June 30: Pokémon Channel Published On

Pokémon Channel is a 2003 video game in the Pokémon series for the
GameCube, developed by Ambrella and published by Nintendo and The
Pokémon Company. The game's central premise is to watch television with
a Pikachu so as to help Professor Oak refine and promote his TV network.
It contains elements of adventure, digital pet, and simulation genres.
The player can explore full 3D environments, have the Pikachu converse
with other Pokémon, and collect various items. The game was developed
rather quickly to serve as a sequel to the Nintendo 64 title Hey You,
Pikachu! and to promote the Nintendo e-Reader accessory, and uses a
novel 3D texturing effect. It was first showcased at Electronic
Entertainment Expo (E3) 2003 and later at a month-long series of
promotional events in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. It was released on July
18, 2003 in Japan, December 1 in North America, and April 2 in Europe.
In Japan, the game sold 66,373 copies in its first year. It received
mixed reviews, which generally criticized its low level of interactivity
and repetitive sound effects, though its collecting aspects and visuals
were somewhat better received.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Channel>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1651:

Khmelnytsky Uprising: Ukrainian Cossacks and their Crimean
Tatar allies were annihilated by a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth army
in the Battle of Berestechko, probably the largest land battle in the
17th century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko>

1860:

Seven months after the publication of Charles Darwin's On the
Origin of Species, several prominent British scientists and philosophers
participated in an evolution debate at the Oxford University Museum in
Oxford, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Oxford_evolution_debate>

1934:

Adolf Hitler violently purged members of the Sturmabteilung,
its leader Ernst Röhm (pictured), and other political rivals in the
Night of the Long Knives, executing at least 85 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives>

1974:

Municipal workers in Baltimore, Maryland, went on strike
seeking higher wages and better conditions.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_municipal_strike_of_1974>

2007:

In an attempted terrorist attack, a car loaded with propane
canisters was driven into the terminal of Scotland's Glasgow
International Airport and set ablaze.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Glasgow_International_Airport_attack>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

miserabilist:
One who is unhappy, or extols being miserable as a virtue; a philosopher
of pessimism.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/miserabilist>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I have heard that voice many a time when asleep and, what is
strange, I understood more or less an order or an appeal in an unearthly
tongue: day draws near another one do what you can.  
--Czesław Miłosz
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz>

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[Daily article] June 29: Kelpie Published On

Kelpie is the Lowland Scottish name given to a malevolent water spirit
or demon inhabiting the lochs and pools of Scotland. It has usually been
described as appearing as a horse, but can adopt human form. Some
accounts state that the kelpie retains its hooves when appearing as a
human, leading to its association with the Christian idea of Satan as
alluded to by Robert Burns in his poem "Address to the Deil". Almost
every sizeable body of water in Scotland has an associated kelpie story,
but the most extensively reported is that of Loch Ness, first recorded
in the 6th century. The kelpie has counterparts across the world, such
as the wihwin of South America, the Scandinavian bäckahästen and the
Australian bunyip. The origin of the belief in malevolent water horses
may lie in the human sacrifices once made to appease the gods of water,
but it also helped to keep children away from dangerous stretches of
water and to warn young women to be wary of handsome strangers. Kelpies
have been portrayed in their various forms in art (painting by Thomas
Millie Dow pictured) and literature, most recently in two 30-metre
(98 ft) high steel sculptures in Falkirk, The Kelpies.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelpie>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1864:

Canada's worst railway accident took place when a passenger
train fell through an open swing bridge into the Richelieu River near
present-day Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St-Hilaire_train_disaster>

1889:

Hyde Park and several other Illinois townships voted to be
annexed by Chicago, forming the largest city in area in the United
States and second largest in population.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_Township,_Cook_County,_Illinois>

1914:

During the second day of the anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo
(pictured), numerous buildings owned by ethnic Serbs were vandalized and
looted.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo>

1950:

In one of the greatest upsets in sporting history, the United
States defeated England during the 1950 FIFA World Cup.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_1%E2%80%930_England_(1950_FIFA_World_Cup)>

1974:

Russian dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov defected from the Soviet
Union while on tour with the Bolshoi Ballet in Toronto.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Baryshnikov>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

enterolith:
A mineral concretion in the intestinal tract.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enterolith>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To love is not to look at one another: it is to look, together,
in the same direction.  
--Antoine de Saint Exupéry
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint_Exup%C3%A9ry>

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[Daily article] June 28: John Y. Brown (politician, born 1835) Published On

John Young Brown (1835–1904) represented Kentucky in the U.S. House of
Representatives and served as its 31st governor. He was first elected to
the House in 1859, but was initially too young to serve. Re-elected in
1866, he was denied his seat because of alleged disloyalty to the Union
during the Civil War. After an unsuccessful gubernatorial bid in 1871,
Brown served in the House from 1872 to 1877, and was censured for a
speech excoriating Massachusetts Representative Benjamin F. Butler.
Brown was elected governor of Kentucky in 1891, but little of
significance was accomplished during his term as time was spent adapting
the state's laws to the new constitution. He hoped the legislature would
elect him to the U.S. Senate after his term ended in 1895, but the
deaths of two of his children ended his political ambitions. After the
Republicans won the 1895 election, William Goebel was chosen as the
Democrats' 1899 candidate, although a disgruntled faction selected
Brown. Goebel won the election, but was assassinated in 1900; Brown
represented Caleb Powers, an alleged conspirator in the assassination,
at his first trial.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Y._Brown_(politician,_born_1835)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1651:

Khmelnytsky Uprising: The Zaporozhian Cossacks began clashing
with forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at the Battle of
Berestechko in the Volhynia Region of present-day Ukraine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Berestechko>

1895:

The United States Court of Private Land Claims ruled that the
title claimed by James Reavis to 18,600 sq mi (48,000 km2) in
present-day Arizona and New Mexico was "wholly fictitious and
fraudulent".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Reavis>

1914:

Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie,
Duchess of Hohenberg, were assassinated (Ferdinand's blood-stained
uniform pictured) by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip during a
motorcade in Sarajevo, sparking the outbreak of World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria>

1969:

In response to a police raid at the Stonewall Inn in New York
City, groups of gay and transgender people began to riot against New
York City Police officers, a watershed event for the worldwide gay
rights movement.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_riots>

2004:

The Coalition Provisional Authority dissolved after handing the
governance of Iraq to the Iraqi Interim Government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Interim_Government>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

röck döts:
(informal, humorous) Heavy metal umlauts; umlauts over letters in the
name of a heavy metal band (as in "Motörhead", "Queensrÿche" and
"Mötley Crüe"), added gratuitously for mere stylistic effect.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%B6ck_d%C3%B6ts>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   I observed, "Love is the fulfilling of the law, the end of
the commandment." It is not only "the first and great" command, but all
the commandments in one. "Whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things
are pure, if there be any virtue, if there be any praise," they are all
comprised in this one word, love.   
--John Wesley
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Wesley>

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[Daily article] June 27: Cyclone Joy Published On

Cyclone Joy led to the government of Queensland, Australia, issuing a
disaster declaration for about 30% of the state. The cyclone began in
late 1990 as a weak tropical low near the Solomon Islands, and initially
moved westward. On 18 December, it was named Joy, becoming the 2nd
named storm of the season. After turning southwest, Joy strengthened to
maximum sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) while approaching Cairns
in Far North Queensland. Brushing the city with strong winds, the
cyclone soon weakened and dissipated on 27 December. There was
torrential rainfall over Queensland for two weeks, and severe flooding
caused most of the storm-associated damage. Rains significantly
increased water levels on 10 rivers, among them the Fitzroy River,
which discharged about 18 trillion freshwater litres (4.9 trillion
gallons) into Keppel Bay over 25 days. In turn, the Great Barrier Reef
suffered biological damage from coral bleaching and decreased salinity.
Overall, Joy killed six people and caused A$300 million in damage.
Afterwards, the name Joy was retired from the list of tropical cyclone
names.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Joy>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1556:

The thirteen Stratford Martyrs were burned at the stake near
London for their Protestant beliefs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford_Martyrs>

1760:

Anglo-Cherokee War: Cherokee warriors defeated British forces
at the Battle of Echoee near present-day Otto, North Carolina, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Echoee>

1927:

Prime Minister of Japan Tanaka Giichi led a conference to
discuss Japan's plans for China, out of which came the Tanaka Memorial,
a strategic document detailing these plans (now believed to be a
forgery).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaka_Memorial>

1986:

In Nicaragua v. United States, the International Court of
Justice ruled that the United States had violated international law by
supporting the Contras in their rebellion against the Nicaraguan
government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States>

1989:

The International Labour Organization Convention 169, a major
binding international convention concerning indigenous peoples, and a
forerunner of the 2007 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples,
was adopted.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

philander:
To make love to women; to play the male flirt.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/philander>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the
overcoming of it. My optimism, then, does not rest on the absence of
evil, but on a glad belief in the preponderance of good and a willing
effort always to cooperate with the good, that it may prevail. I try to
increase the power God has given me to see the best in everything and
every one, and make that Best a part of my life.  
--Helen Keller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Helen_Keller>

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[Daily article] June 26: WINC (AM) Published On

WINC (1400 AM) is a broadcast radio station licensed to Winchester,
Virginia, United States. WINC (studios pictured) serves Winchester, and
Frederick and Clarke Counties, Virginia. The station's current format,
established in 1996, is mainly conservative talk programs and top-of-
the-hour news from Fox News Radio; sports at Virginia Tech are also
covered. Launched on June 26, 1941, by Richard Field Lewis, Jr., WINC
was Winchester's first radio station. Events in its history include a
1947 contest to win "a free pair of nylon hose and a $10 handbag" that
knocked out the city's entire telephone system, and country music legend
Patsy Cline making her performing debut in 1948. In the late 1950s, the
station's chief engineer designed a CONELRAD alarm device for FM
stations to warn listeners in the event of enemy attack during the Cold
War. WINC had difficulty renewing its license in the early 1970s, as it
was exceeding Federal Communications Commission limits on commercials
per hour. In 1988, a local prosecutor called one of its promotions an
"illegal cash lottery"; a judge disagreed. The station was sold by the
Lewis family to North Carolina-based Centennial Broadcasting in 2007.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINC_(AM)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

699:

En no Gyōja, the founder of the Japanese Buddhist sect known as
Shugendō, was exiled to Izu Ōshima for witchcraft.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_no_Gy%C5%8Dja>

1740:

War of Jenkins' Ear: A Spanish column of 300 regular troops,
free black militia and Indian auxiliaries stormed Britain's
strategically crucial position of Fort Mose in Spanish Florida.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mose>

1886:

French chemist Henri Moissan reported he was able to
successfully isolate elemental fluorine, for which he later won the
Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine>

1945:

At a conference in San Francisco, delegates from 50 nations
signed a charter establishing the United Nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations>

1996:

Irish crime reporter Veronica Guerin was murdered while she was
stopped at a traffic light, an event which helped establish Ireland's
Criminal Assets Bureau.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronica_Guerin>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

not dog:
A vegetarian imitation-sausage, or hot dog sandwich made with one.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/not_dog>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Choose your friends, then treat them as friends; do not regard
them like slaves or servants, but associate with them frankly and simply
and generously; not saying one thing of them and thinking something
else.  
--Julian
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Julian>

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[Daily article] June 25: White-necked rockfowl Published On

The white-necked rockfowl is a medium-sized bird in the family
Picathartidae, mainly found in fragmented groups in rocky forested areas
at higher altitudes in West Africa from Guinea to Ghana. The rockfowl
typically chooses to live near streams and inselbergs. It has greyish-
black upperparts and white underparts. Its unusually long, dark brown
tail is used for balance. The head is nearly featherless, with the
exposed skin being bright yellow except for two large, circular black
patches located just behind the eyes. These rockfowl feed primarily on
insects, though parents feed small frogs to their young. Rockfowl move
through the forest primarily through a series of hops and bounds or
short flights in low vegetation. This species rarely flies for long
distances. This species is classified as Vulnerable as it is threatened
by habitat destruction; conservation efforts are underway in parts of
its range. Some of the indigenous peoples of Sierra Leone considered the
species to be a protector of the home of their ancestral spirits. This
rockfowl is considered one of Africa's most desirable birds by birders
and is a symbol of ecotourism across its range.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-necked_rockfowl>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1658:

Anglo-Spanish War: English colonial forces repelled a Spanish
attack in the largest battle ever fought on Jamaica.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Nuevo_(1658)>

1910:

The United States Congress passed the Mann Act, which
prohibited interstate transport of females for "immoral purposes".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mann_Act>

1944:

World War II: United States Navy and Royal Navy ships bombarded
Cherbourg, France, to support U.S. Army units engaged in the Battle of
Cherbourg.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Cherbourg>

1975:

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of
emergency declared across the nation that last nearly two years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)>

2009:

Singer Michael Jackson died after suffering cardiac arrest at
his Los Angeles home, which authorities later declared a homicide caused
by the combination of drugs in his body.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Michael_Jackson>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

flense:
To strip the blubber or skin from, as from a whale, seal, etc.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flense>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If you turn the other cheek, you will get a harder blow on it
than you got on the first one. This does not always happen, but it is to
be expected, and you ought not to complain if it does happen.  
--George Orwell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Orwell>

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[Daily article] June 24: Enid Blyton Published On

Enid Blyton (1897–1968) was an English children's writer whose books
have sold more than 600 million copies. She wrote on a wide range of
topics, but is best remembered for her Noddy, Famous Five, and Secret
Seven series. Her first book, Child Whispers (cover pictured), was
published in 1922. Following the success of her early novels such as
Adventures of the Wishing-Chair (1937) and The Enchanted Wood (1939),
Blyton went on to build a literary empire, sometimes producing fifty
books a year. Her work became increasingly controversial from the 1950s
onwards because of the alleged unchallenging nature of her writing and
the themes of her books. Some libraries and schools banned her works,
which the BBC had refused to broadcast from the 1930s until the 1950s
because they were perceived to lack literary merit. Her books have been
criticised as being elitist, sexist, racist, xenophobic and at odds with
the more liberal environment emerging in post-war Britain, but have
continued to be bestsellers. The story of her life was dramatised in a
2009 BBC film, Enid, featuring Helena Bonham Carter; there have also
been several adaptations of her books for stage, screen and television.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enid_Blyton>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1314:

In the decisive battle in the First War of Scottish
Independence, Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce defeated English
troops under Edward II near Bannockburn, Scotland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn>

1622:

Dutch–Portuguese War: An outnumbered Portuguese force
repelled a Dutch attack in the Battle of Macau, the only major military
engagement that was fought between two European powers on the Chinese
mainland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Macau>

1880:

"O Canada" (audio featured), today the national anthem of
Canada, was first performed in Quebec City, Quebec, during a Saint-Jean-
Baptiste Day banquet.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Canada>

1994:

A United States Air Force B-52 Stratofortress based at
Fairchild Air Force Base in Spokane County, Washington, crashed, killing
all four crew members, and later providing a case study on the
importance of compliance with safety regulations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Fairchild_Air_Force_Base_B-52_crash>

2010:

After 11 hours, 5 minutes of play over three days, John Isner
defeated Nicolas Mahut at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships in the
longest match in tennis history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isner%E2%80%93Mahut_match_at_the_2010_Wimbledon_Championships>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dead tree edition:
(idiomatic, pejorative, humorous) Paper version of a publication that
can be found online.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dead_tree_edition>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The soul may always say, whether occupied with temporal or
spiritual things, "My sole occupation is love." Happy life! happy state!
and happy the soul which has attained to it!  
--John of the Cross‎‎
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_of_the_Cross>

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[Daily article] June 23: Kronan (ship) Published On

Kronan was the flagship of the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea in the
1670s. When built, she was one of the largest seagoing vessels in the
world. After four years of service, the ship foundered in rough weather
at the Battle of Öland on 1 June 1676, with the loss of about 800 men
(including the navy's acting supreme commander Lorentz Creutz and other
senior officers), over 100 guns, and large quantities of silver and gold
coin. This was a hard blow for Sweden during the Scanian War
(1675–79), as besides being the largest and most heavily armed ship in
the Swedish navy, Kronan had been an important status symbol for the
monarchy of the young Charles XI. The inexperienced Creutz has been
blamed by many historians for the sinking of Kronan, although recent
research points to Sweden's general lack of a well-developed naval
organization and officer corps at the time. Most of her guns were
salvaged in the 1680s, but eventually the wreck fell into obscurity
before its exact position was rediscovered in 1980. Yearly diving
operations have since surveyed and excavated the site, and many of the
artifacts recovered have been put on display at the Kalmar County
Museum.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronan_(ship)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1757:

Seven Years' War: British forces under Robert Clive defeated
troops under Siraj ud-Daulah at the Battle of Plassey, allowing the
British East India Company to annex Bengal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey>

1887:

The Parliament of Canada passed the Rocky Mountains Park Act,
creating Banff National Park as the country's first national park.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_National_Park>

1919:

Estonian War of Independence: Estonian troops engaged the
forces of the Pro-German Government of Latvia near Cēsis, Latvia,
recapturing the area four days later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C%C4%93sis_(1919)>

1926:

The College Board administered the first SAT, a major
standardized test for university and college admissions in the United
States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT>

1982:

Chinese American Vincent Chin died after being beaten into a
coma in Highland Park, Michigan, US, by two automotive workers who had
mistaken him for Japanese and who were angry about the success of
Japanese auto companies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Vincent_Chin>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unbeknownst:
(followed by to) Without the knowledge of.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unbeknownst>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I believe the only reality is how we treat each other. The
morality comes from the absence of any grander scheme, not from the
presence of any grander scheme.  
--Joss Whedon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joss_Whedon>

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[Daily article] June 22: Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar Published On

The Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar was an American fifty-cent piece
struck in 1925. Its main purpose was to raise money for the Stone
Mountain Memorial – a large sculpture in memory of Confederate general
Robert E. Lee on a huge rock outcropping near Atlanta, Georgia. The
obverse of the coin (pictured) features Lee and Stonewall Jackson; the
reverse has the caption "Memorial to the Valor of the Soldier of the
South". Stone Mountain and the coin were designed by sculptor Gutzon
Borglum, who, like other proponents, was a Ku Klux Klan member. To
appease Northerners, the proposed coin was also to honor the recently
deceased president, Warren G. Harding, but all reference to him was
removed, by order of his successor, Calvin Coolidge. Extensive sales
efforts for the coin took place throughout the South, though these were
hurt by the firing of Borglum in 1925, which alienated many of his
supporters. A 1928 audit of the fundraising showed excessive expenses
and misuse of money, and construction halted the same year—a scaled-
down sculpture was completed in 1970. Due to the large quantities
issued, the Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar remains inexpensive
compared with other U.S. commemoratives.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Memorial_half_dollar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1593:

Ottoman forces were crushingly defeated by the Habsburgs at
Sisak (now in Croatia), triggering the Long War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sisak>

1813:

War of 1812: After learning of American plans for a forthcoming
surprise attack, Laura Secord set out on a 30 km (19 mi) journey from
Queenston, Ontario, Upper Canada, on foot to warn Lieutenant James
FitzGibbon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Secord>

1937:

Camille Chautemps became Prime Minister of France for the third
time, in the second Popular Front ministry.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps>

1986:

Argentine footballer Diego Maradona scored both the "Hand of
God goal" and the "Goal of the Century" against England during the
quarter-final match of the FIFA World Cup in Mexico City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_v_England_(1986_FIFA_World_Cup)>

2009:

Two Metro trains in Washington, D.C., collided, killing nine
people and injuring 80 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_2009_Washington_Metro_train_collision>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

avocation:
1. A hobby or recreational or leisure pursuit.
2. Pursuits; duties; affairs which occupy one's time; usual employment;
vocation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avocation>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I do not believe that sheer suffering teaches. If suffering alone
taught, all the world would be wise, since everyone suffers. To
suffering must be added mourning, understanding, patience, love,
openness and the willingness to remain vulnerable. All these and other
factors combined, if the circumstances are right, can teach and can lead
to rebirth.  
--Anne Morrow Lindbergh
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh>

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[Daily article] June 21: Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band Published On

Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is the eighth studio album by the
English rock band the Beatles (pictured). Released on 1 June 1967, it
was an immediate commercial and critical success. After the group
retired from touring, Paul McCartney had an idea for a song involving an
Edwardian era military band, and this developed into a plan to release
an entire album as a performance by the fictional Sgt. Pepper band.
Knowing they would not have to perform the tracks live, the Beatles
adopted an experimental approach to composition, writing songs such as
"With a Little Help from My Friends", "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
and "A Day in the Life". The producer George Martin's innovative
recording of the album included the liberal application of signal
processing. The cover, depicting the band in front of a collage of
celebrities and historical figures, was designed by the English pop
artists Peter Blake and Jann Haworth. One of the best-selling albums of
all time, Sgt. Pepper is regarded as an important work of British
psychedelia and an early concept album. One music scholar has described
it as "the most important and influential rock and roll album ever
recorded".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1734:

A black slave known as Marie-Joseph Angélique, after having
been convicted of setting the fire that destroyed much of Montreal, was
tortured and then hanged in New France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Ang%C3%A9lique>

1864:

New Zealand Wars: British victory in the Battle of Te Ranga
brought the Tauranga Campaign to an end.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_Campaign>

1919:

Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttled the German High Seas Fleet
in Scapa Flow to prevent the ships from being seized and divided amongst
the Allied Powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_in_Scapa_Flow>

1964:

Three civil rights workers were lynched by members of the Ku
Klux Klan near Philadelphia, Mississippi, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_civil_rights_workers%27_murders>

2004:

SpaceShipOne completed the first privately funded human
spaceflight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipOne>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

angst:
1. A feeling of acute but vague anxiety or apprehension often accompanied
by depression, especially philosophical anxiety.
2. More commonly, painful sadness or emotional turmoil, as teen angst.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angst>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Aion is a child at play, gambling; a child's is the
kingship. Telesphorus traverses the dark places of the world, like a
star flashing from the deep, leading the way to the gates of the sun and
the land of dreams. by Carl Jung, quoting  
--Homer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Homer>

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[Daily article] June 20: Boletus luridus Published On

Boletus luridus, commonly known as the lurid bolete, is a fungus of the
bolete family, found in deciduous woodlands on chalky soils in Asia,
Europe, and eastern North America. Fruit bodies arise in summer and
autumn and may be abundant. It is a solid bolete with an olive-brown cap
up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter, with small reddish pores on the
underside. The stout ochre stem reaches dimensions of 8–14 cm
(3–6 in) tall and 1–3 cm (0.4–1.2 in) wide, and is patterned
with a reddish meshwork. Like several other red-pored boletes, it stains
blue when bruised or cut. Though edible when cooked, it can cause
gastric upset when eaten raw and can be confused with the poisonous
Boletus satanas. Hence some guidebooks recommend avoiding consumption
altogether. Boletus luridus has been implicated in causing adverse
reactions when eaten with alcohol similar to those caused by the
compound coprine, though laboratory testing has not revealed any
evidence of coprine in the mushroom. Boletus luridus is mycorrhizal,
forming a symbiotic association with deciduous trees such as oak, birch
and beech, and has been found to have a growth-enhancing effect with
conifers in experiments.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boletus_luridus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1782:

The Congress of the Confederation adopted the Great Seal of the
United States, used to authenticate certain documents issued by the
federal government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_United_States>

1789:

French Revolution: Meeting in a tennis court near the Palace of
Versailles, members of France's Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath,
pledging not to separate until a new constitution was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath>

1837:

Victoria succeeded to the British throne, starting a reign that
lasted for more than 63 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria>

1895:

The Kiel Canal (pictured), connecting the North Sea to the
Baltic Sea across the base of the Jutland peninsula in Germany, was
officially opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_Canal>

1921:

Workers at the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills in the city of
Chennai, India, began a four-month strike.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Buckingham_and_Carnatic_Mills_Strike>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

demagogue:
(pejorative) An orator or leader who gains favor by pandering to or
exciting the passions and prejudices of the audience.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demagogue>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Nothing is wholly obvious without becoming enigmatic. Reality
itself is too obvious to be true.  
--Jean Baudrillard
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard>

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[Daily article] June 19: 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian) Published On

The 23rd Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Kama (2nd Croatian) was a
German mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, the armed wing of
the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part
of the Wehrmacht during World War II. It was composed of German officers
and Bosnian Muslim soldiers. Named Kama after a small dagger used by
Balkan shepherds, it was one of the thirty-eight divisions fielded by
the Waffen-SS during World War II. Formed on 19 June 1944, it was built
around a cadre from the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS
Handschar (1st Croatian) but did not reach its full strength and never
saw action as a formation. Elements of the division fought briefly
against Soviet forces in southern Hungary in early October 1944
alongside the 31st SS Volunteer Grenadier Division. They were soon
disengaged from the front line in Hungary and had begun a move to the
German puppet state, the Independent State of Croatia, to join the 13th
SS Division when the Bosnian Muslim soldiers of the Kama division
mutinied on 17 October 1944. The cadre quickly regained control, but the
mutiny resulted in the division being formally dissolved on 31 October
1944.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd_Waffen_Mountain_Division_of_the_SS_Kama_(2nd_Croatian)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1269:

Louis IX of France imposed a fine of ten livres of silver on
Jews found in public without a yellow badge.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_badge>

1846:

The first officially recorded baseball game using modern rules
developed by Alexander Cartwright was played in Hoboken, New Jersey, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball>

1867:

Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico was executed by firing squad in
Querétaro.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_of_Mexico>

1961:

Kuwait declared independence from the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait>

2009:

Mass riots involving over 10,000 people and 10,000 police
officers broke out in Shishou, China, over the dubious circumstances
surrounding the death of a local chef.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishou_incident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

salad dodger:
(informal) An overweight person.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salad_dodger>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   I do not envy people who think they have a complete
explanation of the world, for the simple reason that they are obviously
wrong.  
--Salman Rushdie
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie>

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[Daily article] June 18: Marie Lloyd Published On

Marie Lloyd (1870–1922) was an English music hall singer, comedienne
and musical theatre actress, known as the "Queen of the Music Hall". She
was best known for her performances of songs such as "The Boy I Love is
Up in the Gallery" and "Oh Mr Porter What Shall I Do", and was both
criticised and praised for her use of innuendo and double entendre. She
made her professional debut in 1884 and thereafter frequently topped the
bill in London's West End. Between 1894 and 1900, she became an
international success when she toured France, America, Australia and
Belgium. In 1907, she assisted other performers during the music hall
war and protested for better pay and conditions for performers. During
the First World War, she helped the war effort and toured hospitals and
industrial institutions to boost morale. Lloyd had a turbulent private
life that was often the subject of press attention. She also suffered
from bouts of ill-health and became alcohol-dependent. In later life,
she was still in demand and had success in 1919 with her renowned
performance of "My Old Man (Said Follow the Van)". Lloyd was taken ill
on stage at the Alhambra Theatre, London, and died a few days later.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Lloyd>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1053:

Humphrey of Hauteville led the armies of the Normans in the
Battle of Civitate against the combined forces of Pope Leo IX and the
Holy Roman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Civitate>

1858:

Charles Darwin received a manuscript by fellow naturalist
Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection, which prompted Darwin to
publish his theory of evolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_of_Darwin%27s_theory>

1953:

A Douglas C-124 Globemaster II aircraft crashed just after
takeoff from Tachikawa, Japan, killing all 129 people on board in the
first aviation accident with over 100 fatalities.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachikawa_air_disaster>

1983:

Iranian teenager Mona Mahmudnizhad and nine other women were
hanged because of their membership in the Bahá'í Faith.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Mahmudnizhad>

1994:

The Troubles: Members of the loyalist Ulster Volunteer Force
attacked a crowded bar in Loughinisland, Northern Ireland, with assault
rifles, killing six.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chiaroscuro:
An artistic technique developed during the Renaissance, referring to the
use of exaggerated light contrasts in order to create the illusion of
volume.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chiaroscuro>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The ability of so many people to live comfortably with the idea
of capital punishment is perhaps a clue to how so many Europeans were
able to live with the idea of the Holocaust: Once you accept the notion
that the state has the right to kill someone and the right to define
what is a capital crime, aren't you halfway there?  
--Roger Ebert
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert>

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June 17: Tadeusz Kościuszko Published On

Tadeusz Kościuszko (1746–1817) was a military leader who became a
national hero in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, and the United States. He
graduated from the Corps of Cadets in Warsaw, Poland, before studying in
France. In 1776, he moved to North America, where he took part in the
American Revolutionary War as a colonel in the Continental Army. An
accomplished military architect, he designed and oversaw the
construction of state-of-the-art fortifications, including those at West
Point, New York. He returned to Poland, and was commissioned a major
general in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Army in 1789. Two years
after the Polish–Russian War of 1792 had resulted in the Second
Partition of Poland, he led an uprising against Russia in March 1794.
Russian forces captured him at the Battle of Maciejowice, and the defeat
of the uprising led to the Third Partition in 1795, which ended Poland's
independent existence for 123 years. He was pardoned by Tsar Paul I in
1796 and emigrated to the United States. A close friend of Thomas
Jefferson, Kościuszko wrote a will in 1798 dedicating his American
assets to the education and freedom of U.S. slaves.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1843:

New Zealand Wars: An armed posse of Europeans set out from
Nelson to arrest Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha and clashed with Māori,
resulting in 26 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairau_Affray>

1876:

Great Sioux War: A band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne attacked a
United States Army expedition and its Crow and Shoshone allies in the
Battle of the Rosebud.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Rosebud>

1900:

Boxer Rebellion: Allied naval forces captured the Taku Forts
after a brief but bloody battle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dagu_Forts_(1900)>

1963:

Around 2,000 people rioted in South Vietnam, despite the
signing of the Joint Communique to resolve the ongoing Buddhist crisis
one day earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Communique>

1994:

Following a police chase along Los Angeles freeways and a
failed suicide attempt, actor and former American football player O. J.
Simpson was arrested for the murders of his ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson
and her friend Ronald Goldman.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._J._Simpson>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

postilion:
A rider mounted on the near, leading horse pulling a carriage who guides
the team.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/postilion>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We must abandon the unworkable notion that it is morally
reprehensible for some countries to pursue weapons of mass destruction,
yet morally acceptable for others to rely on them for security — and
indeed to continue to refine their capacities and postulate plans for
their use.  
--Mohamed ElBaradei
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei>

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[Daily article] June 16: Great Eastern Highway Published On

Great Eastern Highway is a 590-kilometre-long (370 mi) road linking the
Western Australian capital of Perth with the city of Kalgoorlie. A key
route for vehicles accessing the eastern Wheatbelt and the Goldfields,
it is the western portion of the main road link between Perth and the
eastern states of Australia. The highway forms the majority of National
Highway 94, with various segments included in other road routes. The
highway was created in the 1930s from an existing system of roads
linking Perth with the Goldfields, though the name was coined to
describe a different route from Perth to Guildford (modern-day Guildford
Road). The Belmont section was constructed in 1867 using convict labour,
with the road base made from sections of tree trunks. Several bypasses
have been constructed, including Great Eastern Highway Bypass in Perth.
Over the years the road has been upgraded, with the whole highway sealed
by 1953, segments reconstructed and widened, dual carriageways created
in Perth and Kalgoorlie, and grade separated interchanges built at major
intersections. A future route to replace its current ascent of the
Darling Scarp has been identified.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Highway>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

632:

The final king of the Sasanian Empire of Iran, Yazdegerd III,
took the throne at the age of eight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazdegerd_III>

1407:

During the Ming–Hồ War, the Chinese Ming armies captured
Hồ Quý Ly and his sons, thus ending the Vietnamese Hồ dynasty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93H%E1%BB%93_War>

1846:

Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti was elected as Pius IX
(pictured), and he would become the longest-reigning elected pope in the
history of the Catholic Church.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX>

1958:

Imre Nagy and other leaders of the failed Hungarian Revolution
of 1956 were executed following secret trials.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Nagy>

1967:

The Monterey Pop Festival rock festival, the venue for the
first major American performances by The Jimi Hendrix Experience, The
Who, and Ravi Shankar, began in Monterey, California.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monterey_Pop_Festival>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

abeyance:
1. (law) Expectancy; condition of being undetermined; undetermined
ownership.
2. Suspension; temporary suppression.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abeyance>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I was a Flower of the mountain yes when I put the rose in my hair
like the Andalusian girls used or shall I wear a red yes and how he
kissed me under the Moorish wall and I thought well as well him as
another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he
asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my
arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts
all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I
will Yes.  
--Ulysses
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ulysses>

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[Daily article] June 15: Bam Thwok Published On

"Bam Thwok" is a download-only single by the American alternative rock
band Pixies. The song was written and sung by bassist Kim Deal
(pictured), and released exclusively through the iTunes Store on June
15, 2004. It was the band's first recording since the 1991 studio album
Trompe le Monde; the Pixies broke up acrimoniously in 1993 and reformed
in 2004. Frontman Black Francis, the band's principal songwriter, said
the recording session "was very relaxed, a nice way to break the ice".
Originally composed for the movie Shrek 2, the song was not selected for
the final soundtrack. The lyrics display a surrealistic and nonsensical
nature typical of the band; Deal's inspiration was a discarded child's
art book she found on a New York City street. She commented "This kid
had written ... about a party that took place in another universe, about
people and monsters that were partying together." The song is structured
around a four-beat guitar melody which incorporates major chords
throughout. It begins with full instrumentation, over which Santiago
layers a short guitar solo. "Bam Thwok" debuted at number one on the
first release of the UK Download Chart.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bam_Thwok>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1667:

French physician Jean-Baptiste Denys administered the first
fully documented human blood transfusion, giving the blood of a sheep to
a 15-year-old boy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_transfusion>

1896:

A 7.2 Ms earthquake and a subsequent tsunami struck Japan,
destroying about 9,000 homes and causing at least 22,000 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Sanriku_earthquake>

1944:

In the Saskatchewan general election, the Co-operative
Commonwealth Federation led by Tommy Douglas won enough seats in the
Legislative Assembly to form the first socialist government in North
America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Douglas>

1954:

The Union of European Football Associations, the administrative
and controlling body for European football, was founded in Basel,
Switzerland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA>

1996:

The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a bomb in the
commercial centre of Manchester, England, injuring over 200 people and
causing widespread damage to buildings.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

encapsulate:
1. To cover something as if in a capsule.
2. To epitomize something by expressing it as a brief summary.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encapsulate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All world-images are apt to become corrupt when left to
ecclesiastic bureaucracies. But this does not make the formation of
world-images expendable. And I can only repeat that we deny the remnants
of old-world images at our own risk, because we do not overcome them by
declaring them — with all the righteousness of skepticism —
something of a secret sin. They are not less powerful for being denied.
 
--Erik Erikson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Erik_Erikson>

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[Daily article] June 14: Operation Perch Published On

Operation Perch was a British offensive of the Second World War between
7 and 14 June 1944. The intention was to seize Caen, a major Allied
objective in the early stages of the invasion of northwest Europe. The
operation had been planned to start immediately after the beach
landings, but when Caen was still in German hands three days into the
Battle of Normandy, it changed to a pincer attack using XXX Corps and
I Corps. XXX Corps faced strong German forces in a fierce battle for
Tilly-sur-Seulles. I Corps's eastern thrust from the Orne bridgehead
met determined resistance. With mounting casualties and no sign of
success, the offensive was abandoned. To the west, American pressure had
opened up a gap in the German lines. The 7th Armoured Division was
ordered to advance through it, to try to force a German retreat. After
two days of intense fighting, the division's position was untenable and
it was withdrawn. Historians generally agree that while an early
opportunity to capture Caen was squandered by British command failures,
the Germans had had to use their most powerful armoured reserves in a
defensive role, incurring heavy losses, rather than in counteroffensive
operations.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Perch>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1285:

Forces led by Prince Trần Quang Khải of Vietnam's Trần
dynasty destroyed most of the invading Mongol naval fleet in a battle at
Chuong Duong.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Quang_Kh%E1%BA%A3i>

1846:

Anglo-American settlers in the Town of Sonoma began a rebellion
against Mexico, proclaiming the California Republic and eventually
raising a homemade flag with a bear and star (digital reproduction
pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Republic>

1944:

Second World War: Although the British Army abandoned the
attempt to capture Caen, the Germans had been forced to commit their
most powerful armoured reserves in a defensive role.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Perch>

1982:

Argentine forces surrendered to the British, essentially ending
the Falklands War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War>

1994:

After the Vancouver Canucks lost to the New York Rangers in ice
hockey's Stanley Cup Finals, a riot ensued in Downtown Vancouver,
causing C$1.1 million in damage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Vancouver_Stanley_Cup_riot>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vexillology:
The study of flags.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vexillology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   Because you cannot see him, God is everywhere.  
--Yasunari Kawabata
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata>

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[Daily article] June 13: Cutthroat trout Published On

The cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) is a fish species of the
family Salmonidae native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean,
Rocky Mountains and Great Basin in North America. Cutthroat trout are
popular gamefish, especially among anglers who enjoy fly fishing. The
common name "cutthroat" refers to the distinctive red coloration on the
underside of the lower jaw. The specific name clarki was given to honor
explorer William Clark, coleader of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
Cutthroat trout usually inhabit and spawn in small to moderately large,
clear, well-oxygenated, shallow rivers with gravel bottoms. They also
reproduce in clear, cold, moderately deep lakes. They are native to the
alluvial or freestone streams that are typical tributaries of the
Pacific basin, Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. Cutthroat trout spawn in
the spring and may inadvertently but naturally hybridize with rainbow
trout, producing fertile cutbows. Several subspecies of cutthroat trout
are currently listed as threatened due to habitat loss and the
introduction of non-native species. The cutthroat trout type species and
several subspecies are the official state fish of seven western U.S.
states.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutthroat_trout>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1525:

Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora (pictured), defying
the celibacy discipline decreed by the Roman Catholic Church for
priests.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katharina_von_Bora>

1886:

King Ludwig II of Bavaria was found dead in Lake Starnberg near
Munich under mysterious circumstances.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria>

1966:

The Miranda v. Arizona landmark ruling by the U.S. Supreme
Court established the Miranda warning, requiring law enforcement
officials to advise a suspect in custody of his rights to remain silent
and to obtain an attorney.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona>

1982:

Fahd became King of Saudi Arabia, succeeding his half-brother
Khalid upon the latter's death.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahd_of_Saudi_Arabia>

1997:

In one of the worst fire tragedies in recent Indian history, 59
people died and 103 others were seriously injured during a premiere
screening of the film Border at the Uphaar Cinema in Green Park, Delhi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uphaar_Cinema_fire>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

soundly:
In a thorough manner; in manner free of defect or deficiency.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soundly>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Be plural, like the universe!   
--Fernando Pessoa
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa>

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[Daily article] June 12: Zaian War Published On

The Zaian War was fought between France and the Zaian confederation of
Berber tribes in Morocco between 1914 and 1921. Morocco had become a
French protectorate in 1912, and Resident-General Hubert Lyautey
(pictured) sought to extend French influence through the Middle Atlas
mountains towards French Algeria. The war began well for the French, but
they incurred heavy losses, including over 600 troops killed at the
Battle of El Herri. The French retained most of their territory during
the First World War, despite the withdrawal of some troops for service
at home and continuing raids by the Zaians, who were supported by the
Central Powers. After the signing of the Armistice with Germany in
November 1918, significant forces of tribesmen remained opposed to
French rule. The French resumed their offensive in the Khénifra area in
1920, and entered negotiations with the Zaians. A split between those
who supported submission and those still opposed led to infighting, and
the French responded with a strong, three-pronged attack into the Middle
Atlas that pacified the area. Some tribesmen fled to the High Atlas and
continued a guerrilla war against the French well into the 1930s.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaian_War>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1381:

The first mass protest in the Peasants' Revolt began in
Blackheath, England, with Lollard priest John Ball asking a crowd, "When
Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman?"
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt>

1864:

Union General Ulysses S. Grant pulled his troops out of the
Battle of Cold Harbor in Hanover County, Virginia, ending one of the
bloodiest, most lopsided battles in the American Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor>

1954:

Pope Pius XII canonised Dominic Savio, who was 14 years old
when he died, to make him the youngest non-martyr saint in the Roman
Catholic Church.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Savio>

1967:

The U.S. Supreme Court delivered its decision in the landmark
civil rights case Loving v. Virginia, striking down laws restricting
interracial marriage in the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia>

1994:

The Boeing 777 (pictured), the world's largest twinjet, made
its first flight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_777>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

make shift:
(dated) To contrive; to invent a way of surmounting a difficulty.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/make_shift>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   I do not mistrust the future; I do not fear what is ahead.
For our problems are large, but our heart is larger. Our challenges are
great, but our will is greater. And if our flaws are endless, God's love
is truly boundless.  
--George H. W. Bush
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush>

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[Daily article] June 11: Tom Pryce Published On

Tom Pryce (1949–1977) was a Welsh racing driver. He is the only Welsh
driver to have won a Formula One race (the Brands Hatch Race of
Champions, a non-championship race, in 1975) or to have led a Formula
One World Championship Grand Prix (two laps of the 1975 British Grand
Prix). Pryce started his career in Formula One with the small Token
team, making his only start for them at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix.
Shortly after an impressive performance at the Formula Three support
race for the 1974 Monaco Grand Prix, Pryce joined the Shadow team and
scored his first points in Germany in only his fourth race. Pryce
(pictured during the 1975 United States Grand Prix) later claimed two
podium finishes: the first in Austria in 1975 and the second in Brazil a
year later. Pryce was considered by his team as a great wet weather
driver, and was the fastest driver in the wet conditions of the practice
session for the 1977 South African Grand Prix, his final race. During
the race, he collided at high speed with a safety marshal, Frederik
Jansen van Vuuren, and both men were killed. A memorial to Pryce was
unveiled in 2009 in his home town of Ruthin.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Pryce>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1594:

In the Philippines, Philip II of Spain recognized the right to
govern of the Principalía, the local nobles and chieftains who had
converted to Roman Catholicism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa>

1776:

The Second Continental Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson,
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston
to the Committee of Five to draft a declaration of independence for
Britain's Thirteen Colonies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Five>

1917:

Alexander was crowned King of Greece, succeeding his father
Constantine, who had abdicated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece>

1955:

More than 80 people were killed after Pierre Levegh and Lance
Macklin collided during the 23rd running of the 24 Hours of Le Mans
sports car endurance race.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Le_Mans_disaster>

2008:

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologised to the First
Nations for past governments' policies of forced assimilation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

piece together:
1. To physically assemble (or reassemble) from fragments or pieces.
2. (figuratively) To reconstruct an event or goal from incomplete or flawed
elements.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piece_together>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Surely mankind has yet to be born. Surely this is true! For only
something blind and uncomprehending could exist in such a mean
conjunction with its own flesh, its own kind. How else account for such
faltering, clumsy, hateful cruelty? Even the possums and the skunks know
better!  
--William Styron
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Styron>

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[Daily article] June 10: Frederick Delius Published On

Frederick Delius (1862–1934) was an English composer. Born in the
north of England to a prosperous mercantile family, he was sent to
Florida in 1884 to manage an orange plantation. Influenced by African-
American music, he began composing. After a brief period of formal
musical study in Germany from 1886, he embarked on a full-time career as
a composer in France, living in Grez-sur-Loing with his wife Jelka. His
first successes came in Germany in the late 1890s; it was not until 1907
that his music regularly appeared in British concerts. Thomas Beecham
conducted the full premiere of A Mass of Life in London in 1909, staged
the opera A Village Romeo and Juliet at Covent Garden in 1910, mounted a
six-day Delius festival in London in 1929, and made gramophone
recordings of many works. After 1918 Delius began to suffer the effects
of syphilis, became paralysed and blind, but completed some late
compositions with the aid of Eric Fenby. His early compositions reflect
the music he had heard in America and Europe; later he developed a style
uniquely his own. The Delius Society, formed in 1962, promotes knowledge
of his life and works, and sponsors an annual competition for young
musicians.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Delius>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1838:

More than 25 Australian Aborigines were massacred near
Inverell, New South Wales.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre>

1871:

Nine days after Korean shore batteries attacked two American
warships, an American punitive expedition landed and captured several
forts on Ganghwa Island.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea>

1918:

First World War: Italian torpedo boats sank the Austro-
Hungarian dreadnought SMS Szent István off the Dalmatian coast.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n>

1957:

Led by John Diefenbaker (pictured), the Progressive
Conservative Party won a plurality of the seats in the Canadian House of
Commons in the federal election, bringing an end to 22 years of Liberal
Party rule.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federal_election,_1957>

1991:

Eleven-year-old Jaycee Lee Dugard was kidnapped in South Lake
Tahoe, California; she would remain a captive until 2009.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Jaycee_Lee_Dugard>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

white whale:
1. A cetacean, Delphinapterus leucas.
2. (figuratively) An obsession; monomania.
3. (trading cards) A printing plate, for a sports card, that is then issued
as a collectible itself.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/white_whale>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  From their earliest years children live on familiar terms with
disrupting emotions, fear and anxiety are an intrinsic part of their
everyday lives, they continually cope with frustrations as best they
can. And it is through fantasy that children achieve catharsis. It is
the best means they have for taming Wild Things.  
--Maurice Sendak
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Maurice_Sendak>

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[Daily article] June 9: Thopha saccata Published On

Thopha saccata, commonly known as the double drummer, is the largest
Australian species of cicada and reputedly the loudest insect in the
world. Documented by the Danish zoologist Johan Christian Fabricius in
1803, it was the first described and named cicada native to Australia.
Its common name comes from the large dark red-brown sac-like pockets
that the adult male has on each side of its abdomen—the "double
drums"—that are used to amplify the sound it produces. The adult
double drummer is the largest Australian species of cicada. Broad-headed
compared with other cicadas, the double drummer is mostly brown with a
black pattern across the back of its thorax, and has red-brown and black
underparts. The sexes are similar in appearance, though the female lacks
the male's tymbals and sac-like covers. Found in sclerophyll forest in
Queensland and New South Wales, adult double drummers generally perch
high in the branches of large eucalypts. They emerge from the ground
where they have spent several years as nymphs from November until March,
and live for another four to five weeks. They appear in great numbers in
some years, yet are absent in others.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thopha_saccata>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1856:

Mormon pioneers began leaving Iowa City, Iowa, and headed west
for Salt Lake City, Utah, carrying all their possessions in two-wheeled
handcarts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_handcart_pioneers>

1946:

Bhumibol Adulyadej, the world's longest-reigning current
monarch, ascended to the throne of Thailand.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej>

1954:

During the Army–McCarthy hearings investigating conflicting
accusations between the United States Army and Senator Joseph McCarthy,
Army lawyer Joseph N. Welch famously asked McCarthy, "At long last, have
you left no sense of decency?"
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings>

1965:

The Viet Cong commenced combat with the Army of the Republic of
Vietnam in the Battle of Dong Xoai, one of the largest battles in the
Vietnam War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dong_Xoai>

2010:

A boy wearing a bomb committed a suicide attack at a wedding in
Arghandab District, Kandahar, Afghanistan, killing at least 40 people
and injuring 70 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadahan_wedding_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

caisson:
1. (military) A two-wheeled, horse-drawn military vehicle used to carry
ammunition.
2. (engineering) A watertight retaining structure used in the construction
of bridges.
3. (architecture) A sunken panel used as decoration for a ceiling or a
vault; a coffer.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caisson>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If it were in my power to forgive you for your reckless cruelty I
would do so. I like to think I am a gentle man, but your forgiveness
will have to come from someone other than me. … Let us not assassinate
this lad further, Senator. You've done enough. Have you no sense of
decency, sir? At long last, have you left no sense of decency?  
--Joseph N. Welch
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joseph_N._Welch>

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[Daily article] June 8: Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172 Published On

Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten!, BWV 172, is a 1714
church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, composed in Weimar for
Pentecost Sunday. The title translates as "Ring out, you songs; sound,
you strings!" It is an early work in a genre to which Bach later
contributed complete cantata cycles for all occasions of the liturgical
year. Appointed Konzertmeister in the spring of 1714, he composed
monthly church cantatas, most to texts by court poet Salomon Franck. The
librettist reflects different aspects of the Holy Spirit, including a
quotation from the prescribed Gospel reading and a stanza from Philipp
Nicolai's 1599 hymn "Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern" as the closing
chorale. The work is in six movements, and scored for four vocal parts,
three trumpets, timpani, oboe d'amore and a string orchestra. Bach
specified an unusual repeat of the opening chorus after the sixth
movement. He led the first performance in the court chapel (pictured in
1660) of the Weimar palace. Bach performed the cantata again several
times during his tenure as Thomaskantor – director of church
music – in Leipzig, indicating that he particularly valued this
cantata.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erschallet,_ihr_Lieder,_erklinget,_ihr_Saiten!_BWV_172>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1776:

American Revolutionary War: British forces defeated the
Continental Army at the Battle of Trois-Rivières, the last major battle
fought on Quebec soil that was part of the American colonists' invasion
of Quebec.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res>

1887:

German-American statistician Herman Hollerith received a patent
for his punch card calculator.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card>

1950:

Thomas Blamey became the only Australian to attain the rank of
Field Marshal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blamey>

1972:

Vietnam War: Associated Press photographer Nick Ut took his
Pulitzer Prize-winning photo of a naked nine-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc
running down a road after being burned by napalm.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Thi_Kim_Phuc>

2008:

A Japanese man drove a truck into a crowd of pedestrians in the
Akihabara district of Tokyo, then proceeded to stab at least 12 people
before being apprehended.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akihabara_massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

oneironaut:
A person who explores dream worlds, usually associated with lucid
dreaming.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oneironaut>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The best way to solve a problem is to identify the core belief
that causes the problem; then mock that belief until the people who hold
it insist that you heard them wrong.  
--Scott Adams
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Scott_Adams>

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[Daily article] June 7: Wells Cathedral Published On

Wells Cathedral is a Church of England place of worship in Wells,
Somerset, dedicated to St Andrew the Apostle, and is the seat of the
Bishop of Bath and Wells. The present building dates from 1175 to 1490,
an earlier church having been built on the site in 705. With its broad
west front and large central tower, it is the city's dominant feature
and a landmark in the Somerset countryside. Its architecture is entirely
Gothic, mostly of the late 12th and early 13th centuries, differing from
most other English medieval cathedrals, which have parts in the earlier
Romanesque style. The historian John Harvey considers it to be the first
truly Gothic structure in Europe. The Early English Gothic façade
displays more than three hundred sculpted figures, and is described by
Harvey as "the supreme triumph of the combined plastic arts in England".
The eastern end retains much ancient stained glass, which is rare in
England. Wells has an exceptional number of surviving secular buildings
associated with its chapter of secular canons, such as the Bishop's
Palace and the Vicars' Close, a residential street which has remained
intact from the 15th century. The cathedral is a scheduled monument and
is designated as a Grade I listed building.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells_Cathedral>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1628:

The Petition of Right, a major English constitutional document
that set out specific liberties of the subject, was granted the Royal
Assent by Charles I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petition_of_Right>

1788:

Citizens of Grenoble threw roof tiles onto royal soldiers,
sometimes credited as the beginning of the French Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles>

1810:

Journalist Mariano Moreno published Argentina's first
newspaper, the Gazeta de Buenos Ayres.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Moreno>

1917:

First World War: The British Army detonated 19 ammonal mines
under the German lines, killing 10,000 in the deadliest non-nuclear man-
made explosion in history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Messines_(1917)>

1982:

Graceland (pictured), Elvis Presley's mansion in Memphis,
Tennessee, opened to the public as a museum of Presley's life.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graceland>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

trendite:
(slang) A person given to following trends.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trendite>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Teaching is successful only as it causes people to think for
themselves. What the teacher thinks matters little; what he makes the
child think matters much.  
--Alice Moore Hubbard
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alice_Moore_Hubbard>

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[Daily article] June 6: D-Day naval deceptions Published On

Operations Taxable, Glimmer and Big Drum were tactical military
deceptions conducted on 6 June 1944 in support of the Allied landings in
Normandy. The operations formed the naval component of Operation
Bodyguard, a wider series of tactical and strategic deceptions
surrounding the invasion. By towing radar reflector balloons and
producing significant amounts of radio traffic, small boats simulated
invasion fleets approaching Cap d'Antifer, Pas-de-Calais and Normandy.
Royal Air Force bombers, including Lancaster bombers (pictured) from No.
617 "Dam Busters" Squadron, created the illusion of a large fleet on
coastal radar screens by dropping chaff in progressive patterns. Glimmer
and Taxable played on the German belief that the main invasion force
would land in the Calais region. Big Drum was positioned on the western
flank of the real invasion force to try to confuse German forces about
the scale of the landings. It is unclear whether the operations were
successful, due to the complexity of their execution, poor weather, and
lack of response from German forces. It is possible they contributed to
the overall confusion of D-Day as part of the wider Bodyguard plan.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-Day_naval_deceptions>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1674:

Shivaji, who led a resistance to free the Maratha from the
Sultanate of Bijapur and the Mughal Empire, was crowned the first
Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji>

1859:

Queen Victoria signed letters patent separating the colony of
Queensland from New South Wales.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland>

1892:

The 'L' train (1922 train pictured) of Chicago, the second
longest rapid transit system in total track mileage in the United
States, began operations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_%27L%27>

1912:

The second-largest eruption of the 20th century created the
Novarupta volcano in the Alaska Peninsula, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novarupta>

1985:

The remains of Josef Mengele, a Nazi physician notorious for
human experiments done on Auschwitz inmates, were discovered in Embu das
Artes, Brazil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

enfranchise:
To grant the franchise to an entity, generally meaning to grant the
privilege of voting to a person.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enfranchise>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

   The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching
together to Victory! I have full confidence in your courage and devotion
to duty and skill in battle. We will accept nothing less than full
Victory! Good luck! And let us beseech the blessing of Almighty God upon
this great and noble undertaking.  
--Dwight D. Eisenhower
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower>

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