[Daily article] March 31: Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi Published On

Paul Nobuo Tatsuguchi (1911–1943) was a surgeon in the Imperial
Japanese Army during World War II. A devout Seventh-day Adventist,
Tatsuguchi studied medicine and was licensed as a physician in the
United States. He returned to Japan to practice medicine at the Tokyo
Adventist Sanitarium. In 1941, he was conscripted as an acting medical
officer, and was later sent to Attu Island, Alaska, which had been
occupied by Japanese forces in October 1942. The U.S. Army landed on the
island in May 1943, and throughout the resulting battle, Tatsuguchi kept
a diary recording the events of the battle and his struggle to care for
the wounded in his field hospital. He was killed on the battle's final
day. His diary was recovered and translated, and copies were widely
disseminated in the US after the battle. The American public was
intrigued by a Christian, American-trained doctor serving with Japanese
forces and by his apparent participation in assisting with the deaths of
wounded Japanese soldiers. Excerpts from the diary have been widely
quoted in Western historical accounts of the battle, especially his
final entry in which he recorded a farewell message to his family.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Nobuo_Tatsuguchi>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

627:

Muslim–Quraish Wars: A confederation of tribes began an
ultimately unsuccessful siege of Yathrib (now Medina) against Muhammad
and his army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench>

1854:

U.S. Navy Commodore Matthew C. Perry (Japanese depiction
pictured) and the Tokugawa shogunate signed the Convention of Kanagawa,
forcing the opening of Japanese ports to American trade.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_of_Kanagawa>

1910:

Six English towns amalgamated to form a single county borough
called Stoke-on-Trent, the first union of its type.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Stoke-on-Trent>

1931:

TWA Flight 599 crashed in Chase County, Kansas, US, and killed
eight people, including football coach Knute Rockne, stimulating
advances in aircraft design and development.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_599>

1964:

Brazilian Armed Forces led an overthrow of Brazilian President
João Goulart and established a military government that would last for
21 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

wry:
1. Turned away, contorted (of the face or body).
2. Dryly humorous; sardonic or ironic.
3. Twisted, bent, crooked.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wry>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Wisdom lies neither in fixity nor in change, but in the
dialectic between the two. A constant coming and going: wisdom lies in
the momentary.  
--Octavio Paz
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Octavio_Paz>

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[Daily article] March 30: Wormshill Published On

Wormshill is a small village and civil parish within the Borough of
Maidstone, Kent, England. It lies on an exposed high point of the North
Downs, 11 miles (18 km) north of Maidstone and within the Kent Downs
Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Archaeological and toponymic
evidence of Wormshill's existence predates its appearance in the
Domesday survey of 1086. Its name derived from the Anglo-Saxon god
Wōden and means "Woden's Hill". The village contains a number of
heritage-listed buildings, which include a Norman church (St Giles,
Wormshill, pictured), a public house and one of the oldest surviving
post office buildings in the United Kingdom. The Bredgar and Wormshill
Light Railway runs between two small stations in nearby woodland. The
fields and woodland surrounding Wormshill have changed little in the
past 500 years, and the village itself remains rural with a low
population density compared to the national average. Because of
restrictions on development, building in the village has been scant
since the 1960s and 1970s. The population of 200 is a mixture of
agricultural workers employed by local farms and professionals who
commute to nearby towns.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormshill>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1282:

Sicilians began to rebel against the rule of the Angevin King
Charles I of Naples, starting the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers>

1867:

U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward negotiated the
purchase of Alaska for US$7.2 million from Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Purchase>

1899:

A committee of the German Society of Chemistry invited other
national scientific organizations to appoint delegates to form the
International Committee on Atomic Weights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights>

1964:

Jeopardy!, the popular American game show created by Merv
Griffin, made its debut on the NBC television network.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeopardy!>

2009:

Twelve gunmen attacked the Manawan Police Training School in
Lahore, Pakistan, and held it for several hours before security forces
could retake it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Lahore_police_academy_attacks>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

eat crow:
(chiefly US, idiomatic) To recognize that one has been shown to be
mistaken or outdone, especially by admitting that one has made a
humiliating error.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eat_crow>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   It is better and more satisfactory to acquit a thousand
guilty persons than to put a single innocent one to death.  
--Maimonides
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Maimonides>

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[Daily article] March 29: SS Pennsylvanian Published On

SS Pennsylvanian was a cargo ship built in 1913 for the American-
Hawaiian Steamship Company. She was employed in inter-coastal service
via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the Panama Canal after it opened.
Pennsylvanian was one of the first two steamships to travel eastbound
through the canal when it opened in August 1914. During World War I she
was requisitioned by the U.S. Navy and commissioned as USS Pennsylvanian
(ID-3511) in September 1918, but renamed two months later to USS
Scranton (pictured). She carried cargo and animals to France, and
returned American troops after the Armistice in 1918. After her Navy
service ended in 1919, her original name of Pennsylvanian was restored
and she resumed relatively uneventful cargo service for her original
owners over the next twenty years. Early in World War II, the ship was
requisitioned by the War Shipping Administration, and shipped cargo on
New York – Caribbean routes and transatlantic routes. In mid-July
1944, Pennsylvanian was scuttled as part of the breakwater for one of
the Mulberry artificial harbors built to support the Normandy Invasion.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Pennsylvanian>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1461:

Yorkist troops defeated Lancastrian forces at the Battle of
Towton in Yorkshire, England, the largest battle in the Wars of the
Roses up until that time with approximately 20,000 casualties.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Towton>

1882:

The Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal
service organization, was founded by Michael J. McGivney in New Haven,
Connecticut, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus>

1969:

The New People's Army (flag pictured), the armed wing of the
Communist Party of the Philippines, was formed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_People%27s_Army>

1974:

A group of farmers in Shaanxi province, China, discovered a
vast collection of terracotta statues depicting the armies of the first
Emperor of China Qin Shi Huang, now known as the Terracotta Army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terracotta_Army>

1981:

Dick Beardsley and Inge Simonsen jointly won the first running
of the London Marathon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marathon>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

otorhinolaryngology:
(medicine) The study of diseases of the ear, nose and throat.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/otorhinolaryngology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Sunlight's a thing that needs a window Before it enter a dark
room. Windows don't happen.  
--R. S. Thomas
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/R._S._Thomas>

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[Daily article] March 28: Nikki and Paulo Published On

Nikki Fernandez and Paulo are fictional minor characters on the ABC
drama television series Lost, played by American actress Kiele Sanchez
and Brazilian actor Rodrigo Santoro (pictured). The show chronicles the
lives of over forty people after their plane crashes on a remote island
somewhere in the south Pacific. Before boarding the plane, Paulo is a
con artist working with his girlfriend Nikki. He murders a wealthy
television executive, stealing the man's bag of diamonds with Nikki. The
producers of the show were often asked what the rest of the plane-crash
survivors were doing because the show only focuses on approximately
fifteen of the survivors, and the characters of Nikki and Paulo were
created in response. The couple is introduced early in the third season.
Reaction to the characters was generally negative because of their
abrupt introduction. Lost's show runner Damon Lindelof even acknowledged
that the couple are "universally despised" by fans. As a result of this,
the couple was killed off later in the same season. Both Nikki and Paulo
are buried alive, with the diamonds, when they are thought to be dead
after being paralyzed by venomous spiders.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_and_Paulo>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1802:

German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers discovered
2 Pallas, the second asteroid known to man.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Pallas>

1910:

Near Martigues, France, French aviator Henri Fabre's Fabre
Hydravion became the first seaplane to take off from water under its own
power.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabre_Hydravion>

1920:

An outbreak of 37 tornadoes across the Midwestern and Southern
United States left more than 380 people dead.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Palm_Sunday_tornado_outbreak>

1930:

Turkey changed the name of its largest city Constantinople to
Istanbul.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Istanbul>

1979:

A partial core meltdown of the Three Mile Island Nuclear
Generating Station near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, resulted in the
release of an estimated 43,000 curies (1.59 PBq) of radioactive krypton
to the environment.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lacrimae rerum:
The "tears of things"; the inherent tragedy of existence.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lacrimae_rerum>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If you can approach the world's complexities, both its glories
and its horrors, with an attitude of humble curiosity, acknowledging
that however deeply you have seen, you have only scratched the surface,
you will find worlds within worlds, beauties you could not heretofore
imagine, and your own mundane preoccupations will shrink to proper size,
not all that important in the greater scheme of things.  
--Daniel Dennett
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Daniel_Dennett>

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[Daily article] March 27: Spiderland Published On

Spiderland is the second and final studio album by American rock band
Slint (lead singer Brian McMahan pictured). It was released on March 27,
1991, through Touch and Go Records. Featuring dramatically alternating
dynamics and vocals ranging from spoken word to shouting, the album
contains narrative lyrics that emphasize alienation. Spiderland was
Slint's first release on Touch and Go, and the group's last record. The
title originated from McMahan's younger brother, who thought that the
record sounded "spidery". Although Spiderland was not widely recognized
on its initial release, it eventually sold more than 50,000 copies and
became a landmark album in underground music after Slint broke up. Its
popularity increased in part after the appearance of the track "Good
Morning, Captain" on the soundtrack to the 1995 film Kids. The album has
been highly influential on the styles of many bands in the post-rock and
math rock genres, including Mogwai and Godspeed You! Black Emperor, and
has been named a favorite of several indie rock musicians. In 2007,
Slint reunited for a tour consisting of performances of Spiderland in
its entirety.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiderland>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1329:

Pope John XXII issued a papal bull that some of the works of
German theologian and mystic Meister Eckhart were heretical.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meister_Eckhart>

1782:

Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, a leading
British Whig Party statesman, began his second non-consecutive term as
Prime Minister of Great Britain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham>

1850:

San Diego, the first European settlement in what is now
California, was incorporated as a city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego>

1981:

The Solidarity movement in Poland staged a warning strike, the
biggest strike in the history of the Eastern Bloc, in which at least 12
million Poles walked off their jobs for four hours.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_warning_strike_in_Poland>

1993:

Jiang Zemin succeeded Yang Shangkun to become President of the
People's Republic of China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

fan death:
The urban legend originating in South Korea that if an electric fan is
left running overnight in a closed room it can cause the death of those
inside.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fan_death>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  They may veil their eyes, but they cannot hide The sun's
meridian glow; The heel of a priest may tread thee down, And a tyrant
work thee woe: But never a truth has been destroyed; They may curse it,
and call it crime; Pervert and betray, or slander and slay Its teachers
for a time. But the sunshine aye shall light the sky, As round and round
we run; And the truth shall ever come uppermost, And justice shall be
done.  
--Charles Mackay
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Mackay>

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[Daily article] March 26: Panellus stipticus Published On

Panellus stipticus is a species of fungus in the family Mycenaceae, and
the type species of the genus Panellus. A common and widely distributed
species, it is found in Asia, Australasia, Europe, and North America,
growing in groups or dense overlapping clusters on the logs, stumps, and
trunks of deciduous trees. During the development of the fruit bodies,
the mushrooms start out as tiny white knobs, which develop into fan- or
kidney-shaped caps up to 3 cm (1.2 in) broad. The caps are orange-
yellow to brownish, and attached to the decaying wood by short stubby
stalks. The fungus was first described by French mycologist Jean
Bulliard in 1783 and was given its current scientific name in 1879. It
is one of several dozen bioluminescent species of fungi. Strains from
eastern North America are typically bioluminescent, but those from
elsewhere are not. The luminescence is localized to the edges of the
gills and the junction of the gills with the stem and cap. The
luminescent glow of this and other fungi inspired the term foxfire,
coined by early settlers in eastern and southern North America. Modern
research has probed the fungus's ability to detoxify various
environmental pollutants.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panellus_stipticus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1169:

Saladin (depicted on coin) was inaugurated as Emir of Egypt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin>

1830:

The Book of Mormon, the defining sacred text of the Latter Day
Saint movement, was first published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon>

1917:

First World War: Attempting to advance into Palestine, British
were defeated by Ottoman troops at the First Battle of Gaza.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza>

1939:

Spanish Civil War: Nationalists began their final offensive of
the war, at the end of which they controlled almost the entire country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_offensive_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War>

1974:

A group of peasant women in Chamoli district, Uttarakhand,
India, used their bodies to surround trees in order to prevent loggers
from felling them, giving rise to the Chipko movement.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipko_movement>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

immolate:
1. To kill as a sacrifice.
2. To destroy, especially by fire.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immolate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early
leaf's a flower; But only so an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf. So
Eden sank to grief, So dawn goes down to day. Nothing gold can stay.
 
--Robert Frost
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Frost>

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[Daily article] March 25: Neil Harvey with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 Published On

The Australian cricketer Neil Harvey toured England in 1948 as a member
of "The Invincibles" – so-called as they were undefeated in their
34 tour matches, an unprecedented feat. Aged 19, Harvey (pictured in
1953) was the youngest player of the touring party. An attacking left-
handed middle-order batsman who was the youngest Australian to score a
Test century, he struggled early in the tour. After being omitted from
the first-choice team in the first half of the tour, Harvey's
performances improved with his increasing familiarity with local
conditions and he was called into the team for the Fourth Test at
Headingley. Harvey scored 112 in a first innings counter-attack to keep
Australia in contention, and hit the winning runs in the second innings.
He retained his place for the Fifth Test, ending the series with 133
runs at a batting average of 66.50. Overall, Harvey was sixth on the
tour team's run-scoring aggregates and seventh in the batting averages.
Harvey was an acrobatic fielder, regarded as the best in the Australian
team, and took several acclaimed catches throughout the tour. He took 17
catches for the tour and claimed a solitary wicket with his occasional
off spin.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Harvey_with_the_Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

708:

Pope Constantine was selected as one of the last popes of the
Byzantine Papacy; he would be the last pope to visit Constantinople
until Pope Paul VI in 1967.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Constantine>

1410:

The Yongle Emperor launched the first of his military campaigns
against the Mongols, resulting in the fall of the Mongol khan
Bunyashiri.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols>

1911:

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City killed
more than 140 sweatshop workers, many of whom could not escape because
the doors to the stairwells and exits had been locked.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire>

1931:

The Scottsboro Boys were arrested and charged with rape,
leading to a legal case that eventually established legal principles in
the United States that criminal defendants are entitled to effective
assistance of counsel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsboro_Boys>

1949:

The Soviet Union began mass deportations of over 90,000 people
from the Baltic states to Siberia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Priboi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

in a pig's eye:
(idiomatic) Very unlikely; probably never.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_a_pig%27s_eye>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All social phenomena are the result of a series of various
causes, in most cases so inwardly related that it is quite impossible
clearly to separate one from the other. We are always dealing with the
interplay of various causes which, as a rule, can be clearly recognised
but cannot be calculated according to scientific methods.  
--Rudolf Rocker
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker>

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[Daily article] March 24: Kennedy half dollar Published On

The Kennedy half dollar is a fifty cent coin issued by the U.S. Mint.
Intended as a memorial to the assassinated President John F. Kennedy, it
was authorized by Congress just over a month after his death. Use of
existing works by Mint sculptors Gilroy Roberts and Frank Gasparro
allowed dies to be prepared quickly, and striking of the new coins began
in January 1964. The coins vanished from circulation upon their release
in March 1964 due to collectors, hoarders, and those interested in a
memento of the late president. Although the Mint greatly increased
production, they still failed to circulate. Starting with 1965-dated
pieces, the percentage of fine silver was reduced from 90% to 40%
(silver clad), but even this change failed to restore the coin to
circulation. In 1971, silver was eliminated entirely. A special design
for the reverse of the half dollar was issued for the United States
Bicentennial and was struck in 1975 and 1976. Even though ample supplies
of half dollars are now available, their circulation is extremely
limited. Since 2002, Kennedy half dollars have only been struck to
satisfy the demand from collectors, and are available at a premium
through the Mint.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1603:

King James VI of Scotland acceded to the thrones of England
and Ireland, becoming James I of England and unifying the crowns of the
kingdoms for the first time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I>

1869:

The last of Māori leader Titokowaru's forces surrendered to
the New Zealand government, ending his uprising.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titokowaru%27s_War>

1944:

World War II: German occupation troops killed 335 people in
Rome as a reprisal for a partisan attack conducted on the previous day
against the SS Police Regiment Bozen.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre>

1989:

The tanker Exxon Valdez spilled more than 10 million
US gallons of oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska, causing one of the
most devastating man-made environmental disasters at sea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill>

2008:

The Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party, led by Jigme Thinley,
won 45 out of 47 seats in the National Assembly of Bhutan in the
country's first-ever general election.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutanese_National_Assembly_election,_2008>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

siesta:
An afternoon nap, especially the one taken after lunch in some cultures.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/siesta>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   The fact that political ideologies are tangible realities is
not a proof of their vitally necessary character. The bubonic plague was
an extraordinarily powerful social reality, but no one would have
regarded it as vitally necessary.  
--Wilhelm Reich
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich>

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[Daily article] March 23: Ontario Highway 416 Published On

King's Highway 416 is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of
Ontario that connects the Trans-Canada Highway (Highway 417) in Ottawa
with Highway 401 between Brockville and Cornwall. The 76.4-kilometre-
long (47.5 mi) freeway is part of an important trade corridor between
New York and Eastern Ontario. It passes through a largely rural area,
except near its northern terminus where it enters the suburbs of Ottawa
(approach to Ottawa pictured). It had two distinct construction phases.
Highway 416 "North" was a 21-kilometre (13 mi) freeway starting from
an interchange at Highway 417 and bypassing the original route of
Highway 16 into Ottawa along a new right-of-way. Highway 416 "South"
was the twinning of 57 kilometres (35 mi) of Highway 16 New—a two-
lane expressway bypassing the original highway that was constructed
throughout the 1970s and finished in 1983—and the construction of a
new interchange with Highway 401. Sections of both opened throughout
the late 1990s. Highway 416 was commemorated as the Veterans Memorial
Highway on the 54th anniversary of D-Day in 1998. The final link was
officially opened by a World War I veteran and local officials on
September 23, 1999.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_416>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1400:

The Trần Dynasty of Vietnam was deposed after 175 years of
rule by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Dynasty>

1862:

American Civil War: Confederate General Stonewall Jackson
suffered his only defeat during the war in the First Battle of Kernstown
in Frederick County, Virginia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kernstown>

1905:

About 1,500 Cretans, led by Eleftherios Venizelos (pictured),
met at the village of Theriso to call for the island's unification with
Greece, beginning the Theriso revolt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theriso_revolt>

1978:

The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon was dispatched to
confirm Israeli withdrawal after its invasion nine days earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon>

1989:

Two researchers announced the discovery of cold fusion, a claim
which was later discredited.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_fusion>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

escapade:
A daring or adventurous act; an undertaking which goes against
convention.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/escapade>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Only the person who has faith in himself is able to be
faithful to others.  
--Erich Fromm
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Erich_Fromm>

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[Daily article] March 22: Alloxylon flammeum Published On

Alloxylon flammeum, commonly known as the Queensland tree waratah or red
silky oak, is a medium-sized tree of the family Proteaceae found in the
Queensland tropical rain forests. It has shiny green elliptical leaves
up to 18 cm (7.2 in) long, and prominent orange-red inflorescences
that appear from August to October, followed by rectangular woody seed
pods that ripen in February and March. Juvenile plants have large (up to
25 cm (10 in) long) deeply lobed pinnate leaves. Previously known as
Oreocallis wickhamii, the initial specimen turned out to be a different
species to the one cultivated and hence a new scientific name was
required. Described formally in 1991, A. flammeum was designated the
type species of the genus Alloxylon. Alloxylon flammeum is a canopy or
emergent tree of the Mabi rainforest community of north Queensland. It
is readily adaptable to cultivation, and prefers a site with good
drainage. The tree's terminal tubular flowers indicate that the species
is pollinated by birds. It is listed nationally as vulnerable under the
Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
as most of its habitat has been cleared for agriculture and logging.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloxylon_flammeum>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

238:

Because of his father's advanced age, Gordian II was proclaimed
joint Roman emperor with Gordian I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordian_I>

1508:

Ferdinand II of Aragon appointed Amerigo Vespucci to the post
of Chief Navigator of Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci>

1765:

The Parliament of Great Britain passed the Stamp Act, requiring
that many printed materials in the Thirteen Colonies in British America
carry a tax stamp.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765>

1984:

In what would be the longest and costliest criminal trial in
United States history, teachers at the McMartin preschool in Manhattan
Beach, California, were falsely charged with satanic ritual abuse of
schoolchildren.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMartin_preschool_trial>

1995:

Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov of the Soyuz programme
returned from the Mir space station after 437 days in space, setting a
record for the longest spaceflight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

perfusion:
(medicine) The introduction of a drug or nutrients through the
bloodstream in order to reach an internal organ or tissues.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perfusion>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I have spent more than half a lifetime trying to express the
tragic moment.  
--Marcel Marceau
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marcel_Marceau>

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[Daily article] March 21: Rani Mukerji Published On

Rani Mukerji (born 1978) is an Indian film actress. Through her
successful Bollywood (Hindi film) acting career, she has become one of
the most high-profile celebrities in India. Mukerji has received seven
Filmfare Awards, and her film roles have been cited as a significant
departure from the traditional portrayal of women in mainstream Hindi
cinema. Mukerji began a full-time career in film with Raja Ki Aayegi
Baraat in 1997 and had her first major success with the 1998 romance
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai. In 2002 she was acclaimed for her role in the
relationship drama Saathiya, and by the year 2004 she had established
herself as a leading actress of Bollywood with roles in the romantic
comedy Hum Tum and the dramas Yuva and Veer-Zaara. She achieved further
success for her leading roles in Black (2005) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
(2006). After starring in a series of unsuccessful films, she featured
in the successful thrillers No One Killed Jessica (2011) and Talaash:
The Answer Lies Within (2012). In addition to acting in films, Mukerji
has been actively involved with several humanitarian causes and is vocal
about issues faced by women and children.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rani_Mukerji>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1556:

Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer, one of the founders of
Anglicanism, was burnt at the stake in Oxford, England, for heresy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer>

1800:

After being elected as a compromise candidate after several
months of stalemate, Pope Pius VII was crowned in Venice with a
temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII>

1918:

First World War: The German Army opened the Spring Offensive
with Operation Michael, attempting to break through the Allied lines and
to seize ports on the English Channel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Michael>

1946:

The Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League signed
Kenny Washington, making him the first African American player in the
league since 1933.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Washington_(American_football)>

1980:

Dallas aired its "A House Divided" episode which led to eight
months of international speculation regarding Who shot J.R.?
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_House_Divided_(Dallas)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

itchy trigger finger:
(idiomatic) A tendency to act in haste or without consideration.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/itchy_trigger_finger>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Let us now pledge all our efforts to obtain and consolidate the
benefits of peace. Under its auspices, the protection of the laws and of
the authorities will be sufficient for all the inhabitants of the
Republic. May the people and the government respect the rights of all.
Between individuals, as between nations, peace means respect for the
rights of others.  
--Benito Juárez
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez>

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[Daily article] March 20: Mike Jackson Published On

Mike Jackson (born 1944) is a retired British Army officer and one of
its most high-profile generals since the Second World War. Originally
commissioned into the Intelligence Corps in 1963, he transferred to the
Parachute Regiment. On the first of his tours of duty in Northern
Ireland with the regiment, he was present as an adjutant at the events
of Bloody Sunday (1972), when soldiers opened fire on protesters,
killing 13 people. He was assigned to a staff post at the Ministry of
Defence in 1982 before assuming command of the 1st Battalion, The
Parachute Regiment, in 1984. Jackson served his first tour in the
Balkans in 1994, commanding a multi-national division of the
Implementation Force, and was appointed commander of NATO's Allied Rapid
Reaction Corps in 1997. In this role, he controversially refused to obey
an order from American General Wesley Clark (his immediate superior in
the NATO chain of command during the Kosovo War) to block the runways of
Pristina Airport. Upon his return to the UK, Jackson was promoted to
full general and later served as Chief of the General Staff, the
professional head of the British Army, from 2003 to 2006.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jackson>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1602:

The Dutch East India Company—the first company to issue
stock, one of the first multinational corporations, and possibly the
first megacorporation—was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company>

1815:

After escaping from exile in Elba, Napoleon Bonaparte entered
Paris, officially beginning his "Hundred Days" rule.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days>

1854:

At a meeting in Ripon, Wisconsin, US, an anti-slavery political
party decided to name itself the Republican Party.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)>

1944:

World War II: Four thousand U.S. Marines made a landing on
Emirau Island in the Bismarck Archipelago to develop an airbase as part
of Operation Cartwheel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_on_Emirau>

2006:

Cyclone Larry made landfall in Far North Queensland, eventually
causing nearly AU$1 billion in total damage and destroying over 80
percent of Australia's banana crop.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Larry>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

forethoughtful:
Having or full of forethought; provident; proactive; visionary.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forethoughtful>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The trees are cloth'd with leaves, the fields with grass; The
blossoms blow; the birds on bushes sing; And Nature has accomplish'd all
the Spring. as translated by  
--John Dryden
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Dryden>

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[Daily article] March 19: North Road (football ground) Published On

North Road was a football stadium and cricket field in Newton Heath,
Manchester, England. It was the first home of Manchester United Football
Club, then known as Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway
Football Club. The club was formed in 1878 at the request of the railway
company's employees at its carriage and wagon works, and the ground
(which was owned by Manchester Cathedral) adjoined the works. Initially
the ground consisted only of the pitch, around which an estimated
12,000 spectators could congregate, and it was often clouded by steam
from passing trains. Players had to get changed at a nearby public
house. The addition of stands in 1891 increased the capacity to about
15,000. The football club signed its first professional players in 1886
and began to break from its sponsoring railway company, but without the
company's financial support it was unable to afford the rent on the
ground and was evicted. In 1893, the club moved to a new ground at Bank
Street, Clayton. The North Road site is now part of the North Manchester
Business Park, having previously been used as playing fields and as the
site of a school.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Road_(football_ground)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1279:

Emperor Bing, the last emperor of the Song Dynasty, died during
the Battle of Yamen, bringing the dynasty to an end after three
centuries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Song_Dynasty>

1921:

Irish War of Independence: About 1,300 British troops attempted
to encircle about 100 IRA volunteers at Crossbarry in County Cork.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbarry_Ambush>

1932:

The Sydney Harbour Bridge (pictured), a major landmark in
Sydney, Australia, and the world's tallest steel arch bridge, was
formally opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Harbour_Bridge>

1954:

American pool (pocket billiards) player Willie Mosconi set a
record of 526 consecutive balls sunk without a miss during an exhibition
of straight pool.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Mosconi>

1987:

American televangelist Jim Bakker resigned as the head of The
PTL Club in the midst of a sex scandal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bakker>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vaguery:
1. (uncountable) Vagueness, the condition of being vague.
2. (countable) A vagueness, a thing which is vague, an example of
vagueness.
3. (countable, in the plural) An eggcorn for vagaries.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vaguery>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   I am an individual … a circle touching and intersecting my
neighbours at certain points, but nowhere corresponding, nowhere
blending. … But my individuality, however all-sufficient for myself,
is an infinitesimal point, an atom subject in all things to the Law of
Storms called Life. I feel, I know that Fate is. But I cannot know what
is or what is not fated to befall me. Therefore in the pursuit of
perfection as an individual lies my highest, and indeed my only duty,
the "I" being duly blended with the "We." … I am bound to take careful
thought concerning the consequences of every word and deed. When,
however, the Future has become the Past, it would be the merest vanity
for me to grieve or to repent over that which was decreed by universal
Law.  
--Richard Francis Burton
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton>

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[Daily article] March 18: Shangani Patrol Published On

On 4 December 1893, the Shangani Patrol, comprising 34 soldiers of the
British South Africa Company, was annihilated by over 3,000 Matabele
warriors during the First Matabele War, in Rhodesia (modern-day
Zimbabwe). Major Patrick Forbes was attempting to capture the Matabele
King Lobengula. A patrol, headed by Major Allan Wilson (pictured), was
scouting ahead on the north side of the Shangani River. When Wilson's
patrol moved in to capture Lobengula, it was ambushed by Matabele
riflemen and warriors near the king's wagon. Surrounded and outnumbered
about a hundred-fold, the patrol made a last stand as three of its
number rode back to the river for reinforcements – without success as
the Shangani was now in flood and Forbes was also involved in a
skirmish. After fighting to the last cartridge, and killing over ten
times their own number, Wilson and his men were annihilated. The
patrol's members were regarded as national heroes for endeavour in the
face of insurmountable odds. The anniversary of the battle became an
annual public holiday in Rhodesia in 1895, and was an official non-work
day until 1920. A film depicting the episode, Shangani Patrol, was
released in 1970.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangani_Patrol>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1241:

First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelmed the Polish
armies of Sandomierz and Kraków provinces in the Battle of Chmielnik
and plundered the abandoned city of Kraków.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chmielnik>

1871:

French President Adolphe Thiers ordered the evacuation of Paris
after an uprising broke out as the result of France's defeat in the
Franco-Prussian War, leading to the establishment of the Paris Commune
government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune>

1906:

Romanian inventor Traian Vuia became the first person to fly a
heavier-than-air monoplane with an unassisted takeoff.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian_Vuia>

1970:

United States postal workers began a two-week strike after
Congress raised its own wages by 41% but only raised the wages of postal
workers by 4%.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._postal_strike_of_1970>

1996:

The deadliest fire in Philippine history burned a nightclub in
Quezon City, leaving 162 dead.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Disco_Club_fire>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

tribology:
(physics, engineering) The science and technology of friction,
lubrication, and wear.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tribology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  From infancy on, we are all spies; the shame is not this but that
the secrets to be discovered are so paltry and few.  
--John Updike
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Updike>

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[Daily article] March 17: 1941 Atlantic hurricane season Published On

The 1941 Atlantic hurricane season was a relatively inactive hurricane
season, with only six known storms. Four of these attained hurricane
status, and three became major hurricanes. The season had an abnormally
late start; the first system formed on September 11, nearly three months
after the official beginning date. The season was also short-lived, as
all six storms developed in rapid succession (paths pictured). On
September 23, three hurricanes existed simultaneously in the Atlantic
basin. In total, the season resulted in about 63 fatalities and over $10
million in damages. The first and last storms of the season were largely
insignificant, although the second, fourth, and fifth storms had
considerable effects. Two hurricanes struck the United States: a major
hurricane that struck Texas and Louisiana in late September, disrupting
the Louisiana Maneuvers, and Hurricane Five, which made two landfalls in
Florida, the first of which was near Miami at Category 2 intensity,
inflicting widespread damage. Another major storm—Hurricane
Four—traversed the Caribbean before striking the Nicaragua–Honduras
border at Category 4 intensity, leaving 47 men dead at sea.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_Atlantic_hurricane_season>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1001:

The Song Shi recorded a tributary mission from the Kingdom of
Butuan (Golden Tara pictured) to the Song Dynasty of China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butuan>

1860:

The First Taranaki War began at Waitara, New Zealand, marking
an important phase of the New Zealand land wars.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taranaki_War>

1957:

A plane crash on the slope of Mount Manunggal killed Philippine
President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_Cebu_Douglas_C-47_crash>

1973:

Slava Veder took his Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph Burst of
Joy, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the
Vietnam War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_of_Joy>

2011:

Libyan Civil War: The United Nations Security Council adopted
Security Council Resolution 1973, authorizing a military intervention to
protect civilians in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1973>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dudeen:
A short-stemmed Irish pipe made out of clay.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dudeen>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Cyberspace. A consensual hallucination experienced daily
by billions of legitimate operators, in every nation, by children being
taught mathematical concepts… A graphic representation of data
abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable
complexity. Lines of light ranged in the nonspace of the mind, clusters
and constellations of data. Like city lights, receding…  
--William Gibson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Gibson>

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[Daily article] March 16: Joseph W. Tkach Published On

Joseph W. Tkach (1927–1995) was an American pastor who was the
appointed successor of Herbert W. Armstrong, founder of the Worldwide
Church of God. Tkach was ordained as a minister in the church in 1957,
and became President and Pastor General of the church upon the death of
Armstrong in 1986. Tkach spearheaded a major doctrinal transformation of
the Worldwide Church of God, abandoning Armstrong's unconventional
doctrines and bringing the church into accord with mainstream
evangelical Christianity. Changes included encouraging members to seek
proper medical treatment while retaining faith in God as a healer,
permitting interracial marriage, and allowing work on the Sabbath. The
changes that he implemented stirred much controversy among those who
continued to follow Armstrong's theology. Dissenters labeled the changes
as heresy and many left to form new church organizations. His son,
Joseph Tkach Jr., continued his work and in 1997 the Worldwide Church of
God became a member of the National Association of Evangelicals. Within
the mainstream Christian community, some have hailed Tkach's reforms,
which brought a church from the fringe to orthodoxy, as unprecedented.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_W._Tkach>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

597 BC:

Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II captured Jerusalem and
installed Zedekiah as King of Judah.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zedekiah>

1190:

Around 150 Jews inside York Castle in York, England, committed
mass suicide rather than be killed by a mob.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Castle>

1926:

American scientist Robert H. Goddard launched the world's first
liquid-fueled rocket, which flew for two-and-a-half seconds before
falling to the ground.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard>

1978:

Former Prime Minister of Italy Aldo Moro was kidnapped in Rome
by Mario Moretti and the Red Brigades.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Aldo_Moro>

2003:

American peace activist Rachel Corrie was crushed to death by
an Israel Defense Forces armored bulldozer in Rafah as she was
protesting the demolition of a house.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Corrie>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

damnify:
(law) To cause injuries or loss to.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/damnify>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Art has a double face, of expression and illusion, just like
science has a double face: the reality of error and the phantom of
truth.  
--René Daumal
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Daumal>

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[Daily article] March 15: 1st Provisional Marine Brigade Published On

The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade was an ad-hoc unit of the United
States Marine Corps (Marine Corps logo pictured) that existed
periodically from 1912 to 1950. Formed for specific operations and not
considered a "permanent" unit, the brigade saw five brief activations
for service over forty years. First created for duty in Cuba following
the Negro Rebellion, it was next activated in 1941 when it was hastily
constructed from the 6th Marine Regiment to garrison Iceland after its
occupation by British troops during World War II. The brigade
participated in the Battle of Guam in the Pacific War, conducting an
amphibious landing on the island and subduing resistance from Japanese
troops. It was activated again in a brief organizational shift after the
war. The brigade was hastily reformed in 1950 for service in the Korean
War. It participated in a counterattack at Masan before reinforcing U.S.
Army units during the Battle of Pusan Perimeter, and at the First and
Second Battles of Naktong Bulge along the Naktong River. It was
deactivated for the last time when it was merged with the 1st Marine
Division.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Provisional_Marine_Brigade>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

44 BC:

Dictator Julius Caesar of the Roman Republic was stabbed to
death by Marcus Junius Brutus and several other Roman senators.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar>

933:

Franks led by German king Henry I defeated an invading
Hungarian army in the Battle of Riade in northern Thuringia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Riade>

1820:

As part of the Missouri Compromise, the exclave of
Massachusetts known as Maine (map pictured) was given its own U.S.
statehood.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine>

1917:

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia was forced to abdicate in the
February Revolution, ending three centuries of Romanov rule.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia>

1972:

The Godfather, a gangster film based on the novel of the same
name by Mario Puzo and directed by Francis Ford Coppola, was released.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

enshrine:
1. (transitive) To enclose (a sacred relic etc.) in a shrine or chest.
2. (transitive) To preserve or cherish (something) as though in a shrine;
to preserve or contain, especially with some reverence.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enshrine>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What comes now? The earth awaits What fierce wonder from the
skies? Thunder, trampling through the night? Morning, with illustrious
eyes? Morning, from the springs of light: Thunder, round Heaven's
opening gates.  
--Lionel Johnson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lionel_Johnson>

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[Daily article] March 14: Aeneas Mackintosh Published On

Aeneas Mackintosh (1879–1916) was a British Antarctic explorer who
commanded the Ross Sea party within Sir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial
Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914–17. The party's mission was to
support Shackleton's proposed transcontinental march by laying supply
depots along the latter stages of the march's intended route. Confusing
orders meant Mackintosh was uncertain of the timing of Shackleton's
proposed march. Matters worsened when the Ross Sea party's ship, SY
Aurora, was swept from its moorings during a gale, taking away much of
the party's supplies and equipment. Despite these setbacks and further
practical difficulties, Mackintosh's stranded party managed to carry out
its depot-laying task to the full. Having reached safety, he and a
companion lost their lives while attempting to return to the
expedition's base camp by walking across unstable sea ice. Shackleton
later commended the work of Mackintosh and his comrades, and equated the
sacrifice of their lives to those given in the trenches during the First
World War. However, his competence and leadership skills have been
questioned by some polar historians.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneas_Mackintosh>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1757:

British Royal Navy Admiral John Byng was court-martialled and
executed by firing squad when he failed to "do his utmost" during the
Battle of Minorca at the start of the Seven Years' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Byng>

1885:

The Mikado, Gilbert and Sullivan's most frequently performed
Savoy opera, debuted at the Savoy Theatre in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado>

1910:

Oil prospectors in Kern County, California, drilled into a
pressurized oil deposit, resulting in the largest accidental oil spill
in history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeview_Gusher>

1945:

The British Royal Air Force first used the Grand Slam, a 22,000
lb (9.98 t) earthquake bomb, on a strategic railroad viaduct in
Bielefeld, Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)>

1988:

China defeated Vietnam in a naval battle as the former
attempted to establish oceanographic observation posts on the Spratly
Islands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson_South_Reef_Skirmish>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

annis Domini:
(of multiple years or of a date range) Taking place a specifed number of
years following the assumed birth of Jesus Christ.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annis_Domini>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Sweet and gentle and sensitive man With an obsessive nature and
deep fascination For numbers And a complete infatuation with the
calculation Of π.  
--Kate Bush
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kate_Bush>

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[Daily article] March 13: Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway Published On

The Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR;) was a railway
company that constructed the deep-level underground railway that is now
the central section of London's Northern line. Established in 1891, the
company became a subsidiary of the Underground Electric Railways Company
of London (UERL) in 1901. Various routes were planned, but a number were
rejected by Parliament. Tunnels under Hampstead Heath were authorised,
despite opposition by local residents who believed the tunnels would
drain the heath of water and train vibrations would cause trees to
collapse. When it opened in 1907, the CCE&HR;'s line served 16 stations
(Tufnell Park pictured) and ran for 7.67 miles (12.34 km) in a pair of
tunnels between its southern terminus at Charing Cross and two northern
termini at Archway and Golders Green. Within a year of opening, it
became apparent to the management and investors that the estimates of
passenger numbers had been over-optimistic and the CCE&HR; struggled
financially for many years despite four extensions and connections to
the City and South London Railway. In 1933 the CCE&HR; and the rest of
the UERL's operations were taken into public ownership.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Euston_and_Hampstead_Railway>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

624:

Led by Muhammad, the Muslims of Medina defeated the Quraysh of
Mecca in Badr, present-day Saudi Arabia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr>

1697:

Nojpetén, capital of the Itza Maya kingdom, fell to Spanish
conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala>

1845:

German composer Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto (1st
movement Allegro molto appassionato featured), one of the most popular
and most frequently performed violin concertos of all time, was first
played in Leipzig.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Mendelssohn)>

1954:

Viet Minh forces under Vo Nguyen Giap unleashed a massive
artillery barrage on the French military to begin the Battle of Dien
Bien Phu, the climactic battle in the First Indochina War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu>

1964:

American Kitty Genovese was murdered, reportedly in view of
neighbors who did nothing to help her (later disproved), prompting
research into the bystander effect.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Kitty_Genovese>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hamiform:
Curved at the extremity, shaped like a hook.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hamiform>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   The History of Religions is destined to play an important
role in contemporary cultural life. This is not only because an
understanding of exotic and archaic religions will significantly assist
in a cultural dialogue with the representatives of such religions. It is
more especially because ... the history of religions will inevitably
attain to a deeper knowledge of man. It is on the basis of such
knowledge that a new humanism, on a world-wide scale, could develop.
 
--Mircea Eliade
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mircea_Eliade>

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[Daily article] March 12: Mitt Romney Published On

Mitt Romney (born 1947) is an American businessman who was Governor of
Massachusetts from 2003 to 2007 and the Republican nominee for President
of the United States in the 2012 election. He was raised in Bloomfield
Hills, Michigan, by his parents Lenore and George Romney, and spent two
years in France as a Mormon missionary. He married Ann Davies in 1969,
with whom he has had five children. After studying at Brigham Young and
Harvard universities, he joined the management consultancy Bain &
Company before co-founding the spin-off investment firm Bain Capital. He
unsuccessfully ran as the Republican candidate in the 1994 Massachusetts
election for Senate against Ted Kennedy. He relaunched his political
career after successfully running the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for
the 2002 Winter Olympics. Elected Governor of Massachusetts in 2002, he
helped enact state health care reform legislation, the first of its kind
in America. Romney won the 2012 Republican presidential nomination. He
was the first Mormon to be a major party presidential nominee. Romney
lost to Barack Obama by 332–206 electoral votes and by
51–47 percent of the popular vote.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitt_Romney>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

538:

Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths, ended his siege of Rome,
leaving the city in the hands of the victorious Roman general,
Belisarius.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Rome_(537%E2%80%9338)>

1864:

American Civil War: The Union Army began the ill-fated Red
River Campaign, in which not a single objective was fully accomplished.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Campaign>

1921:

The Turkish Grand National Assembly adopted the İstiklâl
Marşı as the national anthem, with lyrics written by poet Mehmet Akif
Ersoy and music by Zeki Üngör.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0stikl%C3%A2l_Mar%C5%9F%C4%B1>

1930:

Gandhi (pictured with Sarojini Naidu) began the Salt March, a
24-day walk to defy the British tax on salt in colonial India.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_March>

1934:

Supported by the Estonian Army, Konstantin Päts staged a coup
d'état, beginning the Era of Silence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

zombie out:
(informal) Become like a zombie in being listless, vacant, and
unresponsive.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zombie_out>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  With a mental effort, he grabbed hold of his thoughts and braked
them to a stop. There was something new here, factors he hadn't counted
on. He kept reassuring himself there was an explanation for everything,
once you had your facts straight.  
--Harry Harrison
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harry_Harrison>

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[Daily article] March 11: Early Netherlandish painting Published On

Early Netherlandish painting refers to the work of artists active in the
Burgundian Netherlands during the 15th- and 16th-century Northern
Renaissance. Their output follows the International Gothic style and
begins approximately with Robert Campin and Jan van Eyck in the early
1420s, and lasts at least until the death of Gerard David in 1523. It
represents the culmination of the northern European medieval artistic
heritage. Early Netherlandish painting occurred during the height of
Burgundian influence in Europe, when the Low Countries were renowned for
high end crafts and luxury goods. The major figures include Campin, van
Eyck, Rogier van der Weyden, Dieric Bouts, Petrus Christus, Hans
Memling, Hugo van der Goes and Hieronymus Bosch. They made significant
advances in natural representation and illusionism, and typically
incorporate complex iconography. Their subjects were usually religious
scenes or small portraits (Portrait of a Lady by van der Weyden
pictured). The painted works are generally oil on panel, and may be
single works or more complex altarpieces. The era is further noted for
its sculpture, tapestries, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass and
carved retables.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1864:

A crack in the Dale Dyke Dam in Sheffield, England, caused it
to fail, and the resulting flood killed 238 people and damaged over 600
homes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sheffield_Flood>

1945:

World War II: The Empire of Japan established the Empire of
Vietnam, a short-lived puppet state, with Bảo Đại as its ruler.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam>

1978:

After hijacking a bus north of Tel Aviv, members of Palestine
Liberation Organization faction Fatah engaged in a shootout with the
Israel Police, resulting in the deaths of 38 civilians and most of the
perpetrators.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre>

2004:

A series of simultaneous bombings on Cercanías commuter trains
killed 191 people and wounded more than 1,800 in Madrid (memorial
pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Madrid_train_bombings>

2009:

A teenage gunman engaged in a shooting spree at a secondary
school in Winnenden, Germany, killing sixteen, including himself.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnenden_school_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

quibble:
(intransitive) To complain or argue in a trivial or petty manner.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quibble>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   We puzzle as to whether the universe is bounded or extends
forever; whether, indeed, it may only be one universe among many. We
speculate as to whether our universe began in a vast explosion, whether
it pulsates between utter compression and wide diffusion, whether it is
self-renewing and thus unchanged forever. And we are humble. But science
teaches more than this. It continually reminds us that we are still
ignorant and there is much to learn. Time and space are interconnected
in strange ways; there is no absolute simultaneity.  
--Vannevar Bush
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush>

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[Daily article] March 10: Aleeta curvicosta Published On

Aleeta curvicosta, commonly called the floury baker or floury miller, is
a species of cicada native to the eastern coastline of Australia.
Described in 1834 by Ernst Friedrich Germar, it is currently the only
described species in the genus Aleeta. The floury baker's distinctive
appearance and loud call make it popular with children. Both the common
and genus name are derived from the white, flour-like filaments covering
the adult body. Its body and eyes are generally brown with pale
patterns. Its forewings have dark brown patches at the base of two of
their apical cells. The female is larger than the male, and both grow
larger in regions of higher rainfall. The male has a loud and complex
call generated by the frequent buckling of ribbed tymbals and amplified
by abdominal air sacs. The floury baker is solitary and occurs in low
densities. Individuals emerge from the soil between November and
February, and can be seen until May. They inhabit a variety of trees,
with a preference for paperbark. The floury baker, which is a relatively
poor flier, is preyed upon by cicada killer wasps and a wide variety of
birds, and can succumb to a cicada-specific fungal disease.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleeta_curvicosta>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1607:

Susenyos defeated the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros
II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, making him Emperor of Ethiopia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susenyos_I>

1830:

By royal decree, the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army was
established to be the military force maintained by the Netherlands in
its colony of the Dutch East Indies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_East_Indies_Army>

1952:

Forbidden by law to seek re-election, former Cuban President
Fulgencio Batista staged a coup d'état to resume control.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista>

1975:

Ho Chi Minh Campaign: North Vietnam began its final push for
victory over South Vietnam with an attack on Ban Me Thuot.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot>

2005:

Tung Chee Hwa, the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong,
announced his resignation following widespread dissatisfaction with his
leadership.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tung_Chee_Hwa>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

normothermic:
(medicine) Having a normal body temperature.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/normothermic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   What I am is what I am. Are you what you are — or what?
 
--Edie Brickell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edie_Brickell>

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[Daily article] March 9: Faryl Published On

Faryl is the debut album by British mezzo-soprano Faryl Smith
(pictured), who rose to fame on the second series of Britain's Got
Talent. Released on 9 March 2009, it became the fastest-selling
classical solo album in British chart history, selling 29,200 copies in
the first week, higher than any other debut album of a classical singer.
It was produced by Jon Cohen, and the backing music was provided by a
60-piece orchestra. As part of the album's promotion, Smith made
numerous television and radio appearances and filmed a music video for
"River of Light", a song set to The Blue Danube. Faryl reached number 4
in the UK Albums Chart, becoming the third album by a Britain's Got
Talent contestant to reach the top ten in Britain. Smith subsequently
embarked on a promotional tour in the US, where the album reached number
6 on the classical chart. Faryl was fairly well received by critics, who
praised Smith's performances and Cohen's production, although there was
criticism for the use of the orchestra and the song choices. As one of
the ten best-selling classical albums in the UK in 2009, Faryl was
nominated for a Classical BRIT Award in the album of the year category.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faryl>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1009:

The first known record of the name of Lithuania appeared in an
entry in the annals of the Quedlinburg Abbey (in modern Germany).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Lithuania>

1776:

The Wealth of Nations by Scottish political economist Adam
Smith (bust pictured) was first published, becoming the first modern
work in the field of economics.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations>

1847:

Mexican–American War: The Siege of Veracruz began, the first
large-scale amphibious assault conducted by United States military
forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz>

1944:

World War II: As part of the Battle of Narva, the Soviet Air
Forces heavily bombed Tallinn, Estonia, killing up to 800 people, mostly
civilians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II>

1959:

Barbie, the world's best-selling doll, debuted at the American
International Toy Fair in New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

win-win:
Of a situation or outcome that benefits two parties, or that has two
distinct benefits.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/win-win>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is found in every light of hope, It knows no bounds nor space
It has risen in red and black and white, It is there in every race. It
lies in the hearts of heroes dead, It screams in tyrants' eyes, It has
reached the peak of mountains high, It comes searing 'cross the skies.
It lights the dark of this prison cell, It thunders forth its might, It
is "the undauntable thought", my friend, That thought that says "I'm
right!"  
--Bobby Sands
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bobby_Sands>

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[Daily article] March 8: Sholay Published On

Sholay is a 1975 action-adventure Indian Hindi film directed by Ramesh
Sippy and produced by G. P. Sippy. Shot in the rocky terrain of
Ramanagara (pictured), the film follows two criminals, Jai and Veeru
(played by Amitabh Bachchan and Dharmendra), hired by a retired police
officer (Sanjeev Kumar) to capture the ruthless dacoit Gabbar Singh
(Amjad Khan). When first released, Sholay received negative critical
reviews and a tepid commercial response, but favourable word-of-mouth
publicity helped it to become a box office success. It broke records for
continuous showings in many theatres across India, and ran for more than
five years at Mumbai's Minerva theatre. The film drew heavily from the
conventions of Westerns, and is a defining example of the masala film,
which mixes several genres in one work. The film's dialogues and certain
characters became extremely popular, contributing to numerous cultural
memes and becoming part of India's daily vernacular. In 2002, Sholay
ranked first in the British Film Institute's list of "Top 10 Indian
Films". It was re-released to theatres in 3D in January 2014.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholay>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1576:

A letter to King Philip II of Spain contained the first
European mention of the Mayan ruins of Copán in modern Honduras.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n>

1655:

The court of Northampton County, Colony of Virginia, made John
Casor the first legally recognized slave in England's North American
colonies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Casor>

1702:

Princess Anne of Denmark and Norway became the Queen of
England, Scotland and Ireland, succeeding William III.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain>

1924:

Three violent explosions at a coal mine near Castle Gate, Utah,
US, killed all 171 miners working there.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Gate_Mine_disaster>

1978:

BBC Radio 4 transmitted the first episode of English author and
dramatist Douglas Adams' The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, a science
fiction radio series that was later adapted into novels, a television
series, and other media formats.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hitchhiker%27s_Guide_to_the_Galaxy_(radio_series)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

triduan:
1. Lasting three days.
2. Happening every third day.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/triduan>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Technology always has unforeseen consequences, and it is not
always clear, at the beginning, who or what will win, and who or what
will lose.  
--Neil Postman
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Neil_Postman>

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[Daily article] March 7: Persoonia lanceolata Published On

Persoonia lanceolata, commonly known as lance-leaf geebung, is a shrub
native to New South Wales in eastern Australia. It reaches 3 m
(9.8 ft) in height and has smooth grey bark and bright green foliage.
Its small yellow flowers grow on racemes and appear in the austral
summer and autumn (January to April), followed by green fleshy fruit
(known as drupes) which ripen the following spring (September to
October). Within the genus Persoonia, Persoonia lanceolata belongs to
the lanceolata group of 58 closely related species. It interbreeds with
several other species found in its range. The species is usually found
in dry sclerophyll forest on sandstone-based nutrient-deficient soil. It
has adapted to a fire-prone environment; plants lost in bushfires can
regenerate through a ground-stored seed bank. Seedlings mostly germinate
within two years of fires. Several species of native bee of the genus
Leioproctus pollinate the flowers. Swamp wallabies are a main consumer
of its fruit, and the seeds are spread in wallaby scat. Its lifespan
ranges from 25 to 60 years, though difficulties in propagation have seen
low cultivation rates.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persoonia_lanceolata>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

161:

Following the death of Roman emperor Antoninus Pius, Marcus
Aurelius and Lucius Verus agreed to become co-Emperors in an
unprecedented arrangement in the Roman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Verus>

1277:

Étienne Tempier, Bishop of Paris, promulgated a Condemnation
of 219 philosophical and theological propositions that were being
discussed at the University of Paris.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tempier>

1871:

José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco (pictured), became Prime
Minister of the Empire of Brazil, starting a four-year rule, the longest
in the state's history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco>

1914:

Prussian William of Wied began his short reign as sovereign
prince of the newly independent state of Albania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Albania>

1965:

African-American Civil Rights Movement: Civil rights
demonstrators marching from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, were brutally
attacked by police on Bloody Sunday.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

phillumenist:
A person who collects match-related items, like matchbox labels,
matchboxes, matchbooks, or matchbook covers.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phillumenist>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  He who has overcome his fears will truly be free.  
--Aristotle
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aristotle>

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