[Daily article] April 30: Iranian Embassy siege Published On

The Iranian Embassy siege took place from 30 April to 5 May 1980, after
a group of six armed men stormed the Iranian embassy in London. The
gunmen, members of an Iranian Arab group campaigning for Arab national
sovereignty in Khūzestān Province, took 26 hostages and demanded the
release of Arab prisoners from jails in Khūzestān. Police negotiators
gradually secured the release of five hostages in exchange for minor
concessions. On the sixth day the gunmen, frustrated at the lack of
progress, killed a hostage and threw his body out of the embassy. The
British government ordered the Special Air Service (SAS), a special
forces regiment, to rescue the hostages. During the 17-minute raid, the
SAS rescued all but one of the remaining hostages, and killed five of
the gunmen. The hostage-takers and their cause were largely forgotten
afterwards, but the operation brought the SAS to public attention. It
was overwhelmed by the number of applications it received from people
inspired by the operation and experienced greater demand for its
expertise from foreign governments. The building suffered major damage
from fire (aftermath pictured) and did not reopen as the embassy until
1993.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1006:

SN 1006 (remnant pictured), the brightest supernova in recorded
history, first appeared in the constellation Lupus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1006>

1636:

Eighty Years' War: Dutch Republic forces recaptured a
strategically important fort from Spain after a nine-month siege.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans>

1982:

Sixteen monks and a nun belonging to Ananda Marga in Calcutta,
India, were dragged out of taxis by persons unknown in three different
locations, beaten to death and then set on fire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijon_Setu_massacre>

1993:

Monica Seles, the number-one ranked women's tennis player at
the time, was stabbed in the back during a match by a man obsessed with
her rival Steffi Graf.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Seles>

2004:

The New Yorker magazine posted an article and supporting
pictures online, postdated May 10, detailing accounts of torture and
abuse by American personnel of prisoners held at the Abu Ghraib prison
in Baghdad.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

capacious:
Having a lot of space inside; roomy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capacious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There are problems to whose solution I would attach an infinitely
greater importance than to those of mathematics, for example touching
ethics, or our relation to God, or concerning our destiny and our
future; but their solution lies wholly beyond us and completely outside
the province of science.  
--Carl Friedrich Gauss
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss>

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[Daily article] April 29: HMS Endeavour Published On

HMS Endeavour was the Royal Navy research vessel commanded by Lieutenant
James Cook on his first voyage of discovery to Australia and New Zealand
from 1769 to 1771. She was launched in 1764 as the collier Earl of
Pembroke, and purchased by the Navy in 1768 for a scientific mission to
the Pacific Ocean and to explore for the surmised Terra Australis
Incognita. Her voyage took her to Tahiti for the 1769 transit of Venus,
then south into the largely uncharted South Pacific. In September 1769
she reached New Zealand, the first European vessel to visit in 127
years. Seven months later Endeavour became the first ship to reach the
east coast of Australia, making landfall in Botany Bay on 29 April 1770.
Her return voyage marred by shipwreck and the deaths of one third of her
crew, Endeavour reached the port of Dover in July 1771 after nearly
three years at sea. In 1776 she returned to naval service for the
American Revolutionary War but was scuttled in a blockade of
Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The wreck has not been precisely
located, but relics including cannons and an anchor are displayed in
maritime museums worldwide. The Space Shuttle Endeavour was named in her
honour in 1989.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Endeavour>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1587:

Anglo-Spanish War: In the Bay of Cádiz, Francis Drake led the
first of several naval raids on the Spanish Armada that destroyed so
many ships that Philip II of Spain had to delay his plans to invade
England for over a year.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard>

1862:

American Civil War: Union forces under David Farragut captured
New Orleans, securing access into the Mississippi River.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_New_Orleans>

1944:

Second World War: British agent Nancy Wake parachuted into the
Auvergne, becoming a liaison between the Special Operations Executive
and the local maquis group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Wake>

1997:

The 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention went into effect,
outlawing the production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons in
those countries that ratified the arms control agreement.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention>

2011:

A worldwide television audience of 300 million people watched
the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton
at Westminster Abbey in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

anapest:
1. (US, prosody) A metrical foot consisting of three syllables, two short
and one long (e.g the word "velveteen").
2. (US, prosody) A fragment, phrase or line of poetry or verse using this
meter; e.g. "Every Who down in Whoville liked Christmas a lot, but the
Grinch, who lived just north of Whoville, did NOT!" (Dr. Seuss, How
the Grinch Stole Christmas.).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anapest>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The scientist does not study nature because it is useful to do
so. He studies it because he takes pleasure in it, and he takes pleasure
in it because it is beautiful. If nature were not beautiful it would not
be worth knowing, and life would not be worth living. I am not speaking,
of course, of the beauty which strikes the senses, of the beauty of
qualities and appearances. I am far from despising this, but it has
nothing to do with science. What I mean is that more intimate beauty
which comes from the harmonious order of its parts, and which a pure
intelligence can grasp.  
--Henri Poincaré
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9>

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April 28: U.S. Route 40 Alternate (Keysers Ridge–Cumberland, Maryland) Published On

U.S. Route 40 Alternate (Alt US 40) is the U.S. Highway designation for
a former segment of U.S. Route 40 (US 40) through Garrett and Allegany
counties in Maryland. The highway begins at US 40 near exit 14 on
Interstate 68 and runs 31.80 miles (51.18 km) eastward to Cumberland,
where it ends at exit 44 on Interstate 68. The highway is known as Old
National Pike because it follows the original alignment of the National
Road. As the route of the historic National Road, there are many
historic sites along Alt US 40, including the Casselman Bridge in
Grantsville and the last remaining National Road toll gate house in
Maryland, located in LaVale. When the National Freeway was built in
western Maryland paralleling the old National Road, the part of the
bypassed road between Keyser's Ridge and Cumberland became Alt US 40,
and other bypassed sections east of Cumberland became Maryland Route 144
and U.S. Route 40 Scenic. Although Alt US 40 is now less important
because of the construction of Interstate 68, it remains an important
route for local traffic and serves as the Main Streets of Grantsville
and Frostburg.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_Alternate_(Keysers_Ridge%E2%80%93Cumberland,_Maryland)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1253:

Nichiren (pictured), a Japanese monk, expounded Nam Myoho Renge
Kyo for the first time and declared it to be the essence of Buddhism, in
effect founding Nichiren Buddhism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism>

1611:

The University of Santo Tomas in Manila, one of the oldest
existing universities in Asia and one of the world's largest Catholic
universities in terms of enrollment, was founded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tomas>

1923:

London's Wembley Stadium, then known as Empire Stadium, was
opened to the public for the first time and held the 1923 FA Cup Final
between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United football clubs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923_FA_Cup_Final>

1944:

World War II: During Exercise Tiger, a large-scale rehearsal
for the invasion of Normandy, German S-boats attacked an Allied convoy,
killing 946 American servicemen.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Tiger>

1994:

Former CIA counterintelligence officer and analyst Aldrich Ames
pleaded guilty to giving U.S. secrets to the Soviet Union and later
Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrich_Ames>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

doggedly:
In a way that is stubbornly persistent: Abby marked the International
Day of the Dog with her beloved Jack Russell terrier, despite how he was
doggedly gnawing through her extensive collection of shoes.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doggedly>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Ninety per cent of most magic merely consists of knowing one
extra fact.  
--Terry Pratchett
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett>

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[Daily article] April 27: Trocaz Pigeon Published On

The Trocaz Pigeon is a pigeon endemic to the island of Madeira. It is a
mainly grey bird with a pinkish breast; its silvery neck patch and lack
of white wing markings distinguish it from its close relative and
probable ancestor, the Common Wood Pigeon. It is about 40–45 cm
(16–18 in) long with a 68–74 cm (27–29 in) wingspan. Its call
is a characteristic six-note cooing, weaker and lower-pitched than that
of the Wood Pigeon. Despite its bulky, long-tailed appearance, it has a
fast, direct flight. A scarce resident breeder in laurisilva forests, it
lays one white egg in a flimsy twig nest. It was formally described in
1829 by Karl Heineken, a German medical doctor and ornithologist, who
recognised it as different from the now-extinct local form of the Common
Wood Pigeon. Its numbers fell sharply after human colonisation of the
Madeira archipelago, and it vanished altogether from Porto Santo Island.
The major cause of its population decline was habitat loss from forest
clearance, but hunting and nest predation by introduced rats were also
contributory factors. Protection of forests and a ban on hunting have
enabled numbers to increase, and the species is no longer considered
endangered.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trocaz_Pigeon>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

629:

Shahrbaraz usurped the throne of the Sasanian Empire from
Ardashir III, but was himself deposed only forty days later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrbaraz>

1521:

Filipino natives led by chieftain Lapu-Lapu (statue pictured)
killed Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan and more than forty
Spanish soldiers at the Battle of Mactan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan>

1865:

An explosion destroyed the steamboat SS Sultana on the
Mississippi River, killing an estimated 1,800 of the 2,400 passengers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Sultana>

1961:

Milton Margai took office as the first Prime Minister of Sierra
Leone upon the nation's independence from the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Margai>

2005:

The Airbus A380, the largest passenger airliner in the world,
made its maiden flight from Toulouse, France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vates:
A poet or bard who is divinely inspired.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vates>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The current opinion that science and poetry are opposed is a
delusion. ... Think you that a drop of water, which to the vulgar eye is
but a drop of water, loses any thing in the eye of the physicist who
knows that its elements are held together by a force which, if suddenly
liberated, would produce a flash of lightning? Think you that what is
carelessly looked upon by the uninitiated as a mere snow-flake does not
suggest higher associations to one who has seen through a microscope the
wondrously varied and elegant forms of snow-crystals? Think you that the
rounded rock marked with parallel scratches calls up as much poetry in
an ignorant mind as in the mind of a geologist, who knows that over this
rock a glacier slid a million years ago? … The truth is, that those
who have never entered upon scientific pursuits know not a tithe of the
poetry by which they are surrounded.  
--Herbert Spencer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer>

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[Daily article] April 26: Original Stories from Real Life Published On

Original Stories from Real Life is the only complete work of children's
literature by the 18th-century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft. It
begins with a frame story that sketches out the education of two young
girls by their maternal teacher Mrs. Mason, followed by a series of
didactic tales. The book was first published by Joseph Johnson in 1788;
a second, illustrated edition, with engravings (pictured) by William
Blake, was released in 1791 and remained in print for around a quarter
of a century. Wollstonecraft employed the then burgeoning genre of
children's literature to promote the education of women and an emerging
middle-class ideology. She argued that women would be able to become
rational adults if they were educated properly as children, which was
not a widely held belief in the 18th century, and contended that the
nascent middle-class ethos was superior to the court culture represented
by fairy tales and to the values of chance and luck found in chapbook
stories for the poor. Wollstonecraft, in developing her own pedagogy,
also responded to the works of the two most important educational
theorists of the 18th century: John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_Stories_from_Real_Life>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1865:

U.S. Army soldiers cornered and fatally shot John Wilkes Booth,
the assassin of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, in rural northern
Virginia, ending a twelve-day manhunt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth>

1937:

Spanish Civil War: The Bombing of Guernica by the Condor Legion
of the German Luftwaffe resulted in a devastating firestorm that caused
widespread destruction and civilian deaths and inspired one of Pablo
Picasso's most famous paintings.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernica_(painting)>

1964:

Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form Tanzania (flag pictured)
with Julius Nyerere as its first president.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania>

1989:

A tornado struck the Manikganj District of Bangladesh, killing
an estimated 1,300 people, the deadliest tornado in history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulatpur%E2%80%93Saturia_tornado>

1994:

Just prior to landing at Nagoya International Airport, the co-
pilot of China Airlines Flight 140 inadvertently pushed the wrong
button, causing the plane to crash and killing 264 of the 271 people on
board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_140>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

inside baseball:
1. (US, sports) Technical matters concerning baseball not apparent to
spectators.
2. (US) Matters of interest only to insiders.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inside_baseball>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Philosophical problems can be compared to locks on safes, which
can be opened by dialing a certain word or number, so that no force can
open the door until just this word has been hit upon, and once it is hit
upon any child can open it.  
--Ludwig Wittgenstein
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein>

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[Daily article] April 25: Startling Stories Published On

Startling Stories was an American pulp science fiction magazine,
published by Standard Magazines from 1939 to 1955. Its first editor was
Mort Weisinger, who also edited Thrilling Wonder Stories, Standard's
other science fiction title. Startling ran a lead novel in every issue;
the first was The Black Flame by Stanley G. Weinbaum. The magazine
focused on younger readers, and, when Weisinger was replaced by Oscar J.
Friend in 1941, the magazine became even more juvenile in focus. Sam
Merwin, Jr., Friend's successor, was able to improve the quality of the
fiction substantially, publishing Arthur C. Clarke's Against the Fall of
Night and other well-received stories. Earle K. Bergey painted almost
every cover between 1942 and 1952, equipping his heroines with brass
bras and implausible costumes; the public image of science fiction in
his day was partly created by his work. In later years, competition
affected the magazine's ability to acquire quality material. In
mid-1952, Standard attempted to change Startling's image by adopting a
more sober title typeface and reducing the covers' sensationalism, but
the pulp magazine market was collapsing and publication ceased in 1955.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Startling_Stories>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1792:

French composer Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle wrote "La
Marseillaise", now the national anthem of France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Marseillaise>

1864:

American Civil War: Confederate troops overwhelmed a small
Union detachment, leading to Union abandonment of their position in
Camden, Arkansas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marks%27_Mills>

1915:

First World War: Australian and New Zealand Army Corps landed
at Anzac Cove while British and French troops landed at Cape Helles to
begin the Allied invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman
Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign>

1960:

The U.S. Navy submarine USS Triton (SSRN-586) completed the
first submerged circumnavigation of the globe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sandblast>

1986:

Mswati III was crowned King of Swaziland, succeeding his father
Sobhuza II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mswati_III>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

paint the town red:
To party or celebrate in a rowdy, wild manner, especially in a public
place.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paint_the_town_red>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  No one man can terrorize a whole nation unless we are all his
accomplices.  
--Edward R. Murrow
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow>

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[Daily article] April 24: Wilfrid Published On

Wilfrid (c. 633 – c. 709) was an English bishop. The abbot of a
monastery at Ripon, he advocated the Roman method for calculating the
date of Easter at the Synod of Whitby in 664 and was appointed Bishop of
Northumbria as a result. After Wilfrid quarrelled with Ecgfrith, the
Northumbrian king, Theodore of Tarsus (the Archbishop of Canterbury)
implemented some reforms in the diocese despite Wilfrid's opposition.
Pope Agatho ruled in Wilfrid's favour, but Ecgfrith imprisoned Wilfrid
before exiling him. Aldfrith, Ecgfirth's successor, allowed Wilfrid to
return, but later expelled him. Wilfrid again appealed to Rome, and
eventually regained possession of his Northumbrian monasteries. After
Wilfrid's death, he was venerated as a saint. His followers commissioned
a Life of Wilfrid (page from an 11th-century copy pictured), and the
medieval historian Bede also wrote extensively about him. Wilfrid lived
ostentatiously and claimed to be the first Englishman to introduce the
Rule of Saint Benedict into English monasteries. Some modern historians
see him as a champion of Roman customs against those of the British and
Irish churches, others as an advocate for monasticism.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1479 BC:

Thutmose III became the sixth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth
Dynasty of Egypt, although during the first 22 years of the reign he was
co-regent with his aunt, Hatshepsut.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III>

1547:

Schmalkaldic War: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, led Imperial
troops to a decisive victory in the Battle of Mühlberg over the
Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg>

1914:

The Franck–Hertz experiment, a pillar in the development of
quantum mechanics, was presented to the German Physical Society.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franck%E2%80%93Hertz_experiment>

1922:

The first portion of the Imperial Wireless Chain, a strategic
international wireless telegraphy communications network created to link
the countries of the British Empire, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Wireless_Chain>

1990:

The Hubble Space Telescope was launched aboard the Space
Shuttle Discovery in mission STS-31.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

levant:
To abscond or run away, especially to avoid paying money or debts.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/levant>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I cannot approve of monarchs who want to rule over the conscience
of the people, and take away their freedom of choice and religion.
 
--William the Silent
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_the_Silent>

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[Daily article] April 23: 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) Published On

The 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian) was
a German mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS during World War
II. Raised in the Independent State of Croatia, it was given the title
Handschar after a fighting knife carried by Turkish policemen when the
region was part of the Ottoman Empire. From March to December 1944, it
fought a counter-insurgency campaign against communist-led Yugoslav
Partisan resistance forces. The first non-Germanic Waffen-SS division,
it was composed of Bosnian Muslims with some Catholic Croat soldiers and
mostly German and ethnic German officers and non-commissioned officers.
It swore allegiance to Adolf Hitler and the Croatian leader Ante
Pavelić. It established a designated "security zone" in north-eastern
Bosnia but fought outside the zone on several occasions. It gained a
reputation for brutality and savagery during combat operations and
atrocities against Serb and Jewish civilians. After late 1944, non-
German members began to desert in large numbers, particularly once they
had retreated inside the Reich frontier. Others surrendered to British
forces. Thirty-eight officers were extradited to Yugoslavia, and ten
were executed.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Handschar_(1st_Croatian)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1014:

Irish forces led by Brian Boru clashed with the Vikings in the
Battle of Clontarf.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf>

1661:

Charles II, King of England, Ireland, and Scotland was crowned
at Westminster Abbey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England>

1954:

Batting against Vic Raschi of the St. Louis Cardinals, Hank
Aaron of the Milwaukee Braves hit the first of his record-setting 755
home runs in Major League Baseball.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Aaron>

1968:

Students protesting the Vietnam War at Columbia University in
New York City took over administration buildings and shut down the
university.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968>

1979:

Activist Blair Peach suffered fatal head injuries when he was
knocked unconscious during an Anti-Nazi League demonstration in
Southall, London, against a National Front election meeting in the town
hall.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Blair_Peach>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

bardolator:
(usually pejorative) One who loves or worships the works of William
Shakespeare.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bardolator>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Know thus far forth: By accident most strange, bountiful Fortune
— Now my dear lady — hath mine enemies Brought to this shore; and by
my prescience I find my zenith doth depend upon A most auspicious star,
whose influence If now I court not, but omit, my fortunes Will ever
after droop.  
--The Tempest
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Tempest>

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[Daily article] April 22: Two-cent piece Published On

The two-cent piece was produced by the U.S. Mint for circulation from
1864 to 1872 and for collectors in 1873. It was designed by James B.
Longacre. The economic turmoil of the American Civil War caused
government-issued coins, even the non-silver Indian Head cent, to vanish
from circulation, hoarded by the public. One means of filling this gap
was private token issues, often made of bronze. The cent at that time
was struck of a copper-nickel alloy. The piece was difficult for the
Philadelphia Mint to strike, and Mint officials, as well as the annual
Assay Commission, recommended the coin's replacement. Despite opposition
from those wishing to keep the metal nickel in the coinage, Congress
passed the Coinage Act of 1864, authorizing bronze cents and two-cent
pieces. Although initially popular in the absence of other federal
coinage, the two-cent piece's place in circulation was later usurped by
the three-cent piece and the nickel. There were decreasing mintages each
year, and it was abolished by the Mint Act of 1873. Large quantities
were redeemed by the government and melted. Nevertheless, two-cent
pieces remain inexpensive by the standards of 19th-century American
coinage.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-cent_piece>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1500:

Portuguese explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral and his crew landed
in present day Brazil and claimed the land for Portugal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral>

1889:

Over 50,000 people rushed to claim a piece of the available
two million acres (8,000 km2) in the Unassigned Lands, the present-day
U.S. state of Oklahoma, entirely founding the brand-new Oklahoma City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Run_of_1889>

1911:

Tsinghua University ("The Old Gate" pictured), one of the
leading universities in mainland China, was founded, funded by an
unexpected surplus in indemnities paid by the Qing Dynasty to the United
States as a result of the Boxer Rebellion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University>

1969:

British yachtsman Sir Robin Knox-Johnston won the Sunday Times
Golden Globe Race to complete the first solo non-stop circumnavigation
of the world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Times_Golden_Globe_Race>

2004:

Flammable cargo exploded at Yongcheon Station in Ryongchon,
North Korea, killing 160 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryongchon_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

crosswordese:
The jargon of crossword puzzle answers, classically consisting of rare,
archaic, or dialectal words.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crosswordese>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Enlightenment is man's leaving his self-caused immaturity.
Immaturity is the incapacity to use one's intelligence without the
guidance of another. Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused
by lack of intelligence, but by lack of determination and courage to use
one's intelligence without being guided by another. Sapere Aude! Have
the courage to use your own intelligence! is therefore the motto of the
enlightenment.  
--Immanuel Kant
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant>

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[Daily article] April 21: Hurricane Kiko (1989) Published On

Hurricane Kiko was one of the strongest tropical cyclones to ever make
landfall on the eastern coast of the Baja California Peninsula. The
eleventh named storm of the 1989 Pacific hurricane season, Kiko formed
out of a large mesoscale convective system on August 25. Slowly
tracking northwestward, the storm rapidly intensified into a hurricane
early the next day. Strengthening continued until early August 27, when
Kiko reached its peak intensity with winds of 120 mph (195 km/h). The
storm turned west at this time, and at around 0600 UTC, the storm made
landfall near Punta Arena on the southern tip of Baja California. The
hurricane rapidly weakened into a tropical storm later that day and
further into a tropical depression by August 28, shortly after entering
the Pacific Ocean. The depression persisted for another day while
tracking southward, before being absorbed by nearby Tropical Storm
Lorena. Though Kiko made landfall as a Category 3 hurricane, its impact
was relatively minor. Press reports indicated that 20 homes were
destroyed and numerous highways were flooded by torrential rains.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Kiko_(1989)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

753 BC:

Romulus and Remus founded Rome, according to the calculations
by Roman scholar Varro Reatinus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus>

1836:

Texan forces led by Sam Houston defeated General Antonio López
de Santa Anna and his Mexican troops in the Battle of San Jacinto near
La Porte, the decisive battle in the Texas Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto>

1914:

Mexican Revolution: The United States detained a German steamer
carrying materiel for the Mexican federal government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypiranga_incident>

1975:

Nguyễn Văn Thiệu resigned as President of South Vietnam,
and was replaced by Trần Văn Hương, as communist forces closed in
on victory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u>

1992:

Radio astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced
the discovery of two planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12, the
first definitive detection of exoplanets.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

overawe:
(transitive) To restrain, subdue, or control by awe; to cow.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overawe>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Is not the real experience of each individual very limited?
And, if a writer dwells upon that solely or principally, is he not in
danger of repeating himself, and also of becoming an egotist? Then, too,
imagination is a strong, restless faculty, which claims to be heard and
exercised: are we to be quite deaf to her cry, and insensate to her
struggles? When she shows us bright pictures, are we never to look at
them, and try to reproduce them? And when she is eloquent, and speaks
rapidly and urgently in our ear, are we not to write to her dictation?
 
--Charlotte Brontë
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB>

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[Daily article] April 20: Paramount Television Network Published On

The Paramount Television Network was a venture in the late 1940s by
American film corporation Paramount Pictures to organize a television
network. The company had built television stations KTLA in Los Angeles
and WBKB in Chicago, and had invested $400,000 in the DuMont Television
Network, which operated stations in New York City, Washington, D.C., and
Pittsburgh. The Paramount Television Network aired several programs,
including the Emmy award-winning children's series Time for Beany, and
distributed them to an ad-hoc network of stations. It signed affiliation
agreements with more than 50 television stations in 1950; despite this,
most of Paramount's series were not widely viewed outside the West
Coast. The Federal Communications Commission prevented the studio from
acquiring additional television stations. Escalating disputes between
Paramount and DuMont concerning breaches of contract, company control,
and network competition erupted regularly between 1940 and 1956, and led
to the dismantling of the DuMont Network. Paramount continued to produce
series for other networks, and re-entered the broadcast network field in
1995 with the United Paramount Network.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Television_Network>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1535:

The appearance of sun dogs over Stockholm, Sweden, inspired the
painting Vädersolstavlan, the oldest colour depiction of the city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4dersolstavlan>

1828:

French explorer René Caillié became the first confirmed non-
Muslim to enter Timbuktu, for which he later received a 10,000-franc
prize from the Société de géographie.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cailli%C3%A9>

1939:

Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday was celebrated as a national
holiday in Nazi Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_50th_birthday>

1999:

Students Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold embarked on a massacre,
killing 13 people and wounding over 20 others before committing suicide
at Columbine High School in Columbine, Colorado.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre>

2008:

Fernando Lugo became the first non-Colorado Party candidate to
be elected President of Paraguay in 61 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguayan_general_election,_2008>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

capias:
(law) An arrest warrant; a writ commanding officers to take a specified
person or persons into custody.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capias>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We never know through what Divine mysteries of compensation the
great Father of the universe may be carrying out His sublime plan; but
those three words, "God is love" ought to contain, to every doubting
soul, the solution of all things.  
--Dinah Craik
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dinah_Craik>

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[Daily article] April 19: Banksia grossa Published On

Banksia grossa is a species of shrub in the plant family Proteaceae
endemic to Southwest Australia. It is one of fourteen species of banksia
of the series Abietinae, all of which bear predominantly round or oval
inflorescences. Collected in 1965, it was described in 1981 by Alex
George. Its thick leaves and large seeds distinguish it from other
members of the Abietinae, and are the basis of its species name. Found
in sand or sand over laterite among heath between Eneabba and
Badgingarra in Western Australia, it grows as a many-stemmed shrub to
1 m (3 ft) high with narrow leaves and oval brownish flower spikes up
to 10 cm (4 in) high, composed of hundreds of individual flowers.
Flowering occurs throughout the cooler months of March to September. Old
flower spikes develop woody follicles which bear the seeds. The plant
takes 5 to 7 years to reach maturity and begin flowering. After
bushfire, Banksia grossa regenerates from its woody lignotuber;
bushfires also stimulate the release of seeds, which germinate after
disturbance. Visitors to (and likely pollinators of) inflorescences
include insects and a nocturnal mammal, the white-tailed dunnart.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_grossa>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

65:

The freedman Milichus betrayed Gaius Calpurnius Piso's plot to
kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators were arrested.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisonian_conspiracy>

1809:

War of the Fifth Coalition: The French won a hard-fought
victory over Austria in Lower Bavaria when their opponents withdrew from
the field of battle that evening.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen>

1960:

Students in South Korea held a nationwide pro-democracy protest
against President Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution>

1984:

Scottish-born composer Peter Dodds McCormick's "Advance
Australia Fair", a patriotic song that was first performed in 1878,
officially replaced "God Save the Queen" as Australia's national anthem.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance_Australia_Fair>

1993:

The 51-day siege of the Mount Carmel Center, the home of the
Branch Davidian religious sect outside Waco, Texas, ended when a fire
broke out, killing over 70 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_siege>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

debauch:
1. (transitive) To morally corrupt (someone); to seduce.
2. (transitive) To debase (something); to lower the value of (something).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/debauch>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   There is a beauty in discovery. There is mathematics in
music, a kinship of science and poetry in the description of nature, and
exquisite form in a molecule. Attempts to place different disciplines in
different camps are revealed as artificial in the face of the unity of
knowledge. All literate men are sustained by the philosopher, the
historian, the political analyst, the economist, the scientist, the
poet, the artisan and the musician.  
--Glenn T. Seaborg
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg>

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[Daily article] April 18: Beorhtwulf of Mercia Published On

Beorhtwulf (died 852) was King of the Mercians from 839 or 840 to 852.
His ancestry is unknown, though he may have been connected to Beornwulf,
who ruled Mercia in the 820s. Beorhtwulf restarted a Mercian coinage
early in his reign, initially with strong similarities to the coins of
Æthelwulf of Wessex, and later with independent designs. The Vikings
attacked soon after Beorhtwulf's accession: the province of Lindsey was
raided in 841, and London, a key centre of Mercian commerce, was
attacked the following year. Another Viking assault on London in 851
"put Beorhtwulf to flight", according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; the
Vikings were subsequently defeated by Æthelwulf. Berkshire appears to
have passed from Mercian to West Saxon control during Beorhtwulf's
reign. The Welsh are recorded to have rebelled against Beorhtwulf's
successor, Burgred, shortly after Beorhtwulf's death, suggesting that
Beorhtwulf had been their overlord. Charters from his reign show a
strained relationship with the church, as he seized land and
subsequently returned it. Beorhtwulf and his wife, Sæthryth, may have
had two sons, Beorhtfrith and Beorhtric. Beorhtwulf's death is not
recorded.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beorhtwulf_of_Mercia>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1689:

Provincial militia and citizens gathered in Boston, and
arrested officials of the Dominion of New England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt>

1847:

Mexican–American War: Winfield Scott's United States troops
out-flanked and drove Santa Anna's larger Mexican army from a strong
defensive position in the Battle of Cerro Gordo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo>

1906:

A major earthquake and resulting fires devastated San Francisco
(damage pictured), killing at least 3,000 people and leaving more than
half of the city's population homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906_San_Francisco_earthquake>

1958:

Controversial American poet Ezra Pound was released from St.
Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., where he had been incarcerated
for twelve years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Pound>

1996:

Israeli forces shelled Qana, Lebanon, during Operation Grapes
of Wrath, killing over 100 civilians and injuring over 110 others at a
UN compound.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_shelling_of_Qana>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

oubliette:
A dungeon only accessible by a trapdoor at the top.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oubliette>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  No deeply-rooted tendency was ever extirpated by adverse
argument. Not having originally been founded on argument, it cannot be
destroyed by logic.  
--George Henry Lewes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes>

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[Daily article] April 17: Spinning Around Published On

"Spinning Around" is the lead single from Light Years (2000), Kylie
Minogue's seventh studio album. The disco-influenced dance-pop song
addresses the theme of reinvention, with Minogue (pictured performing
the song) claiming that she has changed as a person and learned from the
past. Released in June 2000, it received favourable reviews from music
critics, who regarded it as one of the album's highlights and praised
Minogue for returning to her signature musical style. The song was a
commercial success and became Minogue's "comeback" single following the
critical and commercial disappointment of her sixth studio album
Impossible Princess (1997). It entered the Australian Singles Chart at
number one, becoming the singer's first chart-topper since "Confide in
Me" (1994). The song also debuted at number one in the United Kingdom,
and was her first UK number-one single since 1990. The accompanying
music video features Minogue dancing and enjoying herself in a disco. It
became popular for the gold hotpants she sported in most of the scenes
and led to a media "fetish" regarding her bottom. "Spinning Around" has
been performed by Minogue during most of her concert tours.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Around>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1907:

Brazil became the third country in the world to start
construction on a dreadnought battleship (pictured), sparking a vastly
expensive South American naval arms race.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race>

1942:

World War II: Captured French General Henri Giraud escaped from
German captivity in the Königstein Castle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Giraud>

1969:

Sirhan Sirhan was convicted of the assassination of United
States Senator Robert F. Kennedy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan>

1975:

The Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot captured Phnom Penh, ending the
Cambodian Civil War, and established Democratic Kampuchea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War>

1984:

British police officer Yvonne Fletcher was shot and killed
while on duty during a protest outside the Libyan embassy in London's St
James's Square, resulting in an eleven-day police siege of the building
and a breakdown of diplomatic relations between the two nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Yvonne_Fletcher>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

kasha:
A porridge made from boiled buckwheat groats, or sometimes from other
cereal groats.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kasha>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We designate by the term "State" institutions that embody
absolutism in its extreme form and institutions that temper it with more
or less liberality. We apply the word alike to institutions that do
nothing but aggress and to institutions that, besides aggressing, to
some extent protect and defend. But which is the State's essential
function, aggression or defence, few seem to know or care.  
--Benjamin Tucker
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker>

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[Daily article] April 16: Horrible Histories (2009 TV series) Published On

Horrible Histories is a children's sketch-comedy adaptation of Terry
Deary's long-running book series, produced by Lion Television with
Citrus Television, that ran for five 13-episode series on Britain's CBBC
from 2009 to 2013. Like the books, it was intended to foster children's
interest in British and other Western world history through factual
anecdotes retold with a focus on "gross-out"-style humour and comic
violence – "history with the nasty bits left in". The producers of
the TV series recruited writers and performers with roots in the adult
British comedy community. These in turn took a deliberately non-
condescending approach, relying instead on such influences as Blackadder
and the Monty Python films. A focus on historical accuracy was combined
with a comedy style relying heavily on parodies of current UK pop-
culture to make those facts more accessible, leading to takeoffs of
Masterchef, The Apprentice and Wife Swap among others. The result won
numerous domestic and international awards, including two British Comedy
Awards and four consecutive Children's BAFTAs (cast at 2011 ceremony
pictured), and eventually garnered respect as a classic from viewers of
all ages.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1847:

New Zealand Wars: A minor Māori chief was accidentally shot by
a junior British Army officer in the Petre settlement of New Zealand's
North Island, triggering the Wanganui Campaign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanganui_Campaign>

1862:

Slavery in Washington, D.C., ended when the District of
Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act became law.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Compensated_Emancipation_Act>

1917:

Vladimir Lenin returned to Petrograd from Switzerland, and
joined the Bolshevik movement in Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin>

1941:

World War II: After the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia ten days
earlier, Ante Pavelić declared a new government in Croatia to be led by
the fascist Ustaše.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e>

1963:

Martin Luther King, Jr. wrote his Letter from Birmingham Jail
in response to an open letter written by white clergymen four days
earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

heir apparent:
(usually monarchy) Someone who will definitely inherit, assuming he
survives the one from whom he is inheriting.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heir_apparent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  An education isn't how much you have committed to memory, or even
how much you know. It's being able to differentiate between what you do
know and what you don't.  
--Anatole France
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anatole_France>

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[Daily article] April 15: Bharattherium Published On

Bharattherium is a mammal that lived in India during the Maastrichtian
(latest Cretaceous). The genus has a single species, Bharattherium
bonapartei. It is part of the gondwanathere family Sudamericidae, which
is also found in Madagascar and South America during the latest
Cretaceous. The first fossil of Bharattherium was discovered in 1989 and
published in 1997, but the animal was not named until 2007, when two
teams independently gave it different names. The specific name
bonapartei honors Argentinean paleontologist José Bonaparte, who was
the first to describe a gondwanathere fossil. Bharattherium is known
from a total of eight isolated fossil teeth, including one incisor and
seven molariforms (molar-like teeth). Bharattherium molariforms are
high, curved teeth, with a height of 5.97 to 8.40 mm. The tooth enamel
has traits that have been interpreted as protecting against cracks in
the teeth. The hypsodont (high-crowned) teeth of sudamericids like
Bharattherium is reminiscent of later grazing mammals, and the discovery
of grass in Indian fossil sites contemporaneous with those yielding
Bharattherium suggest that sudamericids were indeed grazers.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharattherium>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1638:

A rebellion by Catholic Japanese peasants in Shimabara over
increased taxes was put down by the Tokugawa shogunate, resulting in
greater enforcement of the policy of national seclusion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion>

1802:

English poet William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy
encountered a "long belt" of daffodils, inspiring him to pen his most
famous work, "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Wandered_Lonely_as_a_Cloud>

1958:

On Walter O'Malley's initiative, the Los Angeles Dodgers and
San Francisco Giants played in the first Major League Baseball game on
the US West Coast.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_O%27Malley>

1989:

A human crush during an FA Cup semi-final match between
Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield,
England (memorial pictured), caused 96 deaths, the most of any stadium-
related disaster in British history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsborough_disaster>

1995:

At a GATT ministerial meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco,
representatives of 124 countries and the European Communities signed an
agreement to establish the World Trade Organization.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

eschatology:
1. (countable) System of doctrines concerning final matters, such as death.
2. (uncountable) The study of the end times — the end of the world,
notably in Christian theology the second coming of Christ, the
Apocalypse or the Last Judgment.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eschatology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   A thought has no size in the physical sense but is vast as
compared to the physical acts and objects into which it is later
precipitated. The power of a thought is enormous and superior to all the
successive physical acts, objects, and events that body forth its
energy. A thought often endures for a time much greater than the whole
life of the man who thought it.  
--Harold W. Percival
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harold_W._Percival>

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[Daily article] April 14: Franklin Peale Published On

Franklin Peale (1795–1870) was an employee and officer of the
Philadelphia Mint from 1833 to 1854. He was the son of painter Charles
Willson Peale, and was born in the museum of curiosities that his father
ran in Philadelphia. For the most part, Franklin Peale's education was
informal, though he took some classes at the University of Pennsylvania.
He became adept in machine making. In 1820, he became an assistant to
his father at the museum, and managed it after Charles Peale's death in
1827. In 1833, Peale was hired by the Mint of the United States
("Mint"), and was sent for two years to Europe to study and report back
on coining techniques. He returned with plans for improvement, and
designed the first steam-powered coinage press in the United States,
installed in 1836. Peale was made Melter and Refiner of the Philadelphia
Mint that year, and Chief Coiner three years later upon the retirement
of the incumbent, Adam Eckfeldt, who continued in his work without pay.
Eckfeldt's labor allowed Peale to run a medal business using Mint
property. This sideline eventually caused Peale's downfall: conflicts
with Engraver James B. Longacre and Melter and Refiner Richard Sears
McCulloh led to Peale being accused of misconduct, and he was dismissed
by President Franklin Pierce in 1854. In retirement, Peale continued his
involvement in and leadership of many civic organizations; he died in
1870.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Peale>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

966:

After his marriage to the Christian Dobrawa of Bohemia, the
pagan ruler of the Polans, Mieszko I, converted to Christianity, an
event considered to be the founding of the Polish state.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty>

1471:

Wars of the Roses: The Yorkists under Edward IV defeated the
Lancastrians near the town of Barnet, killing Richard Neville, Earl of
Warwick.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet>

1944:

The freighter SS Fort Stikine carrying a mixed cargo of cotton
bales, gold, and ammunition exploded in the harbour in Bombay, India,
sinking surrounding ships and killing about 800 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Explosion_(1944)>

1967:

After leading a military coup three months earlier, Gnassingbé
Eyadéma installed himself as President of Togo, a post which he held
until 2005.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma>

1994:

In a friendly fire incident during Operation Provide Comfort in
northern Iraq, two US Air Force aircraft mistakenly shot down two US
Army helicopters, killing 26 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Black_Hawk_shootdown_incident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hapax legomenon:
A word occurring only once in a given corpus.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hapax_legomenon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Everything in life is miraculous. For the sigil taught me that
it rests within the power of each of us to awaken at will from a
dragging nightmare of life made up of unimportant tasks and tedious
useless little habits, to see life as it really is, and to rejoice in
its exquisite wonderfulness. If the sigil were proved to be the top of a
tomato-can, it would not alter that big fact, nor my fixed faith.
 
--James Branch Cabell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell>

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April 13: Pavle Đurišić Published On

Pavle Đurišić (1909–1945) was a Montenegrin Serb officer of the
Royal Yugoslav Army who became a Chetnik commander during World War II.
He was one of the commanders of the popular uprising against the
Italians in Montenegro in July 1941, then collaborated with the Italians
against the Yugoslav Partisans. In 1943, troops under his command
carried out several massacres against the Muslim population of Bosnia,
Herzegovina and the Sandžak and participated in an anti-Partisan
offensive alongside Italian troops. He was captured by the Germans in
May 1943, escaped and was recaptured. He was released after the Italian
surrender and began collaborating with the Germans and the Serbian
puppet government, creating the Montenegrin Volunteer Corps with German
assistance. In late 1944, he was decorated with the Iron Cross 2nd Class
by the German commander in Montenegro. He was killed by elements of the
Armed Forces of the Independent State of Croatia near Banja Luka after
he was captured in an apparent trap. Đurišić was a very able Yugoslav
Chetnik leader, and his fighting skills were respected by his allies and
opponents alike.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle_%C4%90uri%C5%A1i%C4%87>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1111:

Henry V, the last ruler of the Salian dynasty, was crowned Holy
Roman Emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor>

1813:

A "miserable" new parish church for Reculver was consecrated,
replacing a 1,144-year-old church which had been mostly demolished in
1809, despite being an exemplar of Anglo-Saxon church architecture and
sculpture.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reculver>

1945:

World War II: Soviet and Bulgarian forces captured Vienna in
German-occupied Austria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Offensive>

1958:

In the midst of the Cold War, American pianist Van Cliburn won
the inaugural International Tchaikovsky Competition in Moscow.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Cliburn>

1984:

Indian forces launched Operation Meghdoot, a preemptive attack
on the disputed Siachen Glacier region of Kashmir, triggering a military
conflict with Pakistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siachen_conflict>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pink slime:
1. (paper manufacture) An undesirable pink-colored microbial mass occurring
in the slurry used in making paper.
2. (informal) A meat byproduct produced from otherwise unusable material
such as skin and connective tissue, spinal bones, and digestive tissue
by heating and then mixing with ammonia in a centrifuge to produce a
food additive.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pink_slime>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Over the mountains, And over the waves, Over the fountains, And
under the graves; Over the floods that are deepest, Which do Neptune
obey; Over the rocks that are steepest, Love will find out the way.
 
--Thomas Percy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Percy>

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[Daily article] April 12: Triangulum Australe Published On

Triangulum and Triangulum Australe are two small constellations, both
named for the triangular pattern of their three brightest stars. The
constellations are in the northern and the far southern celestial
hemispheres respectively. Triangulum was known to the ancient
Babylonians and Greeks, and was one of the 48 constellations listed by
the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy. It contains several galaxies, the
brightest and nearest of which is the Triangulum Galaxy (pictured)—a
member of the Local Group. It also contains 3C 48, the first quasar
ever observed. At magnitude 3.00, the white giant star Beta Trianguli is
the brightest star in Triangulum. Three stars in the constellation have
been found to have planets. Triangulum Australe was first depicted as
Triangulus Antarcticus by Petrus Plancius in 1589 and was given its
current name by Johann Bayer in 1603. Its brightest star is Alpha
Trianguli Australis, the 42nd-brightest star in the night sky. At
magnitude 1.91, it is an orange giant that is 5500 times more luminous
than, and 130 times as wide as, our Sun. One star system in Triangulum
Australe has a confirmed planet.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulum_Australe>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

240:

Shapur I was crowned shahanshah ("king of kings") of the
Sasanian Empire, the last Iranian empire before the rise of Islam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapur_I>

1776:

The fourth North Carolina Provincial Congress passed the
Halifax Resolves, the first official action in the American colonies
calling for independence from Britain during the American Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax_Resolves>

1831:

The Broughton Suspension Bridge in Manchester, England,
collapsed, reportedly owing to a mechanical resonance induced by troops
marching over the bridge in step.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broughton_Suspension_Bridge>

1961:

Aboard Vostok 3KA-3, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the
first man to enter outer space, completing one orbit in a time of 108
minutes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin>

1994:

Husband-and-wife law partners Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel
posted the first massive commercial Usenet spam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Canter_and_Martha_Siegel>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ungulate:
Having hooves.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ungulate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I have very strongly this feeling... that our everyday life is at
one and the same time banal, overfamiliar, platitudinous and yet
mysterious and extraordinary.  
--Bryan Magee
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bryan_Magee>

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[Daily article] April 11: Frank Berryman Published On

Frank Berryman (1894–1981) was an Australian Army general during the
Second World War. After serving during the First World War on the
Western Front with the field artillery, he spent nearly twenty years as
a major. He joined the Second Australian Imperial Force in April 1940
and became chief of staff of the 6th Division, later becoming Commander,
Royal Artillery, 7th Division. He commanded "Berry Force" in the
Syria–Lebanon campaign before returning to Australia in 1942, where he
became chief of staff of the First Army and then Deputy Chief of the
General Staff. As chief of staff of New Guinea Force, he was involved
with the planning and execution of the Salamaua–Lae campaign and the
Huon Peninsula campaign, and in November 1943, he became commander of II
Corps, which he led in the Battle of Sio. He was the Australian Army
representative at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay. After the war, he
directed the Army's response to the 1949 Australian coal strike, became
the Director General of the 1954 Royal Tour of Elizabeth II, and was
Chief Executive Officer of the Royal Agricultural Society of New South
Wales.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Berryman>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1814:

The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed, ending the War of the
Sixth Coalition, and forcing Napoleon to abdicate as ruler of France and
sending him into exile on Elba.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)>

1888:

The Concertgebouw concert hall in Amsterdam was inaugurated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertgebouw>

1955:

Air India's Kashmir Princess was destroyed in mid-air by a bomb
in an assassination attempt on Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, who had not
been on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_Princess>

1968:

U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of
1968, prohibiting racial discrimination in the sale, rental, and
financing of housing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968>

2011:

A bomb exploded at the central Oktyabrskaya station of the
Minsk Metro in Belarus, killing 15 people and injuring over 200 more.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Minsk_Metro_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

covenstead:
1. (Wicca) A permanent circle or temple used to meet for rituals and to
store religious items, often a mundane location.
2. (Wicca) A Wiccan congregation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/covenstead>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Many people need desperately to receive this message: "I feel and
think much as you do, care about many of the things you care about,
although most people don't care about them. You are not alone."
 
--Timequake
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Timequake>

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[Daily article] April 10: Elgin Cathedral Published On

Elgin Cathedral is a historic ruin in Elgin, Moray, north-east Scotland.
The cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, was established in 1224 on
land granted by King Alexander II. After a damaging fire in 1270, a
rebuilding programme greatly enlarged the building. It was unaffected by
the Wars of Scottish Independence but suffered further fire damage in
1390 and 1402. The cathedral was abandoned at the time of the Scottish
Reformation in 1560 and its services transferred to Elgin's parish
church. After the removal of the lead that waterproofed the roof in
1567, the cathedral steadily fell into decay. Its deterioration was
arrested in the 19th century, by which time the building was in a
substantially ruinous condition. Today, the walls are at full height in
places and at foundation level in others yet the overall cruciform shape
is still discernible. The chapterhouse is mostly intact, as are the two
towers of the west front and the gable wall above the double door
entrance that links them. Recessed and chest tombs contain effigies of
bishops and knights, while large flat slabs in the now grass-covered
floor of the cathedral mark the positions of early graves.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elgin_Cathedral>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1710:

The Statute of Anne, the first fully-fledged law regulating
copyright, entered into force in Great Britain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statute_of_Anne>

1809:

Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition began when
Austria invaded Bavaria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition>

1919:

Mexican Revolution leader Emiliano Zapata was shot to death
near Ciudad Ayala, Morelos.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliano_Zapata>

1959:

Crown Prince Akihito, the future Emperor of Japan, wedded
Michiko, the first commoner to marry into the Japanese Imperial Family.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Michiko>

2010:

A Tupolev Tu-154M aircraft carrying President of Poland Lech
Kaczyński and other Polish officials crashed while attempting to land
in heavy fog at Smolensk-North air base near Smolensk, Russia, killing
all 96 on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Polish_Air_Force_Tu-154_crash>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

popliteal:
(anatomy) Of the area behind the knee.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/popliteal>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Far up the dim twilight fluttered Moth-wings of vapour and flame:
The lights danced over the mountains, Star after star they came. The
lights grew thicker unheeded, For silent and still were we; Our hearts
were drunk with a beauty Our eyes could never see.  
--Æ
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_William_Russell>

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[Daily article] April 9: Goodman Beaver Published On

Goodman Beaver is a comics character created by American cartoonist
Harvey Kurtzman. Goodman was a naïve and optimistic Candide-like
character, oblivious to the corruption and degeneration around him. The
stories were vehicles for biting social satire and pop culture parody.
Except for the character's first appearance, which Kurtzman did alone,
the stories were written by Kurtzman and drawn by Will Elder. Goodman
first appeared in a story in Harvey Kurtzman's Jungle Book in 1959, but
the best-remembered strips were the five stories produced by the
Kurtzman–Elder team in 1961–62 for the Kurtzman-edited magazine
Help! They tended to be in the parodic style Kurtzman had developed when
he wrote and edited Mad in the 1950s, but with more pointed, adult-
oriented satire and much more refined and detailed artwork on Elder's
part, crammed with countless visual gags. The best-known of the Goodman
Beaver stories was "Goodman Goes Playboy" (1962). A satire on the
hedonistic lifestyle of Hugh Hefner using parodies of Archie comics
characters, the story led to a lawsuit from Archie's publisher, although
Hefner, the actual target of the strip, found it amusing.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodman_Beaver>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1860:

On his phonautograph machine, Édouard-Léon Scott de
Martinville made the oldest known recording of an audible human voice,
when he recorded himself singing "Au clair de la lune".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard-L%C3%A9on_Scott_de_Martinville>

1918:

World War I: Aníbal Milhais's actions during the Battle of the
Lys made him the only person to be awarded Portugal's highest military
honour Order of the Tower and Sword directly on the battlefield.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)>

1939:

After being denied permission to perform at Constitution Hall
by the Daughters of the American Revolution, African American singer
Marian Anderson gave an open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln
Memorial in Washington, D.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Anderson>

1999:

President of Niger Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara was shot to death
by soldiers in Niamey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Bar%C3%A9_Ma%C3%AFnassara>

2005:

Charles, Prince of Wales, married his long-time mistress
Camilla Parker Bowles.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales,_and_Camilla_Parker_Bowles>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unheralded:
Without prior warning; unexpected or unannounced.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unheralded>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Men are not in hell because God is angry with them. They are in
wrath and darkness because they have done to the light, which infinitely
flows forth from God, as that man does to the light who puts out his own
eyes.  
--William Law
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Law>

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April 8: 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team Published On

The 2012–13 Michigan Wolverines men's basketball team finished fourth
in the Big Ten Conference (having been co-champions in the previous
year's regular season), ended the 2013 NCAA Tournament as National
Runner-Up, and reached the top of the AP Poll for the first time in 20
years. Led by head coach John Beilein and playing their home games at
the University of Michigan's Crisler Center for the 46th consecutive
year, the Wolverines had the best start in school history by winning
their first 16 games, and 19 of their first 20. The team ended with a
31–8 win–loss record, its most wins in 20 seasons. The Wolverines
had lost 2011–12 captains Zack Novak and Stu Douglass to graduation.
The incoming class of Mitch McGary, Glenn Robinson III and Nik Stauskas
was ranked among the best in the nation. The team was led by national
player of the year Trey Burke (pictured) and All-Conference honorees Tim
Hardaway, Jr., Robinson, and Jordan Morgan. Burke was the second
National Player of the Year and fifth first-team consensus All-American
in Michigan basketball history. At the 2013 NBA draft, Burke and
Hardaway became Michigan's first pair of first-round draft choices since
1994.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Michigan_Wolverines_men%27s_basketball_team>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

217:

Roman emperor Caracalla was assassinated at a roadside near
Harran and succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect Macrinus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracalla>

876:

Forces of the Abbasid Caliphate defeated the army of the
Saffarid amir Ya'qub ibn Laith, forcing Ya'qub to halt his advance into
what is now Iraq.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dayr_al-%27Aqul>

1864:

American Civil War: A decisive Confederate victory in the
Battle of Mansfield stopped the advance of the Union Army's Red River
Campaign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mansfield>

1904:

France and the United Kingdom signed the entente cordiale,
agreeing to a peaceful coexistence after centuries of intermittent
conflict.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_cordiale>

2008:

On board Soyuz TMA-12, Yi So-Yeon became the first Korean
person, and second Asian woman, to go into space.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_So-Yeon>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cross swords:
(idiomatic) To quarrel or argue with someone, to have a dispute with
someone.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cross_swords>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Lives of great men all remind us greatness takes no easy way. All
the heroes of tomorrow are the heretics of today.  
--Yip Harburg
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yip_Harburg>

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[Daily article] April 7: Nancy Mitford Published On

Nancy Mitford (1904–1973) was an English novelist, biographer and
journalist. She was the eldest of the renowned Mitford sisters and one
of the "Bright Young People" of London's inter-war years. Although
mainly remembered for her witty accounts of upper-class life, she also
established a reputation as a writer of popular historical biographies.
The eldest daughter of the 2nd Baron Redesdale, she published her first
book in 1931, but it was her two semi-autobiographical postwar novels,
The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate, that established her
reputation. During the 1950s she was identified with the concept of "U"
(upper) and "non-U" language as a determinant of social standing; she
had intended this as a joke, but thereafter many considered Mitford an
authority on manners and breeding. Her later years were bitter-sweet,
the success of her biographical studies of Madame de Pompadour, Voltaire
and King Louis XIV contrasting with the ultimate failure of her personal
relationships. From the late 1960s her health deteriorated, and she
endured several years of painful illness before her death in 1973.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy_Mitford>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1348:

Charles, King of Bohemia, issued a Golden Bull to establish
Charles University (main façade pictured) in Prague, the first
university in Central Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague>

1724:

Johann Sebastian Bach debuted the St John Passion, a musical
representation of the Passion, at the St. Thomas Church in Leipzig.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_Passion>

1896:

An Arctic expedition led by Norwegian explorer Fridtjof Nansen
reached 86°13.6'N, almost three degrees beyond the previous Farthest
North mark.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen>

1969:

The Internet was symbolically born with publication of RFC 1.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Request_for_Comments>

1994:

The Rwandan Genocide began, a few hours after the assassination
of President Juvénal Habyarimana; an estimated 500,000–1,000,000
Rwandans were killed in the following 100 days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_Genocide>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lollapalooza:
(informal) An outstanding, extreme, or outrageous example of its kind.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lollapalooza>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What though the radiance which was once so bright Be now forever
taken from my sight, Though nothing can bring back the hour Of splendour
in the grass, of glory in the flower; We will grieve not, rather find
Strength in what remains behind; In the primal sympathy Which having
been must ever be.  
--William Wordsworth
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth>

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[Daily article] April 6: Battle of Greece Published On

The Battle of Greece began on 6 April 1941 when Nazi Germany invaded
Greece during World War II. It followed an unsuccessful Italian invasion
in October 1940 and an Italian counterattack in March 1941. When the
German invasion began (German artillery pictured), the bulk of the Greek
army was on the Albanian border, defending against the Italians. German
troops created a second front by coming through Bulgaria, where the
Greek defensive line did not receive adequate reinforcements. The Greek
army was vastly outnumbered by the two invading forces and was soon
forced to surrender. The German army reached Athens on 27 April and
Greece's southern shore on 30 April, capturing 7,000 soldiers from
British Empire forces who had been sent in anticipation of Germany's
invasion. The conquest of Greece was completed with the capture of Crete
a month later. Looking back near the end of the war, as Germany's defeat
loomed ever closer, Hitler blamed Mussolini's Greek fiasco for his own
subsequent catastrophe. As an explanation of Germany's calamitous defeat
in the Soviet Union, this had little to commend it. It nevertheless had
serious consequences for the Axis war effort in north Africa.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Greece>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1580:

One of the largest earthquakes in the recorded history of
England, Flanders and Northern France struck the region.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1580_Dover_Straits_earthquake>

1830:

Joseph Smith, Jr., Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and others
formally organized the Church of Christ, starting the Latter Day Saint
movement.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Christ_(Latter_Day_Saints)>

1896:

The first modern Olympic Games (official report pictured)
opened in Athens, with 241 athletes from 14 nations participating in 43
events in nine disciplines.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics>

1947:

The first Tony Awards, recognizing achievement in live American
theatre, were handed out at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Award>

2008:

Egyptian workers staged an illegal general strike, two days
before key municipal elections.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Egyptian_general_strike>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lek:
(biology) An aggregation of male animals for the purposes of courtship
and display.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lek>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Whenever the powers of government are placed in any hands other
than those of the community, whether those of one man, of a few, or of
several, those principles of human nature which imply that government is
at all necessary, imply that those persons will make use of them to
defeat the very end for which government exists.  
--James Mill
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Mill>

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