[Daily article] May 31: Jane Joseph Published On

Jane Joseph (1894–1929) was an English composer, arranger and teacher
of music, whose potential was noticed by the composer Gustav Holst when
he taught her composition at St Paul's Girls' School. She acted as his
amanuensis from 1914, when he was composing The Planets, and thereafter
assisted him with transcriptions, arrangements and translations, and
with the organisation of music festivals. Many of her works were
composed for performance at these festivals, but most were not published
and have been lost. Two early short orchestral pieces were published and
critically praised, and two of her choral works were admired in her day
but have rarely been performed since. Her carol "A Little Childe There
is Ibore" was thought by Holst to be among the best of its kind. A
respected teacher of music, one of her pupils was Holst's daughter
Imogen. Joseph was also an active member of the Society of Women
Musicians. Her early, unexpected death was judged by her contemporaries
as a considerable loss to English music. As of 2014 there are no
commercial recordings of her music, but there have been occasional
broadcast performances.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Joseph>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1279 BC:

Ramesses II (statue pictured) became Pharaoh of Egypt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II>

1223:

Mongol invasions: Mongol forces defeated a combined army of
Kiev, Galich, and the Cumans at the Kalchik River in present-day
Ukraine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kalka_River>

1862:

American Civil War: Confederate forces under Joseph E. Johnston
and G. W. Smith engaged Union forces under George B. McClellan at the
Battle of Seven Pines outside Richmond, Virginia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines>

1941:

The United Kingdom completed its re-occupation of Iraq,
returning 'Abd al-Ilah to power as regent for Faisal II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War>

2010:

During an attempt to break the ongoing blockade of the Gaza
Strip, the Israeli Navy engaged in armed conflict with the crew of the
MV Mavi Marmara, resulting in nine civilian deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Mavi_Marmara>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

omnishambles:
(UK, chiefly politics) A situation that is bad or mismanaged in every
way.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/omnishambles>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   All this time and at all times wait the words of true
poems, The words of true poems do not merely please, The true poets are
not followers of beauty but the august masters of beauty; The greatness
of sons is the exuding of the greatness of mothers and fathers, The
words of true poems are the tuft and final applause of science.  
--Song of the Answerer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass#Song_of_the_Answerer_.281855.3B_1856.3B_1881.29>

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[Daily article] May 30: Derfflinger-class battlecruiser Published On

The Derfflinger class was a class of three battlecruisers of the German
Imperial Navy. The ships were ordered for the 1912 to 1913 Naval
Building Program of the German Imperial Navy as a reply to the Royal
Navy's three new Lion-class battlecruisers. The Derfflinger class ships
were larger and slightly slower than their predecessors, and had a
larger primary armament. The class comprised three ships: Derfflinger
(pictured), Lützow, and Hindenburg. All three saw active service with
the High Seas Fleet during World War I. Derfflinger was commissioned
shortly after the outbreak of war, and was present at most of the naval
actions in the North Sea, including the battles of Dogger Bank and
Jutland. Lützow was commissioned in August 1915, and only participated
in the raid on Yarmouth before being sunk at Jutland. Hindenburg,
commissioned in May 1917, saw no major action. Derfflinger and
Hindenburg were interned at Scapa Flow following the armistice in
November 1918. Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter, who was in command of the
interned High Seas Fleet, ordered the ships to be scuttled in an attempt
to prevent their possible seizure by the Royal Navy.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derfflinger-class_battlecruiser>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1593:

English playwright Christopher Marlowe was stabbed to death by
Ingram Frizer under mysterious circumstances.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe>

1899:

Female Old West outlaw Pearl Hart performed one of the last
recorded stagecoach robberies 30 miles (48 km) southeast of Globe,
Arizona.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Hart>

1911:

American race car driver Ray Harroun won the first running of
the Indianapolis 500 at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_500>

1961:

Dominican strongman Rafael Trujillo was ambushed by a group of
generals and assassinated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo>

1998:

A 6.9 Mw earthquake struck northern Afghanistan, killing at
least 4,000 people, destroying more than 30 villages, and leaving 45,000
people homeless in the Afghan provinces of Takhar and Badakhshan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_30,_1998_Afghanistan_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

have Van Gogh's ear for music:
(humorous) To be tone-deaf.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/have_Van_Gogh%27s_ear_for_music>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A person is strong only when he stands upon his own truth,
when he speaks and acts from his deepest convictions. Then, whatever the
situation he may be in, he always knows what he must say and do. He may
fall, but he cannot bring shame upon himself or his cause. If we seek
the liberation of the people by means of a lie, we will surely grow
confused, go astray, and lose sight of our objective, and if we have any
influence at all on the people we will lead them astray as well — in
other words, we will be acting in the spirit of reaction and to its
benefit.  
--Mikhail Bakunin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin>

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[Daily article] May 29: Sawtooth National Forest Published On

Sawtooth National Forest is a federally protected area that covers
2,102,461 acres (850,836 ha) in the U.S. states of Idaho (~96 percent)
and Utah (~4 percent). A portion of it has been designated as the
Sawtooth National Recreation Area, which includes the Sawtooth
Wilderness. It is named for the Sawtooth Mountains, one of several
mountain ranges in the area, and contains land cover types which include
sagebrush steppe, spruce-fir forests, and alpine tundra. There are over
1,100 lakes and 3,500 miles (5,600 km) of rivers and streams. Plants
and animals that are found only in the Sawtooth National Forest and
adjacent lands include Christ's Indian paintbrush (pictured), Davis'
springparsley, the South Hills Crossbill, and the Wood River sculpin.
The area that is now Sawtooth National Forest was first occupied by
people as early as 8000 BC and by the Shoshone people after 1700 AD.
The first European descendants migrating from the eastern United States
arrived in the area around the 1820s and founded many of the current
towns around what later became the forest. Facilities are offered for
various recreation activities including skiing, boating, hunting,
camping, and walking.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtooth_National_Forest>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1176:

Wars of the Guelphs and Ghibellines: The Lombard League
defeated the forces of the Holy Roman Empire in Legnano, Lombardy,
present-day Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Legnano>

1780:

American Revolutionary War: A mainly Loyalist force rejected
the Continental Army troops' surrender and continued killing the Patriot
soldiers, including men who were not resisting.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waxhaws>

1914:

The ocean liner RMS Empress of Ireland sank in the Saint
Lawrence River after colliding with the Storstad, killing 1,012 on
board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_Ireland>

1954:

The first annual Bilderberg Group meeting of leaders from
European countries and the United States took place in Oosterbeek,
Netherlands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_Group>

1985:

A wall at Brussels' Heysel Stadium collapsed under the pressure
of football fans escaping a riot before the European Cup Final between
Liverpool and Juventus, killing 39 people and injuring over 600 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heysel_Stadium_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

apothegm:
A short, witty, instructive saying; an aphorism or maxim.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apothegm>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   The one thing that can never be told is the last notion of
the President, for his notions grow like a tropical forest. So in case
you don't know, I'd better tell you that he is carrying out his notion
of concealing ourselves by not concealing ourselves to the most
extraordinary lengths just now. … He said that if you didn't seem to
be hiding nobody hunted you out. Well, he is the only man on earth, I
know; but sometimes I really think that his huge brain is going a little
mad in its old age. For now we flaunt ourselves before the public. …
They say we are a lot of jolly gentlemen who pretend they are
anarchists.  
--The Man Who Was Thursday
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Was_Thursday>

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[Daily article] May 28: Roy Dowling Published On

Roy Dowling (1901–1969) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian
Navy (RAN). He graduated from the Royal Australian Naval College in 1919
and was given command of the sloop HMAS Swan in 1937. During World
War II, he saw action in the Mediterranean aboard HMS Naiad (surviving
her sinking in 1942), served as Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, and
commanded HMAS Hobart in the South West Pacific, earning the
Distinguished Service Order. Dowling took command of the RAN's first
aircraft carrier, HMAS Sydney, in 1948. He rose to become Chief of
Naval Staff (CNS), the RAN's highest-ranking position, from 1955 until
1959. As CNS he had to deal with shortages of money, manpower and
equipment, and with the increasing role of the United States in
Australia's defence planning at the expense of traditional ties with
Britain. Knighted in 1957, he served as Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff
Committee from 1959 until 1961, when he retired. In 1963 he was
appointed a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order and became
Australian Secretary to HM Queen Elizabeth II, serving until his death
in 1969.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Dowling>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1588:

Anglo-Spanish War: The Spanish Armada (a galleass pictured),
with 130 ships and over 30,000 men, set sail from Lisbon for the English
Channel in an attempt to invade England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada>

1754:

French and Indian War: Led by 22-year-old George Washington, a
company of colonial militia from Virginia ambushed a force of 35
Canadiens in the Battle of Jumonville Glen.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen>

1937:

The rise of Neville Chamberlain culminated when he was summoned
to Buckingham Palace to "kiss hands" and accept the office of Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_of_Neville_Chamberlain>

1987:

West German aviator Mathias Rust flew his Cessna 172 through
the supposedly impregnable Soviet air defense system and landed in Red
Square, Moscow.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Rust>

2004:

Ayad Allawi was unanimously elected by the Iraqi Governing
Council to be the interim Prime Minister of Iraq.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayad_Allawi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

crown molding:
(finish carpentry, interior decorating) A molding at the edge of a room
between ceiling and wall.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crown_molding>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I enjoy decoration. By accumulating this mass of detail you throw
light on things in a longer sense: in the long run it all adds up. It
creates a texture — how shall I put it — a background, a period,
which makes everything you write that much more convincing. Of course,
all artists are terrible egoists. Unconsciously you are largely writing
about yourself. I could never write anything factual; I only have
confidence in myself when I am another character. All the characters in
my books are myself, but they are a kind of disguise.  
--Patrick White
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Patrick_White>

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[Daily article] May 27: Sonatas and Interludes Published On

Sonatas and Interludes is a collection of twenty pieces for prepared
piano by American avant-garde composer John Cage (pictured). Forty-five
notes are prepared, using screws, nuts, bolts, pieces of rubber and
plastic, and an eraser. The pieces were composed between February 1946
and March 1948, shortly after Cage's introduction to Indian philosophy
and the teachings of art historian Ananda K. Coomaraswamy, both of which
became major influences on the composer's later work. Significantly more
complex than his other works for prepared piano, Sonatas and Interludes
is generally recognized as one of Cage's finest achievements. The cycle
consists of sixteen sonatas and four more freely structured interludes.
The aim of the pieces is to express the eight permanent emotions of the
rasa Indian tradition. In Sonatas and Interludes, Cage elevated his
technique of rhythmic proportions to a new level of complexity. In each
sonata a short sequence of natural numbers and fractions defines the
structure of the work and that of its parts, informing structures as
localized as individual melodic lines. Cage dedicated the work to Maro
Ajemian, a pianist and friend, who performed it many times.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatas_and_Interludes>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1644:

Manchu regent Dorgon defeated rebel leader Li Zicheng of the
Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to
enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass>

1799:

War of the Second Coalition: Austrian forces defeated the
French and captured the strategically important town of Winterthur,
Switzerland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Winterthur_(1799)>

1874:

The first group of the Dorsland Trek, a series of explorations
undertaken by Boers in search of political independence and better
living conditions, departed South Africa for Angola.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsland_Trek>

1930:

Standing at 319 metres (1,047 ft), New York City's Chrysler
Building opened as the world's tallest building before it was surpassed
by the Empire State Building 11 months later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysler_Building>

1983:

A massive explosion at an illegal fireworks factory near
Benton, Tennessee, US, killed eleven people and caused damage within a
radius of several miles.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb_Farm_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

antaphrodisiac:
Capable of reducing the sex drive.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antaphrodisiac>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   I am anti-entropy. My work is foursquare for chaos. I spend
my life personally, and my work professionally, keeping the soup
boiling. Gadfly is what they call you when you are no longer dangerous;
I much prefer troublemaker, malcontent, desperado. I see myself as a
combination of Zorro and Jiminy Cricket. My stories go out from here and
raise hell. From time to time some denigrator or critic with umbrage
will say of my work, "He only wrote that to shock." I smile and nod.
Precisely.   
--Harlan Ellison
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harlan_Ellison>

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[Daily article] May 26: Triaenops menamena Published On

Triaenops menamena is a bat in the genus Triaenops found on Madagascar,
mainly in the drier regions. It was known as Triaenops rufus until 2009,
when it was discovered that that name had been incorrectly applied to
the species. Triaenops rufus is a synonym of Triaenops persicus, a
closely related Middle Eastern species. Triaenops menamena is mostly
found in forests, but also occurs in other habitats. It often roosts in
large colonies and eats insects such as butterflies and moths. Because
of its wide range, common occurrence, and tolerance of habitat
degradation, it is not considered to be threatened. With a forearm
length of 50 to 56 mm (2.0 to 2.2 in) in males and 46 to 53 mm (1.8
to 2.1 in) in females, this is a medium-sized bat. Its fur color is
variable, ranging from reddish-brown to gray, but it is generally darker
than the species in the closely related genus Paratriaenops which also
occur on Madagascar. The skull contains a pronounced swelling around the
nose and the second upper premolar is displaced outside the toothrow.
The maximum frequency of the echolocation call averages 94.2 kHz and
the species can easily be recognized on the basis of its call.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triaenops_menamena>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

946:

King Edmund I of England was murdered by a thief whom he
personally attacked while celebrating St Augustine's Day mass.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_I>

1857:

American slave Dred Scott (pictured), who had previously
unsuccessfully sued for his freedom, was emancipated by Henry Taylor
Blow, his original owner.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott>

1897:

Dracula, Irish author Bram Stoker's most famous novel, was
first published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula>

1972:

U.S. President Richard Nixon and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev
signed the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty in Moscow, concluding the first
round of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty>

2008:

Severe flooding began in eastern and southern China that
ultimately caused 148 deaths and forced the evacuation of 1.3 million
people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_South_China_floods>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

eyrie:
1. A bird of prey's nest.
2. Any high and remote but commanding place.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eyrie>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A wiki works best where you're trying to answer a question that
you can't easily pose, where there's not a natural structure that's
known in advance to what you need to know.  
--Ward Cunningham
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham>

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[Daily article] May 25: Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) Published On

Vol. 3: (The Subliminal Verses) is the third studio album by American
metal band Slipknot (pictured). The album was released on May 25, 2004,
through Roadrunner Records. It is the band's only album produced by Rick
Rubin and also the only one not to feature profanity. Following the
band's tour to promote its second album in 2002, speculation regarding
the future began. Some band members had already been involved in side
projects including Murderdolls, To My Surprise, and the reformation of
Stone Sour. In 2003, Slipknot moved into The Mansion to work on the
album. Initially, the band was unproductive; lead vocalist Corey Taylor
was drinking heavily. Nevertheless, they wrote more than enough material
for a new album—the band's first to incorporate more traditional,
melodic song structures, guitar solos and acoustic guitars. The album
received generally positive reviews; Q called it "a triumph". The album
peaked within the top ten in album sales across eleven countries, and
went Platinum in the United States. The band also received the Grammy
Award for Best Metal Performance for the song "Before I Forget".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vol._3:_(The_Subliminal_Verses)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

240 BC:

The Chinese chronicle Records of the Grand Historian recorded
the first confirmed sighting of Halley's Comet (pictured), the first
comet to be recognized as periodic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet>

1810:

The Primera Junta, the first independent government in
Argentina, was established in an open cabildo in Buenos Aires, marking
the end of the May Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_Revolution>

1914:

The British parliament passed the Third Home Rule Act,
establishing a devolved government in Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914>

1940:

Second World War: A German Panzer division captured Boulogne-
sur-Mer, France, forcing the evacuation of the British Expeditionary
Force through Dunkirk.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne_(1940)>

2000:

Israel withdrew its army from most of Lebanese territory, 22
years after its first invasion in 1978.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

masterly inactivity:
(politics) A policy of deliberate inactivity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/masterly_inactivity>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The stars awaken a certain reverence, because though always
present, they are inaccessible; but all natural objects make a kindred
impression, when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears
a mean appearance. Neither does the wisest man extort her secret, and
lose his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never
became a toy to a wise spirit. The flowers, the animals, the mountains,
reflected the wisdom of his best hour, as much as they had delighted the
simplicity of his childhood.  
--Ralph Waldo Emerson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson>

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[Daily article] May 24: History of Sheffield Published On

The history of Sheffield, a city in South Yorkshire, England, can be
traced back to the founding of a settlement beside the River Sheaf in
the second half of the 1st millennium AD, although the area has seen
human occupation since the last ice age. Following the Norman conquest
of England, Sheffield developed into a small town. By the 14th century
it was noted for the production of knives, and by 1600 it had become the
second main centre of cutlery production in England after London. In the
1740s the crucible steel process was improved by Sheffield resident
Benjamin Huntsman, allowing a much better production quality. At about
the same time, Sheffield plate, a form of silver plating, was invented,
and the associated industries caused Sheffield to grow rapidly. It
remained a major industrial city throughout the first half of the 20th
century, but the downturn in world trade following the 1973 oil crisis
and international rationalisation in steel production led to the closure
of many of the steelworks from the early 1970s onward. Since the late
1980s, urban and economic regeneration schemes (including the Sheffield
Winter Garden, pictured) have transformed the city, but the city centre
remains blighted by empty shops and improvements have been halted by the
recession.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Sheffield>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1689:

The Act of Toleration became law, granting freedom of worship
to Nonconformists under certain circumstances, but deliberately
excluding Catholics.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Toleration_1689>

1830:

The nursery rhyme "Mary Had a Little Lamb" was first published
as an original poem by Sarah Josepha Hale.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Had_a_Little_Lamb>

1883:

New York City opened the Brooklyn Bridge (pictured) – the
longest suspension bridge in the world at the time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge>

1948:

Arab–Israeli War: After five days of fighting, Egyptian
forces finally captured the Israeli community of Yad Mordechai after the
defenders had abandoned it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Yad_Mordechai>

1999:

Former President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević was indicted
for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

shylock:
(intransitive, US) To lend money at exorbitant rates of interest.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shylock>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The fact that astronomies change while the stars abide is a true
analogy of every realm of human life and thought, religion not least of
all. No existent theology can be a final formulation of spiritual truth.
 
--Harry Emerson Fosdick
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harry_Emerson_Fosdick>

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[Daily article] May 23: Coonskin (film) Published On

Coonskin is a 1975 American film written and directed by Ralph Bakshi
(pictured in 2009), about an African American rabbit, fox, and bear who
rise to the top of the organized crime racket in Harlem, encountering
corrupt law enforcement, con artists, and the Mafia. The film, which
combines live action and animation, stars Philip Thomas, Charles
Gordone, Barry White, and Scat Man Crothers, all of whom appear in both
live-action and animated sequences. Coonskin makes reference to various
elements from African-American culture, ranging from African folk tales
to the work of cartoonist George Herriman, and satirizes racist and
other stereotypes, as well as the blaxploitation genre, Song of the
South, and The Godfather. Coonskin encountered controversy before its
original theatrical release when the Congress of Racial Equality
criticized the content as being racist. When the film was released, it
had limited distribution and initially received negative reviews.
Coonskin has since been reappraised. A New York Times review said that
it could be Bakshi's "masterpiece" and Bakshi considers it his best
film.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coonskin_(film)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1555:

Giovanni Pietro Carafa became Pope Paul IV and had a short,
but tumultuous papacy, during which the Papal States suffered a serious
military defeat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV>

1618:

In the Second Defenestration of Prague, Protestant members of
the Bohemian aristocracy threw Catholic regents of Emperor Ferdinand II
out the third-storey window of Prague Castle, precipitating the Thirty
Years' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenestrations_of_Prague>

1844:

Siyyid `Alí-Muhammad Shírází proclaimed that he was "the
Báb", after a Shi`a religious concept, marking the beginning of the
Bábí movement, the forerunner of the Bahá'í Faith.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1bism>

1934:

American criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were ambushed
and killed by police on a desolate road near their hideout in Bienville
Parish, Louisiana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde>

2010:

Jamaica's military and police force began a manhunt for drug
lord Christopher Coke, beginning three days of armed conflict with the
Shower Posse cartel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kingston_unrest>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

thagomizer:
(anatomy) An arrangement of spikes found on the tails of various
stegosaurs.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thagomizer>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Mercury has cast aside The signs of intellectual pride, Freely
offers thee the soul: Art thou noble to receive? Canst thou give or take
the whole, Nobly promise and believe? Then thou wholly human art, A
spotless, radiant, ruby heart, And the golden chain of love Has bound
thee to the realm above.  
--Margaret Fuller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller>

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[Daily article] May 22: Hurricane Ginger Published On

Hurricane Ginger was the second-longest lasting Atlantic hurricane on
record. The eighth tropical cyclone and fifth hurricane of the 1971
season, Ginger spent 27.25 days as a tropical cyclone and was
classified as a hurricane for 20 of those days. The storm formed
northeast of the Bahamas, and for its first nine days tracked generally
eastward or northeastward while gradually strengthening to peak winds of
110 mph (175 km/h). On September 14, Ginger slowed and turned to a
general westward track, passing near Bermuda on September 23. There,
the hurricane produced gusty winds and high waves, but no damage. While
over the western Atlantic Ocean, Ginger became the last target of
Project Stormfury, which sought to weaken hurricanes by depositing
silver iodide into tropical cyclone rainbands. Ginger ultimately struck
North Carolina on September 30 as a minimal hurricane, lashing the
coastline with gusty winds. Heavy rainfall flooded towns and caused
damage estimated at $10 million. Further north, moderate precipitation
and winds spread through the Mid-Atlantic states, although no
significant damage was reported outside of North Carolina.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ginger>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1629:

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, and Danish King Christian IV
signed the Treaty of Lübeck to end Danish intervention in the Thirty
Years' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_L%C3%BCbeck>

1849:

Abraham Lincoln was issued a patent for an invention to lift
boats over obstacles in a river, making him the only U.S. President to
ever hold a patent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_patent>

1897:

The first Blackwall Tunnel (construction pictured) under the
River Thames was opened to improve commerce and trade in the East End of
London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnel>

1958:

Ethnic rioting broke out in Ceylon, targeted mostly at the
minority Sri Lankan Tamils, resulting in up to 300 deaths over the next
five days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_riots_in_Ceylon>

2010:

Upon landing in Mangalore, Air India Express Flight 812
overshot the runway and fell over a cliff, killing 158 of the 166 people
on board in the crash and ensuing fire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Express_Flight_812>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sangfroid:
Composure, self-possession or imperturbability especially when in a
dangerous situation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sangfroid>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  My name is Sherlock Holmes. It is my business to know what other
people don't know.  
--Arthur Conan Doyle
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle>

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[Daily article] May 21: Kenneth R. Shadrick Published On

Kenneth R. Shadrick (1931–1950) was a private in the United States
Army who was widely, but incorrectly, reported as the first American
soldier killed in action in the Korean War. Shadrick was born in Harlan
County, Kentucky, one of 10 children. After dropping out of high school
in 1948, he joined the US Army, and spent a year of service in Japan
before being dispatched to South Korea at the onset of the Korean War in
1950 along with his unit, the 34th Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry
Division. During a patrol, Shadrick was killed by the machine gun of a
North Korean T-34 tank, and his body was taken to an outpost where
journalist Marguerite Higgins was covering the war. Higgins later
reported that he was the first soldier killed in the war, a claim that
was repeated in media across the United States. His life was widely
profiled, and his funeral drew hundreds of people. His death is now
believed to have occurred after the first American combat fatalities in
the Battle of Osan. Since the identities of other soldiers killed before
Shadrick remain unknown, he is still often incorrectly cited as the
first US soldier killed in the war.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_R._Shadrick>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

996:

Pope Gregory V crowned Otto III as Holy Roman Emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor>

1881:

Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross in Washington, D.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Barton>

1911:

Mexican President Porfirio Díaz and the revolutionary
Francisco Madero signed the Treaty of Ciudad Juárez to put an end to
the fighting between the forces of both men, and thus concluding the
initial phase of the Mexican Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez>

1924:

University of Chicago students Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold,
Jr. murdered a 14-year-old boy in a thrill killing out of a desire to
commit a perfect crime.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_and_Loeb>

1998:

Indonesian President Suharto resigned as a result of the
collapse of support for his three-decade-long reign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suharto>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cloudburst:
A sudden heavy rainstorm.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cloudburst>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The environment of human life has changed more rapidly and more
extensively in recent years than it has ever changed before. When
environment changes, there must be a corresponding change in life. That
change must be so great that it is not likely to be completed in a
decade or in a generation.  
--Charles Lindbergh
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh>

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[Daily article] May 20: Thomas Ellison Published On

Thomas Ellison (c. 1867 – 1904) was a New Zealand rugby union
player. After being educated at Te Aute College, where he was introduced
to rugby, Ellison moved to Wellington, and played for the Poneke
Football Club. He was subsequently selected to represent Wellington
province, and was later recruited into Joe Warbrick's privately
organised 1888–89 New Zealand Native football team. Ellison scored 113
points and 43 tries on their epic 107-match tour of the British Isles,
Australia and New Zealand. On his return he continued with Poneke and
Wellington, and from 1892 started to refine and popularise the wing-
forward system of play, which was a vital element of New Zealand rugby's
style until 1932. At the first New Zealand Rugby Football Union annual
general meeting in 1893, he proposed that the playing colours of the New
Zealand side should be predominantly black with a silver fern—a
playing strip that inspired the team's name of All Blacks. That year
he captained the New Zealand side on their tour of Australia. He retired
from playing afterwards, but continued as a coach and administrator.
Ellison was the author of a coaching manual, The Art of Rugby Football,
published in 1902.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ellison>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1217:

In the Battle of Lincoln, the last land battle of the First
Barons' War, William the Marshal drove Prince Louis of France out of
England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1217)>

1609:

Thomas Thorpe published the first copies of Shakespeare's
sonnets, possibly without William Shakespeare's consent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets>

1882:

The Triple Alliance was created between Germany, Austria-
Hungary and Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)>

1927:

By the Treaty of Jeddah, the United Kingdom recognized the
sovereignty of King Ibn Saud over Hejaz and Nejd, which later merged to
become Saudi Arabia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud>

1993:

"One for the Road", the series finale of American television
sitcom Cheers, was watched by 42.4 million American households on its
original airing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_for_the_Road_(Cheers)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

much of a muchness:
(idiomatic) Of two or more things, having little difference of any
significance between them.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/much_of_a_muchness>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   There is a revolution coming. It will not be like revolutions
of the past. It will originate with the individual and with culture, and
it will change the political structure only as its final act. It will
not require violence to succeed, and it cannot be successfully resisted
by violence. It is now spreading with amazing rapidity, and already our
laws, institutions and social structure are changing in consequence. It
promises a higher reason, a more human community, and a new and
liberated individual. Its ultimate creation will be a new and enduring
wholeness and beauty — a renewed relationship of man to himself, to
other men, to society, to nature, and to the land. This is the
revolution of the new generation.  
--Charles A. Reich
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_A._Reich>

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[Daily article] May 19: Eurasian nuthatch Published On

The Eurasian nuthatch is a small passerine bird found throughout
temperate Asia and in Europe. Like other nuthatches, it is a short-
tailed bird with a long bill, blue-grey upperparts and a black eye-
stripe. It is a vocal bird with a repeated loud dwip call. There are
more than 20 subspecies. Birds in the west of the range have orange-buff
underparts and a white throat, those in Russia have whitish underparts,
and those in the Far East have a similar appearance to European birds,
but lack the white throat. The preferred habitat is mature deciduous or
mixed woodland with large, old trees, preferably oak. Pairs nest in tree
holes, usually old woodpecker nests. The Eurasian nuthatch eats mainly
insects, particularly caterpillars and beetles, supplementing its diet
with nuts and seeds in autumn and winter. It can forage when descending
trees head first, as well as when climbing. It readily visits bird
tables and is an inveterate hoarder, storing food year-round. Its main
natural predator is the Eurasian sparrowhawk. It has a large population
and huge breeding area, and is therefore classified by the International
Union for Conservation of Nature as being of Least Concern.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_nuthatch>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

715:

The papacy of Gregory II began; his conflict with Byzantine
emperor Leo III eventually led to the establishment of the popes'
temporal power.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II>

1743:

French physicist Jean-Pierre Christin published the design of a
mercury thermometer with the centigrade scale, with 0 representing the
freezing point of water and 100 its boiling point.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsius>

1845:

Captain Sir John Franklin and his ill-fated Arctic expedition
departed from Greenhithe, England; the entire 129-man complement would
be lost.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition>

1962:

During a televised birthday celebration for U.S. President John
F. Kennedy at New York City's Madison Square Garden, actress and model
Marilyn Monroe performed a sultry rendition of "Happy Birthday to You".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President>

1997:

The Sierra Gorda Biosphere, which encompasses the most
ecologically diverse region in Mexico, was established as a result of
grassroots efforts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Gorda>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

front runner:
(idiomatic) The most likely winners in a contest, election, etc.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/front_runner>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Once you change your philosophy, you change your thought
pattern. Once you change your thought pattern, you change your — your
attitude. Once you change your attitude, it changes your behavior
pattern and then you go on into some action.  
--Malcolm X
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Malcolm_X>

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[Daily article] May 18: Interstate 805 Published On

Interstate 805 (I-805) is a major north–south Interstate Highway in
Southern California, USA. It is a bypass of I-5, running along the
eastern areas of the Greater San Diego region from San Ysidro to near
Del Mar. From I-5 in San Ysidro (less than a mile north of the
Mexico–U.S. border), I-805 then traverses through the cities of Chula
Vista and National City before reentering San Diego. The freeway passes
though the San Diego neighborhoods of North Park, Mission Valley,
Clairemont, and University City before terminating at I-5 in the
Sorrento Valley neighborhood near the Del Mar city limit. Planning for
I-805 began in 1956, and the route was officially designated in 1959
before it was renumbered in the 1964 state highway renumbering.
Construction started in 1967 and it was opened in 1975. Named the Jacob
Dekema Freeway after the longtime head of the regional division of the
California Department of Transportation, I-805 has been frequently cited
for its complex engineering and architecture, including near I-8 on the
Mission Valley Viaduct. High-occupancy toll lanes are under construction
on both the northern and southern portions of the route.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_805>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1388:

During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu led a Chinese
army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Toghus Temur, the Khan of
Northern Yuan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buyur_Lake>

1912:

The first Indian film, Shree Pundalik by Dadasaheb Torne, was
released.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_India>

1944:

The Soviet Union forcibly deported the entire population of
Crimean Tatars as special settlers to Uzbek SSR and elsewhere in the
country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Tatars>

1953:

At Rogers Dry Lake, California, in her Canadair Sabre, American
Jackie Cochran became the first female pilot to break the sound barrier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran>

1974:

India conducted its first nuclear test explosion at Pokhran,
the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the five permanent
members of the United Nations Security Council.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddha>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

upend:
1. (transitive) To end up; to set on end.
2. To tip or turn over.
3. To destroy, invalidate, overthrow, or defeat.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/upend>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   The good life is one inspired by love and guided by
knowledge.  
--Bertrand Russell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell>

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[Daily article] May 17: Oxbow (horse) Published On

Oxbow (foaled 2010) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse best known for
winning the 2013 Preakness Stakes. A bay colt sired by Awesome Again, a
winner of the Breeders' Cup Classic and out of a full sister to Tiznow,
another Breeders' Cup Classic winner, he was sold as a yearling at
Keeneland for $250,000. Oxbow is owned by Brad Kelley of Calumet Farm,
was trained by D. Wayne Lukas, and was ridden in his Triple Crown races
by Gary Stevens. His Preakness win was Calumet Farm's first win in a
Triple Crown race in 45 years and breeder Richard Santulli's first win
in a Triple Crown classic race. It also was Stevens' first Triple Crown
win since 2001, following his return to riding in early 2013 after a
seven-year retirement, and Lukas' first Triple Crown win since 2000.
Oxbow's second-place finish in the Belmont Stakes in June made him only
the third horse to have $1 million in purse wins for 2013. Later in the
season, he was pulled up shortly after finishing fourth in the Haskell
Invitational, whereupon he was found to have suffered a soft tissue
injury, was taken out of competition for the remainder of his three-
year-old season, and retired to stud in October 2013.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbow_(horse)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1642:

The Société Notre-Dame de Montréal founded a permanent
mission known as Ville-Marie (Notre-Dame Church pictured), which
eventually grew into the city of Montreal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal>

1914:

Albania officially recognized the area of Northern Epirus as an
autonomous region within the Albanian state, which was never established
due to World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_of_Corfu>

1954:

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Brown v.
Board of Education, outlawing racial segregation in public schools
because "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education>

1974:

The Troubles: The Ulster Volunteer Force detonated a series of
car bombs in Dublin and Monaghan, Ireland, killing 33 people and
injuring over 300 more.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings>

2004:

Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex
marriage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Massachusetts>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

morpheme:
(linguistics) The smallest linguistic unit within a word that can carry
a meaning, such as "un-", "break", and "-able" in the word
"unbreakable".
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/morpheme>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Is there not glory enough in living the days given to us? You
should know there is adventure in simply being among those we love and
the things we love, and beauty, too.  
--Lloyd Alexander
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lloyd_Alexander>

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[Daily article] May 16: Nicolo Giraud Published On

Nicolo Giraud (born c. 1795 – unknown) was a friend and possibly
lover of the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. The two met in 1809 while
Byron was staying in Athens. Giraud was reported to have taught him
Italian, and was his travel companion in Greece. Byron paid for Giraud's
education and left him £7,000 in his will. Years after they parted
company, Byron changed his will to exclude Giraud. Other than his
involvement with Byron, little is known of Giraud's life. The friendship
between Byron and Giraud has become a topic of interest among scholars
and biographers of Byron. Many believe that the pair's relationship was
platonic, but correspondence between Byron and his friends has been used
since the late 20th century to argue that the two were engaged in a love
affair. The earliest claim of a sexual relationship between them comes
from George Colman's poem Don Leon, published in 1833, in which Byron is
the principal character and Giraud is portrayed as his liberator from
the sexual prejudices in Britain. One modern writer says that the poem
and the fictional discussion of their relationship provides insights
into 19th-century British views on homosexuality.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolo_Giraud>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1771:

The Battle of Alamance—the final battle of the War of the
Regulation, a rebellion in colonial North Carolina over issues of
taxation and local control—was fought.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alamance>

1811:

Peninsular War: An allied force of British, Spanish, and
Portuguese troops clashed with the French at the Battle of Albuera south
of Badajoz, Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera>

1929:

The 1st Academy Awards (statuette pictured) ceremony was held
at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Los Angeles.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Academy_Awards>

1961:

The Military Revolution Committee, led by Park Chung-hee,
carried out a bloodless coup against the government of Yun Bo-seon,
ending the Second Republic of South Korea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_16_coup>

1966:

Chinese leader Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution
officially as a campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeois elements
and to continue revolutionary class struggle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hue and cry:
1. (historical) The public pursuit of a felon; accompanied by shouts to
warn others to give chase.
2. (by extension) A loud and persistent public clamour; especially one of
protest or making some demand.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hue_and_cry>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What a man believes may be ascertained, not from his creed, but
from the assumptions on which he habitually acts.  
--Man and Superman
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Man_and_Superman>

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[Daily article] May 15: Mycena aurantiomarginata Published On

Mycena aurantiomarginata, commonly known as the golden-edge bonnet, is a
species of agaric fungus in the family Mycenaceae. First formally
described in 1803, it was given its current name in 1872. It is common
in Europe and North America, and has also been collected in North
Africa, Central America, and Japan. The fungus produces fruit bodies
(mushrooms) that grow on the floor of coniferous forests. The mushrooms
have a bell-shaped to conical cap up to 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter, set
atop a slender stem up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long with yellow to orange
hairs at the base. The fungus is named after its characteristic bright
orange gill edges. A microscopic characteristic is the club-shaped
cystidia that are covered with numerous spiky projections, resembling a
mace. The mushroom's edibility has not been determined. It can be
distinguished from similar Mycena species by differences in size, color,
and substrate. A 2010 publication reported the discovery and
characterization of a novel pigment named mycenaaurin A, isolated from
the mushroom. The pigment is responsible for its color, and it has
antibiotic activity that may prevent certain bacteria from growing on
the mushroom.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycena_aurantiomarginata>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1793:

Inventor Diego Marín Aguilera, the "father of aviation" in
Spain, flew one of the first gliders for about 360 m (1,180 ft).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Mar%C3%ADn_Aguilera>

1864:

American Civil War: A small Confederate force, which included
cadets from the Virginia Military Institute, forced the Union Army out
of the Shenandoah Valley.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market>

1928:

Mickey and Minnie Mouse made their film debut in the animated
cartoon Plane Crazy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mouse>

1974:

A unit of the Golani Brigade assaulted an elementary school in
Ma'alot, Israel, where three armed members of the Democratic Front for
the Liberation of Palestine had taken 115 people hostage, resulting in
28 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre>

1990:

Vincent van Gogh's Portrait of Dr. Gachet was sold at auction
in Christie's New York office for a total of US$82.5 million, at the
time the world's most expensive painting.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Dr._Gachet>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

plangent:
Having a loud, mournful sound.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plangent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Imagination has brought mankind through the Dark Ages to its
present state of civilization. Imagination led Columbus to discover
America. Imagination led Franklin to discover electricity. Imagination
has given us the steam engine, the telephone, the talking-machine, and
the automobile, for these things had to be dreamed of before they became
realities. So I believe that dreams — day dreams, you know, with your
eyes wide open and your brain machinery whizzing — are likely to lead
to the betterment of the world. The imaginative child will become the
imaginative man or woman most apt to create, to invent, and therefore to
foster civilization. A prominent educator tells me that fairy tales are
of untold value in developing imagination in the young. I believe it.
  
--L. Frank Baum
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum>

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[Daily article] May 14: AHS Centaur Published On

Australian Hospital Ship Centaur was attacked and sunk by a Japanese
submarine off North Stradbroke Island, Queensland, Australia, on 14 May
1943, killing the majority of those on board. She had been launched in
1924 as a combination passenger liner/freighter, operating between
Western Australia and Singapore. Following her early-1943 conversion to
a hospital ship, Centaur served as a medical transport between New
Guinea and Australia. Before dawn on 14 May 1943, while on her second
voyage, Centaur was torpedoed. Of the 332 medical personnel and civilian
crew aboard, 268 died, including 11 of the 12 nurses. The 64 survivors
were not discovered until 36 hours later. The incident resulted in
public outrage, as attacking a hospital ship was considered a war crime
under the 1907 Hague Convention. Despite this, it was not until the
1970s that the identity of the attacking submarine, I-177, became
public. The reason for the attack is unknown, although there are claims
that the ship may have been in breach of the international conventions
that should have protected her. The wreck was found in 2009, although
the incorrect identification of another wreck as Centaur stood from 1995
to 2003.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHS_Centaur>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1264:

Second Barons' War: King Henry III was defeated at the Battle
of Lewes and forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, making Simon de Montfort
the de facto ruler of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_of_Lewes>

1607:

An expedition led by Edward Maria Wingfield, Christopher
Newport, and John Smith established Jamestown, Virginia, the first
permanent English settlement in North America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia>

1796:

English physician Edward Jenner began testing cowpox as a
vaccine against smallpox.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner>

1913:

The New York State Legislature accepted the charter for the
Rockefeller Foundation, which at one point was the world's wealthiest
charitable foundation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation>

1948:

David Ben-Gurion publicly read the Israeli Declaration of
Independence at the present-day Independence Hall in Tel Aviv,
officially establishing a new Jewish state in parts of the former
British Mandate of Palestine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sumptuous:
Magnificent, splendid, extremely good.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sumptuous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Remember, a Jedi's strength flows from the Force. But beware:
Anger, fear, aggression — the dark side, are they. Once you start down
the dark path, forever will it dominate your destiny.  
--Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_VI:_Return_of_the_Jedi>

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[Daily article] May 13: Millennium Force Published On

Millennium Force is a steel roller coaster at Cedar Point amusement park
in Sandusky, Ohio, United States. Completed in 2000, it has broken and
helped to break ten world records. It was also the first Giga Coaster
(any complete circuit roller coaster that exceeds 300 feet (91 m) in
height) in the world. It was briefly the tallest and fastest complete
circuit roller coaster in the world, before being surpassed by Steel
Dragon 2000 in August 2000. The ride is also the second-longest roller
coaster in North America after The Beast at Kings Island, and was the
first roller coaster to use a cable lift system, rather than a
traditional chain lift. The coaster has a 310 ft (94 m), 45 degree
inclined lift hill with a 300 ft (91 m) drop, and features two
tunnels, three overbanked turns, and four hills. It has a top speed of
about 93 mph (150 km/h). Since 2001, Millennium Force has been voted
the number one steel roller coaster in the world eight times in
Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Awards, and has never been ranked lower
than number two. Although it is no longer the tallest or fastest roller
coaster at Cedar Point, it is still one of the tallest and fastest in
the world.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Force>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1638:

Construction began in Delhi on the Red Fort (Lahori Gate
pictured), the residence of the Mughal emperors, now an iconic symbol of
India.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Fort>

1779:

Russian and French mediators negotiated the Treaty of Teschen
to end the War of the Bavarian Succession.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession>

1913:

Russian American Igor Sikorsky flew the world's first multi-
engine fixed-wing aircraft, the Russky Vityaz, which he designed
himself.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky>

1948:

Fifteen Jewish residents of Kibbutz Kfar Etzion were massacred
following their surrender after a two-day battle with the Arab Legion
and Arab settlers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre>

1985:

Eleven members of the American black liberation group MOVE were
killed when a Philadelphia police helicopter dropped a bomb on their
house during a raid.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOVE>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mama bear:
(slang) A woman, especially a mother, who is extremely protective of a
child or children.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mama_bear>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Charity keepeth us in Faith and Hope, and Hope leadeth us in
Charity. And in the end all shall be Charity.  
--Julian of Norwich
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich>

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[Daily article] May 12: Sigi Schmid Published On

Sigi Schmid (born 1953) is a German-American soccer coach. Born in
Tübingen, West Germany, he moved to the United States with his family
when he was a child. He played college soccer as a midfielder from 1972
to 1975 at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He coached
his former college team between 1980 and 1999 and became one of the most
successful collegiate coaches of all time. The UCLA Bruins made 16
consecutive playoff appearances from 1983 to 1998, winning the national
championship in 1985, 1990, and 1997. Schmid also worked with US Soccer
throughout the 1990s. Schmid has coached the Los Angeles Galaxy and the
Columbus Crew in Major League Soccer (MLS). He became the head coach of
Seattle Sounders FC in 2009. Throughout his career, Schmid has received
praise from critics for his ability to identify new talent. His
defensive tactics are also highly regarded in the press, although their
deployment in his final two seasons with Los Angeles led directly to the
termination of his contract. Despite never having played soccer at a
professional level, he has the most coaching wins in MLS history, and
was the recipient of the MLS Coach of the Year Award in 1999 and 2008.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigi_Schmid>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

907– Zhu Wen forced Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang
Dynasty after nearly three hundred years of rule.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Ai_of_Tang>

1364:

King of Poland Casimir III issued a royal charter to establish
Jagiellonian University, the nation's oldest university.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University>

1881:

Under the threat of invasion, the Bey of Tunis Muhammad III
as-Sadiq signed the Treaty of Bardo to make Tunisia a French
protectorate.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia>

1926:

The crew of the airship Norge (pictured), led by Roald
Amundsen, became the first people to make a verified trip to the North
Pole.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge_(airship)>

1958:

Canada and the United States signed a formal agreement
establishing the North American Air Defense Command to provide aerospace
warning and defense for North America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

deskfast:
Breakfast eaten at work, particularly while sitting at a desk.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/deskfast>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Education is not a function of any church — or even of a
city — or a state; it is a function of all mankind.  
--Philip Wylie
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philip_Wylie>

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[Daily article] May 11: Oryzomys peninsulae Published On

Oryzomys peninsulae, also known as the Lower California rice rat, is a
species of rodent from western Mexico. Restricted to the southern tip of
the Baja California peninsula, it is a member of the genus Oryzomys of
family Cricetidae. Twenty-one specimens of O. peninsulae are known,
caught in 1896 and 1906 at two locations about 13 km (8 mi) apart
along the Río San José, a river in southernmost Baja California Sur.
Río San José no longer exists, having fallen prey to irrigation
projects, and touristic development of its estuary has resulted in
pollution. Biologists working in the area in 1979 and from 1991 to 1993
failed to find O. peninsulae, casting doubt on its continued existence.
Medium in size for its genus, it was first described as a separate
species, but later lumped into other widespread species until it was
reinstated as separate in 2009. It is distinctive in fur color—grayish
brown on the forequarters and reddish brown on the hindquarters—and in
some dimensions of its skull (pictured), with a high braincase, robust
zygomatic arches (cheekbones), and long incisive foramina (perforations
of the palate between the incisors and the molars).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryzomys_peninsulae>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

330:

The city of Byzantium was consecrated as Nova Roma, which became
known as Constantinople, the new capital of the Roman Empire under
Emperor Constantine the Great (mosaic pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople>

1745:

War of the Austrian Succession: French forces defeated the
Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian "Pragmatic Army" at the Battle of Fontenoy in the
Austrian Netherlands in present-day Belgium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy>

1889:

An attack upon a U.S. Army paymaster and escort resulted in the
theft of over $28,000 and the award of two Medals of Honor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wham_Paymaster_Robbery>

1946:

The United Malays National Organisation, today Malaysia's
largest political party, was founded, originally to oppose the
constitutional framework of the Malayan Union.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation>

2010:

David Cameron took office as the Prime Minister of the United
Kingdom as the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats formed the country's
first coalition government since the Second World War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cameron>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

atheophobia:
Fear or hatred of atheism or atheists.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atheophobia>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Conquering evil, not the opponent, is the essence of
swordsmanship.  
--Yagyū Munenori
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yagy%C5%AB_Munenori>

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[Daily article] May 10: Voyage of the James Caird Published On

The voyage of the James Caird was a small-boat journey undertaken by Sir
Ernest Shackleton and five companions from Elephant Island in the South
Shetland Islands to South Georgia in the southern Atlantic Ocean, a
distance of 800 nautical miles (1,500 km; 920 mi). In October 1915,
Endurance, the ship of the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of
1914–17, had been crushed by pack ice and sunk in the Weddell Sea,
leaving the 27-man expedition stranded thousands of miles from safety.
In April 1916, when the floe on which they were camped broke up, the
party made its way in the ship's three lifeboats to the uninhabited
Elephant Island. Shackleton decided that the best chance for rescue
would be for a crew of six to sail a lifeboat to South Georgia; the
James Caird was deemed the most likely of the lifeboats to survive the
journey. After overcoming a series of dangers, including a near
capsizing, the boat reached South Georgia after 16 days. Shackleton was
then able to organise the relief of the Elephant Island party, and to
return his men home without loss of life. The James Caird's voyage is
regarded as one of the greatest small-boat journeys ever accomplished.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_of_the_James_Caird>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

28 BC:

The first recorded observation of a sunspot was made by Han
Dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty#Astronomical_observations>

1833:

Lê Văn Khôi broke out of prison to start a revolt against
Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mạng, primarily to avenge the desecration of
the grave of his adopted father Lê Văn Duyệt, former viceroy of the
southern part of Vietnam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt>

1924:

J. Edgar Hoover became the director of the Bureau of
Investigation, which would later become the U.S. Federal Bureau of
Investigation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover>

1940:

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigned and
formally recommended Winston Churchill as his successor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain>

1997:

A 7.3 Mw earthquake struck Iran's Khorasan Province, killing
1,567, injuring over 2,300, leaving 50,000 homeless, and damaging or
destroying over 15,000 homes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Qayen_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cymotrichous:
(anthropology) Having wavy hair.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cymotrichous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Our Yes towards life from the very beginning carries within
it the Divine No which breaks forth from the antithesis and points away
from what now was the thesis to the original and final synthesis. The No
is not the last and highest truth, but the call from home which comes in
answer to our asking for God in the world.  
--Karl Barth
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Karl_Barth>

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[Daily article] May 9: Mirror symmetry (string theory) Published On

In mathematics and theoretical physics, mirror symmetry is a
relationship between geometric objects called Calabi–Yau manifolds
(pictured). The term refers to a situation where two Calabi–Yau
manifolds look very different geometrically but are nevertheless
equivalent when employed as extra dimensions of string theory. Mirror
symmetry was originally discovered by physicists. Mathematicians became
interested in this relationship around 1990 when Philip Candelas, Xenia
de la Ossa, Paul Green, and Linda Parks showed that it could be used as
a tool in a branch of mathematics called enumerative geometry. Today
mirror symmetry is a major research topic in pure mathematics, and
mathematicians are working to develop a mathematical understanding of
the relationship based on physicists' intuition. Mirror symmetry is also
a fundamental tool for doing calculations in string theory, and it has
been used to understand aspects of quantum field theory, the formalism
that physicists use to describe elementary particles. Major approaches
to mirror symmetry include the homological mirror symmetry program of
Maxim Kontsevich and the SYZ conjecture of Andrew Strominger, Shing-Tung
Yau, and Eric Zaslow.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1671:

Irish-born Colonel Thomas Blood was caught trying to steal the
English Crown Jewels from the Tower of London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blood>

1877:

An 8.5 Ms earthquake struck the northern portion of Chile,
resulting in the death of 2,541 people, including victims of the ensuing
tsunami as far away as Hawaii and Japan
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_Iquique_earthquake>

1949:

Rainier III became Prince of Monaco, beginning a 56-year reign,
which would make him one of the longest ruling monarchs of the 20th
century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainier_III,_Prince_of_Monaco>

1964:

Ngô Đình Cẩn, de facto ruler of central Vietnam under his
brother President Ngô Đình Diệm before the family's toppling, was
executed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_C%E1%BA%A9n>

2004:

Akhmad Kadyrov, the first President of the Chechen Republic,
and about 30 others were killed by a bomb during a World War II
memorial victory parade in Grozny.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhmad_Kadyrov>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

green gown:
(now archaic, historical) A dress that has been stained green from
rolling in the grass; generally with allusion to sexual activity,
especially a woman's loss of virginity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/green_gown>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Man is a substantial emigrant on a pilgrimage of being, and
it is accordingly meaningless to set limits to what he is capable of
being.  
--José Ortega y Gasset
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset>

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[Daily article] May 8: Doom Bar Published On

The Doom Bar is a sandbar at the mouth of the estuary of the River Camel
on the north coast of Cornwall, England. It is composed mainly of marine
sand, more than 60 per cent of which is derived from marine shells
making it an important source of agricultural lime which has been
collected for hundreds of years. According to tradition, the Doom Bar
formed in the reign of Henry VIII, damaging the prosperity of the port
of Padstow a mile up the estuary. Until the 20th century, access to
Padstow's harbour was via a narrow and difficult channel between the
Doom Bar and the cliffs at Stepper Point, and many ships were wrecked on
the Doom Bar, including the 12-gun schooner HMS Whiting in 1816. In the
early 20th century the main channel moved away from the cliffs, and
continued dredging has made it much safer for boats, but deaths have
occurred on the bar as recently as 1997. A Cornish folklore legend
relates that a mermaid created the bar as a dying curse on the harbour
after she was shot by a local man. The Doom Bar has been used in poetry
to symbolise feelings of melancholy, and it has given its name to the
flagship ale from Sharp's Brewery.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_Bar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

453 BC:

The house of Zhao defeated the house of Zhi, ending the
Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the
State of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period of China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jinyang>

1886:

In Atlanta, American pharmacist John Pemberton first sold his
carbonated beverage Coca-Cola as a patent medicine, claiming that it
cured a number of diseases.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola>

1924:

Lithuania signed the Klaipėda Convention with the nations of
the Conference of Ambassadors, taking the Klaipėda Region from East
Prussia and making it into an autonomous region under unconditional
sovereignty of Lithuania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Convention>

1972:

Four members of Black September hijacked Sabena Flight 571 to
demand the release of 315 convicted Palestinian terrorists.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571>

1984:

The Soviet Union announced the boycott of the Summer Olympics
in Los Angeles, citing security concerns and stated that "chauvinistic
sentiments and an anti-Soviet hysteria [were] being whipped up in the
United States".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

adversity:
1. (uncountable) The state of adverse conditions; state of misfortune or
calamity.
2. (countable) An event that is adverse; calamity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adversity>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   The growth of the human mind is part of the growth of
civilization; it is the state of civilization at any given moment that
determines the scope and possibilities of human ends and values. The
mind can never foresee its own advance.  
--Friedrich Hayek
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek>

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[Daily article] May 7: Albert Ball Published On

Albert Ball (1896–1917) was an English fighter pilot during the First
World War. At the time of his death he was, with 44 victories, the
United Kingdom's leading flying ace. Raised in Nottingham, Ball was
commissioned as a second lieutenant in October 1914. He transferred to
the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) the following year, and gained his pilot's
wings in January 1916. He then joined No. 13 Squadron RFC in France,
flying reconnaissance missions before being posted in May to No. 11
Squadron, a fighter unit. From then until his return to England on leave
in October, he accrued many aerial victories, earning two Distinguished
Service Orders and the Military Cross. He was the first British ace to
become a popular hero. After a period on home establishment, Ball was
posted to No. 56 Squadron, which was sent to the Western Front in April
1917. He crashed to his death in a field in France on 7 May, sparking a
wave of national mourning and posthumous recognition, which included the
award of the Victoria Cross for his actions during his final tour of
duty. His most renowned enemy, Manfred von Richthofen, remarked upon
hearing of Ball's death that he was "by far the best English flying
man".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ball>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1864:

The world's oldest surviving clipper ship, the City of Adelaide
was launched by William Pile, Hay and Co. in Sunderland, England, for
transporting passengers and goods between Britain and Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Adelaide_(1864)>

1895:

Alexander Stepanovich Popov presented his radio receiver,
refined as a lightning detector, to the Russian Physical and Chemical
Society.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov>

1940:

A debate in the British House of Commons began, and culminated
in the replacement of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain with Winston
Churchill several days later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway_Debate>

1960:

Cold War: Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced that his
country was holding American pilot Francis Gary Powers, whose U-2 spy
plane was shot down over the Soviet Union six days earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_U-2_incident>

2009:

Police in Napier, New Zealand, began a 40-hour siege of the
home of a former New Zealand Army member who shot at officers during the
routine execution of a search warrant.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Napier_shootings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sequela:
(pathology) A disease or condition which is caused by an earlier disease
or problem.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sequela>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All the great utterances of man have to be judged not by the
letter but by the spirit — the spirit which unfolds itself with the
growth of life in history.  
--Rabindranath Tagore
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore>

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