ness monster is a relict from the age of dinosaurs.
4. (geology) A structure or other feature which has survived from a
previous age: dark rims are a relict of a primary interaction between
basalt and seawater.
5. (linguistics) A word or language which survives as an archaicism.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/relict>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Eventually, all things merge into one, and a river runs through
it. The river was cut by the world's great flood and runs over rocks
from the basement of time. On some of the rocks are timeless raindrops.
Under the rocks are the words, and some of the words are theirs. I am
haunted by waters.  
--Norman Maclean
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Norman_Maclean>

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[Daily article] December 22: Bryan Gunn Published On

Bryan Gunn (born 1963) is a Scottish former professional goalkeeper and
football manager. He spent most of his playing career at Norwich City,
and feels that his career peaked with what he calls the save of his life
in a 1993 UEFA Cup match against Bayern Munich; The Independent called
the game the summit of the club's history. He is one of only nine
players to win the club's Player of the Year award twice and was made an
inaugural member of its Hall of Fame. He made six appearances for
Scotland in the early 1990s. After retiring as a player, Gunn worked for
years behind the scenes at Norwich in a variety of roles. He was
appointed temporary manager towards the end of the 2008–09 season and
confirmed as permanent manager during the summer. However, he lost his
job a week into the next season after defeat in the opening game to
local rivals Colchester United. Since the death of his young daughter
from leukaemia in 1992, Gunn has been extensively involved in
fundraising to combat the disease and its effects, raising more than
£1 million. The city of Norwich recognised Gunn's charity work and his
long association with the city's football club by naming him Sheriff for
2002.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Gunn>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1808:

German composer Ludwig van Beethoven premiered his Fifth
Symphony, one of the most popular and well-known compositions in all of
European classical music, at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)>

1921:

The 8th Congress of Soviets approved the GOELRO plan, the first
Soviet plan for national economic recovery and development.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOELRO_plan>

1937:

The Lincoln Tunnel, connecting New York City to Weehawken, New
Jersey, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Tunnel>

1988:

Brazilian unionist and environmental activist Chico Mendes was
murdered at his Xapuri home.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico_Mendes>

2010:

The United States repealed its controversial "Don't Ask, Don't
Tell" policy on gays in the military.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Ask,_Don%27t_Tell_Repeal_Act_of_2010>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rebirth:
1. Reincarnation, new birth subsequent to one's first: rebirth of the soul
in a new body.
2. Revival, reinvigoration: the rebirth of feminism, the rebirth of the
Handelian oratorio.
3. Spiritual renewal: rebirth in Christ, the doctrine of rebirth through
baptism.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rebirth>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  For one heart beat the Heart was free and moved itself. O love,
I who am lost and damned with words, Whose words are a business and an
art, I have no words. These words, this poem, this Is all confusion and
ignorance. But I know that coached by your sweet heart, My heart beat
one free beat and sent Through all my flesh the blood of truth.
 
--Kenneth Rexroth
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenneth_Rexroth>

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[Daily article] December 21: Oswald Watt Published On

Oswald Watt (1878–1921) was an Australian aviator and businessman. He
was born in England and came to Sydney when he was a year old, returning
to England for his education. In 1900 he went back to Australia and
enlisted in the Militia, before acquiring cattle stations in New South
Wales and Queensland. He was also a partner in the family shipping firm.
Becoming in 1911 the first Australian to qualify for a Royal Aero Club
flying certificate, Watt joined the French Foreign Legion as a pilot on
the outbreak of World War I. He transferred to the Australian Flying
Corps (AFC) in 1916, quickly progressing to become commanding officer of
No. 2 Squadron on the Western Front. By February 1918, he had been
promoted to lieutenant colonel and taken command of the AFC's 1st
Training Wing in England. A recipient of France's Legion of Honour and
Croix de Guerre, Watt was appointed an Officer of the Order of the
British Empire in 1919. He left the military to pursue business
interests in Australia. In 1921, he drowned at Bilgola Beach, New South
Wales. He is commemorated by the Oswald Watt Gold Medal for outstanding
achievement in Australian aviation, and the Oswald Watt Fund at the
University of Sydney.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Watt>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1620:

The Mayflower Pilgrims landed at what is now Plymouth,
Massachusetts, establishing the Plymouth Colony.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony>

1879:

A Doll's House, a controversial play by Henrik Ibsen that
challenged 19th century marriage norms, premiered at the Royal Theatre
in Copenhagen, Denmark.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House>

1919:

After serving two years in prison for encouraging people to
resist military conscription, anarchist Emma Goldman was deported from
the United States to Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Goldman>

1923:

Nepal and the United Kingdom signed a treaty, the first to
define the international status of Nepal as an independent and a
sovereign nation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923>

1988:

A total of 270 people were killed when a bomb on board Pan Am
Flight 103 exploded while the plane was in flight over Lockerbie,
Scotland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

solstitial:
1. Pertaining to a solstice: a solstitial point, the solstitial meridian
plane, avenues with a solstitial orientation.
2. Occurring on a solstice: the solstitial half-moon, a solstitial event.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solstitial>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Finally we shall place the Sun himself at the center of the
Universe. All this is suggested by the systematic procession of events
and the harmony of the whole Universe, if only we face the facts, as
they say, "with both eyes open."  
--Nicolaus Copernicus
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus>

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[Daily article] December 20: Easy Jet Published On

Easy Jet (1967–92) was an American Quarter Horse foaled, or born, in
1967, and was one of only two horses to have been a member of the
American Quarter Horse Association (or AQHA) Hall of Fame as well as
being an offspring of members. Easy Jet won the 1969 All American
Futurity, the highest race for Quarter Horse racehorses, and was named
World Champion Quarter Race Horse in the same year. He earned the
highest speed rating awarded at the time—AAAT. After winning 27 of his
38 races in two years of racing, he retired from the race track and
became a breeding stallion. As a sire, or father, he was the first All
American Futurity winner to sire an All American Futurity winner, and
went on to sire three winners of that race, and nine Champion Quarter
Running Horses. Ultimately, his ownership and breeding rights were split
into 60 shares worth $500,000 each—a total of $30 million. By 1993,
the year after his death, his foals had earned more than $25 million on
the racetrack. Easy Jet was of sorrel color, a light yellowish-red. He
stood about 15.3 hands high (63 inches; 160 cm) and had a large star
and a stripe on his face.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Jet>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1860:

South Carolina became the first of eleven slave states to
secede from the United States, leading to the eventual creation of the
Confederate States of America and later the American Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America>

1955:

Cardiff (Cardiff City Hall pictured) was proclaimed as the
capital of Wales.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff>

1968:

The Zodiac Killer murdered the first of his five confirmed
victims in Vallejo, California, a case which remains unsolved.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac_Killer>

1988:

The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances governing international
cooperation against the illegal drug trade was signed in Vienna.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_Against_Illicit_Traffic_in_Narcotic_Drugs_and_Psychotropic_Substances>

1995:

As per the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War, the
NATO-led IFOR began peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_Force>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

deracinate:
1. To pull up by the roots; to uproot; to extirpate.
2. To force (people) from their homeland to a new or foreign location.
3. To liberate or be liberated from a culture or its norms..
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deracinate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You call me a Circle; but in reality I am not a Circle, but an
infinite number of Circles... For even a Sphere — which is my proper
name in my own country — if he manifest himself at all to an
inhabitant of Flatland — must needs manifest himself as a Circle.
 
--Edwin Abbott Abbott
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edwin_Abbott_Abbott>

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[Daily article] December 19: Redback spider Published On

The redback spider is a species of venomous spider indigenous to
Australia. It is a member of the cosmopolitan genus Latrodectus, the
widow spiders. The adult female has a black body with a prominent
abdominal red stripe (pictured). Females have a body length of about 10
millimetres (0.4 in), while the male is much smaller, being only
3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long. Mainly nocturnal, the female lives in
an untidy-looking web in a warm sheltered location, commonly near or
inside human residences. It preys on insects, spiders and small
vertebrates that become ensnared in its web. Males and spiderlings often
live on the periphery of the female's web and steal leftovers. The
redback is one of few arachnids that usually display sexual cannibalism
while mating. It is widespread in Australia, and inadvertent
introductions have led to established colonies in New Zealand, Japan and
in greenhouses in Belgium. The redback is one of the few spider species
that can be seriously harmful to humans. An antivenom has been available
since 1956, but its effectiveness has recently been questioned. No
deaths directly due to redback bites have occurred since its
introduction.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redback_spider>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1154:

Henry II was crowned King of England in London's Westminster
Abbey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England>

1843:

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens (pictured), a novella
about the miser Ebenezer Scrooge and his conversion after being visited
by three Christmas ghosts, was first published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol>

1956:

Irish-born British physician John Bodkin Adams was arrested in
connection with the suspicious deaths of more than 160 of his patients,
although he was only convicted on minor charges.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bodkin_Adams>

1981:

Sixteen lives were lost when a Penlee lifeboat went to the aid
of the stricken coaster Union Star in heavy seas off the south-west
coast of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penlee_lifeboat_disaster>

1986:

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev released dissident Andrei
Sakharov after six years of internal exile in Gorky.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov>

1998:

The U.S. House of Representatives impeached President Bill
Clinton following the Lewinsky scandal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

doomsayer:
One who makes dire predictions about the future; one fond of predicting
disaster.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doomsayer>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  "Men's courses will foreshadow certain ends, to which, if
persevered in, they must lead", said Scrooge. "But if the courses be
departed from, the ends will change. Say it is thus with what you show
me!" The Spirit was immovable as ever.  
--A Christmas Carol
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol>

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[Daily article] December 18: Joseph Grimaldi Published On

Joseph Grimaldi (1778–1837) was an English actor, comedian, dancer,
and the Regency era's most successful entertainer. He popularised and
expanded the role of "Clown" in the harlequinade that formed a part of
British pantomimes during the 1800s, and became a key pantomime
performer at the Drury Lane, Sadler's Wells and Covent Garden theatres.
While a boy, he appeared on stage at Drury Lane as "Little Clown" in the
pantomime The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding. Other
successful roles at the theatre followed, but he left in 1806 to take up
theatrical residencies at the Covent Garden and Sadler's Wells theatres.
As he matured, he began performing as Clown, for which character he
created the whiteface make-up design still used in pantomime and by many
other clowns today. The numerous injuries he received as a result of his
energetic performances eventually led to a decline in his health and to
his semi-retirement in 1823. Living in obscurity during his final years,
he became an impoverished alcoholic. Grimaldi died at home in Islington,
aged 59, having outlived his wife and his actor son Joseph Samuel.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Grimaldi>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1892:

The first performance of the fairy tale-ballet The Nutcracker
was held at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker>

1916:

The French defeated German forces around the city of Verdun-
sur-Meuse in northeast France, ending the longest battle and one of the
bloodiest in World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun>

1958:

The United States launched SCORE, the world's first
communications satellite.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCORE_(satellite)>

1966:

Epimetheus, one of the moons of Saturn, was discovered, but was
mistaken as Janus. It took twelve years to determine that they are two
distinct objects sharing the same orbit.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimetheus_(moon)>

2010:

The Tunisian Revolution began, and what was initially a series
of protests with a set of demands evolved into nationwide demonstrations
that eventually toppled the regime of Zine El Abidine Ben Ali after
nearly 23 years of rule.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisian_Revolution>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pergola:
A framework in the form of a passageway of columns that supports a
trelliswork roof; used to support and train climbing plants.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pergola>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The main thing now is not to paint precociously but to be, or at
least become, an individual. The art of mastering life is the
prerequisite for all further forms of expression, whether they are
paintings, sculptures, tragedies, or musical compositions.  
--Paul Klee
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_Klee>

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[Daily article] December 17: Nefarious: Merchant of Souls Published On

Nefarious: Merchant of Souls is a 2011 American documentary film about
modern human trafficking, specifically sexual slavery. Presented from a
Christian worldview, Nefarious covers human trafficking in the United
States, Western and Eastern Europe, and Southeast Asia, alternating
interviews with re-enactments. Nefarious was written, directed, produced
and narrated by Benjamin Nolot, founder and president of Exodus Cry, the
film's distributor. Nolot travelled to 19 countries to collect the
film's content. Interviewees in the film include Agape International
Missions founder Don Brewster, former prostitute Annie Lobert, and
Swedish Detective Superintendent Kajsa Wahlberg. Laila Mickelwait
(pictured), Exodus Cry's Director of Awareness and Prevention, screened
the film in several countries in an attempt to persuade governments to
make laws similar to Sweden's Sex Purchase Act, which criminalizes the
purchasing rather than the selling of sex. Nefarious has won a variety
of film awards, including the Honolulu Film Award for Best Screenplay,
the Urban Mediamakers Film Festival Best Documentary Feature Award, and
the Indie Fest Feature Documentary Award of Excellence.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nefarious:_Merchant_of_Souls>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

497 BC:

The temple to the Roman god Saturn was dedicated in the Roman
Forum; its anniversary was celebrated as Saturnalia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia>

1583:

Cologne War: Forces under Ernest of Bavaria defeated the troops
under Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg at the Siege of Godesberg.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Godesberg>

1926:

A coup d'état by the Lithuanian military replaced the
democratically elected President Kazys Grinius with Antanas Smetona
(pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_Lithuanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

1960:

A US Air Force Convair C-131 Samaritan crashed shortly after
take-off into downtown Munich due to fuel contamination, killing all 20
people on board as well as 32 more on the ground.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Munich_Convair_340_crash>

1983:

The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a car bomb just
outside Harrods Department Store in London, killing six people and
injuring about 90 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrods_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

neotenous:
1. Exhibiting retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult.
2. (informal) Babyfaced.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neotenous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Every discovery opens a new field for investigation of
facts, shows us the imperfection of our theories. It has justly been
said, that the greater the circle of light, the greater the boundary of
darkness by which it is surrounded.   
--Humphry Davy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Humphry_Davy>

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[Daily article] December 16: Adelaide Anne Procter Published On

Adelaide Anne Procter (1825–1864) was a British poet and
philanthropist. She worked for unemployed women and the homeless, and
was actively involved with feminist groups and journals. Procter's
literary career began when she was a teenager; her poems were primarily
published in Charles Dickens's periodicals Household Words and All the
Year Round and later appeared in book form. Her charity work and her
conversion to Roman Catholicism appear to have strongly influenced her
poetry, which deals mostly with such subjects as homelessness, poverty,
and "fallen women". Procter was the favourite poet of Queen Victoria.
Her poetry went through numerous editions in the 19th century; Coventry
Patmore called her the most popular poet of the day, after Alfred, Lord
Tennyson. Nonetheless, by the early 20th century her reputation had
diminished. The few modern critics who have given her work attention
argue that her work is significant, in part for what it reveals about
how Victorian women expressed otherwise repressed feelings. Procter
never married, and some of her poetry has prompted speculation that she
was a lesbian. She died of tuberculosis at the age of 38.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Anne_Procter>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1689:

The Parliament of England adopted the Bill of Rights, declaring
that Englishmen possessed certain positive civil and political rights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689>

1773:

To prevent the unloading of tea that was taxed without their
consent under the Tea Act, a group of colonists destroyed it by throwing
it into Boston Harbor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party>

1938:

Adolf Hitler instituted the Cross of Honour of the German
Mother as an order of merit for Imperial German women.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_of_Honour_of_the_German_Mother>

1960:

Two airliners collided in mid-air in heavy clouds over Staten
Island, New York City, killing 134 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_New_York_mid-air_collision>

1997:

"Dennō Senshi Porygon", an episode of the Japanese television
series Pokémon, induced epileptic seizures in 685 children.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denn%C5%8D_Senshi_Porygon>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

neverendum:
A series of "neverending" referendums on the same issue held in an
attempt to achieve an unpopular result.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neverendum>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Today we live in a society in which spurious realities are
manufactured by the media, by governments, by big corporations, by
religious groups, political groups … So I ask, in my writing, What is
real? Because unceasingly we are bombarded with pseudo-realities
manufactured by very sophisticated people using very sophisticated
electronic mechanisms. I do not distrust their motives; I distrust their
power. They have a lot of it. And it is an astonishing power: that of
creating whole universes, universes of the mind. I ought to know. I do
the same thing.  
--Philip K. Dick
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philip_K._Dick>

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[Daily article] December 15: Battle of Arawe Published On

The Battle of Arawe was fought between Allied and Japanese forces during
the New Britain Campaign of World War II. The battle was initiated by
the Allies to divert Japanese attention away from the Cape Gloucester
area of New Britain ahead of a major offensive there in late December
1943. A force built around the U.S. Army's 112th Cavalry Regimental
Combat Team landed at Arawe on 15 December 1943 and rapidly overcame
the area's small garrison. Japanese air units made large-scale raids
against the Arawe area in the following days, and in late December
elements of two Imperial Japanese Army battalions unsuccessfully
counter-attacked the larger American force. In mid-January 1944 the
112th Cavalry Regimental Combat Team was reinforced with additional
infantry and U.S. Marine Corps tanks, and launched a brief offensive
that pushed the Japanese back. The Japanese units withdrew from the area
towards the end of February as part of a general retreat from western
New Britain. There is no consensus among historians on whether the
Allied landing at Arawe was needed, with some arguing that it provided a
useful diversion while others judge that it formed part of an
unnecessary campaign.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arawe>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1256:

The Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran was
captured and destroyed by Hulagu Khan and the Mongols.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassins>

1467:

Troops under Stephen III of Moldavia defeated the forces of
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary in present-day Baia, Romania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baia>

1939:

The American historical epic film Gone With the Wind (poster
pictured), adapted from Margaret Mitchell's Pulitzer-winning novel of
the same name, made its premiere in Atlanta, Georgia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)>

1973:

The American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from
its official list of mental disorders, the DSM-II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders>

1995:

The European Court of Justice handed down the Bosman ruling,
allowing footballers in the European Union to freely transfer from one
UEFA Federation to another at the end of their contracts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosman_ruling>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mango:
To remove the innards of, stuff (especially with spicy foods), seal and
pickle or pour boiling vinegar over (a fruit).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mango>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Belief has its structures, and its symbols change. Its
tradition changes. All the relationships within these forms are inter-
dependent. We look at the symbols, we hope to read them, we hope for
sharing and communication.  
--Muriel Rukeyser
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muriel_Rukeyser>

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[Daily article] December 14: New York State Route 28N Published On

New York State Route 28N (NY 28N) is an east–west state highway in
the North Country of New York in the United States. It extends for 50.95
miles (82.00 km) through the Adirondack Mountains from Blue Mountain
Lake to North Creek. The route is a northerly alternate route to NY 28
between both locations and passes through several communities that
NY 28 bypasses. The westernmost 10 miles (16 km) of NY 28N overlap
with NY 30 through the town of Long Lake. The rest of NY 28N is
designated as the Roosevelt–Marcy Trail, a scenic byway marking the
path taken in 1901 by U.S. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt from Mount
Marcy to reach North Creek after he learned that President William
McKinley had been assassinated. The route has a rather scant history
before its designations. It originated as a highway from Warren County
to Long Lake. It was used for transportation in the iron ore industry in
Newcomb, and for the lumber industry in Minerva. The state gained
control of the road in 1909. The NY 28N designation was assigned as
part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York,
incorporating part of the former NY 10.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_28N>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

835:

In the Sweet Dew Incident, Emperor Wenzong of the Tang Dynasty
conspired to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot
was foiled.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Dew_Incident>

1819:

Alabama was admitted as the 22nd U.S. state, after the
statehood of present-day Northern Alabama was delayed for several years
by the lack of a coastline until Mobile was captured from Spain during
the War of 1812.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama>

1911:

Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his team became the first
people to reach the South Pole (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen%27s_South_Pole_expedition>

1963:

The dam holding the Baldwin Hills Reservoir in Los Angeles
failed, releasing a flood that destroyed 277 homes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin_Hills_Reservoir>

1999:

Torrential rains caused flash floods in Vargas, Venezuela,
resulting in tens of thousands of deaths, the destruction of thousands
of homes, and the complete collapse of the state's infrastructure.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_tragedy>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

instar:
1. Any one of the several stages of postembryonic development which an
arthropod undergoes, between molts, before it reaches sexual maturity:
the hopper was placed in a box in its first instar.
2. An arthropod at a specified one of these stages: first and second
instars of this species are more susceptible to H. bacteriophora than
later instars.
3. A stage in development: "photographs of the landlady's children in all
their instars" (Vladimir Nabokov, Lolita).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/instar>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Some say the Gods are just a myth but guess Who I've been dancing
with... The Great God Pan is alive!  
--Mike Scott
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mike_Scott_(musician)>

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[Daily article] December 13: Giant eland Published On

The giant eland is an open-forest savanna antelope. Although it is the
largest species of antelope, with a body length ranging from
220–290 cm (87–110 in), the epithet "giant" refers to its large
horns. It is also called "Lord Derby's eland" in honour of Edward Smith-
Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, by whose efforts it was first introduced to
England. As a herbivore, it eats grasses, foliage and branches. It
usually forms small herds consisting of 15–25 members, both males and
females. Giant elands are not territorial, and have large home ranges.
They are naturally alert and wary, which makes them difficult to
approach and observe. They can run at up to 70 km/h (43 mph) and use
speed as a defence against predators. They mostly inhabit broad-leafed
savannas, woodlands and glades. The giant eland is native to Cameroon,
Central African Republic, Chad, The Democratic Republic of Congo,
Guinea, Mali, Senegal, and South Sudan. It is no longer present in
Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Togo. Its presence is uncertain in
Nigeria, Guinea-Bissau, and Uganda. There are two subspecies, which have
been given different conservation statuses by the International Union
for Conservation of Nature.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_eland>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1545:

The Council of Trent, an ecumenical council convoked by Pope
Paul III in response to the growth of Protestantism, opened in Trent,
Bishopric of Trent (now in modern Italy).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent>

1809:

American physician Ephraim McDowell performed the world's first
removal of an ovarian tumor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephraim_McDowell>

1960:

With Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie out of the country,
four conspirators staged a coup attempt and installed Crown Prince Asfaw
Wossen as the new Emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup_attempt>

1989:

The Troubles: A Provisional Irish Republican Army engaged in a
fierce firefight with the King's Own Scottish Borderers at a vehicle
checkpoint complex in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint>

2011:

A man threw grenades and fired an automatic rifle at crowds in
the Place Saint-Lambert, Liège, Belgium, killing 15 people and injuring
125 others, before committing suicide.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Li%C3%A8ge_attack>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

calendrical:
Of, pertaining to, or used by a calendar system.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calendrical>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When words leave off, music begins.  
--Heinrich Heine
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine>

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[Daily article] December 12: Tropical Storm Cindy (1993) Published On

Tropical Storm Cindy was a weak but unusually wet Atlantic tropical
cyclone that caused destructive floods and mudslides across Martinique
in August 1993. Cindy formed east of the island and became the annual
hurricane season's third named storm on August 14. After attaining
maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 km/h), the storm began to weaken
from interaction with the high terrain of Hispaniola. It made landfall
in the Dominican Republic as a tropical depression on August 16,
dissipating the following day. Despite its poor cloud structure, Cindy
dropped torrential rain over portions of the northeastern Caribbean.
Martinique received up to 12 inches (305 mm) of rain in 24 hours,
affecting many northern villages and communes. Le Prêcheur in
particular was devastated by an extensive debris flow, which washed away
entire structures and wrought $2.7 million in damage. The disaster left
two people dead and hundreds homeless on the island. En route to
Hispaniola, Cindy affected the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico with rough
surf and moderate rain. Heavy downpours and flooding killed two people
in the Dominican Republic, though the exact extent of the damage there
is unknown.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Cindy_(1993)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1531:

According to traditional Catholic accounts, the image of the
Blessed Virgin Mary miraculously appeared imprinted on Juan Diego's
tilma.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe>

1862:

American Civil War: The USS Cairo was sunk in the Yazoo River,
the first armored ship sunk by a naval mine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cairo>

1901:

Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic radio
signal, from Poldhu Wireless Station in Cornwall, England, to Signal
Hill in St. John's, Newfoundland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi>

1935:

The Nazi Lebensborn programme, which was later mistakenly
believed to engage in coercive breeding, was established to provide
assistance to the wives of SS members and unmarried mothers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn>

1988:

Three trains collided (wreckage pictured) near Clapham Junction
railway station in London killing 35 people and injuring 500.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clapham_Junction_rail_crash>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

tin anniversary:
The tenth anniversary (yearly recurrence) of an event, especially a
wedding.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tin_anniversary>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Our country is the world — our countrymen are all mankind.
 
--William Lloyd Garrison
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison>

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[Daily article] December 11: Samuel Merrill Woodbridge Published On

Samuel Merrill Woodbridge (1819–1905) was an American clergyman,
theologian, author, and college professor. A graduate of New York
University and the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, Woodbridge served
several congregations in New York and New Jersey for sixteen years as a
minister in the Reformed Church in America. He was the eleventh
generation in a large family of English and American clergymen dating
back to the late fifteenth century. After accepting a pastoral call in
New Brunswick, New Jersey, he was appointed professor of ecclesiastical
history and church government at the New Brunswick Theological Seminary,
where he taught for 44 years. He also taught for seven years as
professor of "metaphysics and philosophy of the human mind" at Rutgers
College (now Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey). Woodbridge
later led the New Brunswick seminary as Dean and President of the
Faculty from 1883 to 1901—both positions were equivalent to a seminary
president. He was the author of three books and several published
sermons and addresses covering various aspects of Christian faith,
theology, church history and governance.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Merrill_Woodbridge>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

220:

Emperor Xian abdicated the throne and the Han Dynasty broke
apart, beginning the Three Kingdoms period.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms>

630:

Muslims led by Muhammad conquered Mecca from the Quraysh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_Mecca>

1886:

The London-based football club Arsenal, then known as Dial
Square, played their first match on the Isle of Dogs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arsenal_F.C._(1886%E2%80%931966)>

1946:

The United Nations General Assembly created UNICEF, originally
to help provide emergency food and health care to children in countries
that had been devastated by World War II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF>

1981:

Salvadoran Civil War: About 900 civilians were killed by the
Salvadoran armed forces in an anti-guerrilla campaign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mozote_massacre>

2008:

American stock broker Bernard Madoff was arrested and charged
with securities fraud in a $50 billion Ponzi scheme, the largest such in
history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Madoff>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

stigmatize:
(transitive) To characterize as disgraceful or ignominious; to mark with
a stigma or stigmata.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stigmatize>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We shall not look at caste or religion. All human beings in this
land — whether they be those who preach the vedas or who belong to
other castes — are one.  
--Subramanya Bharathi
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Subramanya_Bharathi>

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[Daily article] December 10: Common Raven Published On

The Common Raven is a large, all-black passerine bird. Found across the
northern hemisphere, it is the most widely distributed of all corvids.
There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance,
although there are significant genetic differences among populations
from various regions. It is possibly the heaviest passerine; at
maturity, the Common Raven averages 63 centimetres (25 inches) in
length and 1.2 kilograms (2.6 pounds) in mass. Common Ravens can live
up to 21 years in the wild, a lifespan exceeded among passerines by
only a few Australasian species. Young birds may travel in flocks but
later mate for life, with each pair defending a territory. The Common
Raven has coexisted with humans for thousands of years and in some areas
is considered a pest. Part of its success comes from its omnivorous
diet; Common Ravens are extremely versatile in finding sources of
nutrition. Some notable feats of problem-solving have been observed in
the species, leading to the belief that it is intelligent. Over the
centuries, it has been the subject of mythology, folklore, art, and
literature. In many cultures, it has been revered as a spiritual figure
or god.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Raven>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1799:

France became the first country to adopt the metric system as
its system for weights and measures.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system>

1884:

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by American author Mark Twain
was first published in the United Kingdom and Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn>

1901:

The first Nobel Prizes were awarded, on the anniversary of the
1896 death of their founder, Swedish chemist and industrialist Alfred
Nobel (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize>

1948:

The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, representing the first global expression of
rights to which all human beings are inherently entitled.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights>

1989:

At the first open pro-democracy demonstration in Mongolia,
journalist Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj announced the formation of the
Mongolian Democratic Union, which would be instrumental in ending
Communist rule four months later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsakhiagiin_Elbegdorj>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

canary in a coal mine:
(idiomatic) Something whose sensitivity to adverse conditions makes it a
useful early indicator of such conditions; something which warns of the
coming of greater danger or trouble by a deterioration in its health or
welfare.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canary_in_a_coal_mine>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The best thing you can do for your fellow, next to rousing his
conscience, is — not to give him things to think about, but to wake
things up that are in him; or say, to make him think things for himself.
 
--George MacDonald
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_MacDonald>

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[Daily article] December 9: Joseph Desha Published On

Joseph Desha (1768–1842) was a U.S. Representative and the ninth
Governor of Kentucky. After serving in the Northwest Indian War, he
moved to Mason County, Kentucky and parlayed his military record into
several terms in the state legislature. In 1807, he was elected as a
Democratic-Republican to the first of six consecutive terms in the U.S.
House. He was a war hawk, supporting the War of 1812, and commanded a
division at the Battle of the Thames. Leaving the House in 1818, he lost
to John Adair in the 1820 gubernatorial election. In 1824, he made a
second campaign for governor based on promises of relief for the state's
debtor class. He was elected by a large majority, and debt relief
partisans captured both houses of the General Assembly. When the
Kentucky Court of Appeals struck down debt relief legislation he
favored, he lobbied the legislature to replace it with a new court. His
reputation was damaged when he issued a pardon for his son, who was
accused of murder. He also hastened the resignation of Transylvania
University president Horace Holley, whom he considered too liberal.
Desha retired from public life in 1828.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Desha>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1775:

American Revolutionary War: After their loss in the Battle of
Great Bridge, British authorities were forced to evacuate from the
Colony of Virginia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Great_Bridge>

1917:

First World War: Hussein al-Husayni, the Ottoman mayor of
Jerusalem, surrendered the city to the British.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem_(1917)>

1968:

Douglas Engelbart gave what became known as "The Mother of All
Demos", publicly debuting the computer mouse (pictured), hypertext, and
the bit-mapped graphical user interface using the oN-Line System (NLS).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart>

1979:

A World Health Organization commission of scientists certified
the global eradication of smallpox, making it the only human infectious
disease to date to have been completely eradicated from nature.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox>

2008:

Governor of Illinois Rod Blagojevich was arrested for a number
of corruption crimes, including attempting to sell the U.S. Senate seat
that was being vacated by then-U.S. President-elect Barack Obama.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Blagojevich_corruption_charges>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pass muster:
1. (idiomatic) To meet or exceed a particular standard.
2. (idiomatic) To adequately pass a formal or informal inspection.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pass_muster>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I neither oblige the belief of other person, nor overhastily
subscribe mine own. Nor have I stood with others computing or collating
years and chronologies, lest I should be vainly curious about the time
and circumstance of things, whereof the substance is so much in doubt.
By this time, like one who had set out on his way by night, and
travelled through a region of smooth or idle dreams, our history now
arrives on the confines, where daylight and truth meet us with a clear
dawn, representing to our view, though at a far distance, true colours
and shapes.  
--John Milton
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Milton>

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[Daily article] December 8: AdS/CFT correspondence Published On

The anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence is a conjecture
in theoretical physics that relates two kinds of physical theories. On
one side of the correspondence are conformal field theories, including
theories similar to the Yang–Mills theories that describe elementary
particles. On the other side of the correspondence are anti-de Sitter
spaces (cross section depicted), which are used in theories of quantum
gravity, formulated in terms of string theory or M-theory. Proposed by
Juan Maldacena in late 1997, the AdS/CFT correspondence represents a
major advance in our understanding of string theory and quantum gravity.
This is because it provides a non-perturbative formulation of string
theory and because it is the most successful realization of the
holographic principle, an idea in quantum gravity originally proposed by
Gerard 't Hooft. In addition, it provides a powerful toolkit for
studying strongly coupled quantum field theories and has been used to
study many aspects of nuclear and condensed matter physics by
translating problems in those subjects into more mathematically
tractable problems in string theory.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1854:

In his apostolic constitution Ineffabilis Deus, Pope Pius IX
proclaimed the dogmatic definition of the Immaculate Conception, which
holds that the Virgin Mary was conceived free of original sin.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaculate_Conception>

1941:

The Holocaust: The Chełmno extermination camp in occupied
Poland, the first such Nazi camp to kill the Jews of the Ghetto
Litzmannstadt and the Warthegau by poison gas, began operating.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp>

1963:

After being hit by a lightning strike while in a holding
pattern, Pan Am Flight 214 crashed near Elkton, Maryland, US, killing
all 81 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_214>

1987:

Arab–Israeli conflict: An Israeli army tank transporter
killed four Palestinian refugees and injured seven others during a
traffic accident at the Erez Crossing on the Israel–Gaza Strip border,
sparking the First Intifada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Intifada>

2009:

Bombings carried out by the Islamic State of Iraq in Baghdad,
Iraq, killed 127 and injured 448.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2009_Baghdad_bombings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

menorah:
(Judaism) A candelabrum with nine branches used in Jewish worship on
Hanukkah.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/menorah>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is difficult to speak of what is common in a way of your own.
  
--Horace
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Horace>

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