[Daily article] September 30: Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI Published On

Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI is a 1984 Indonesian docudrama written and
directed by Arifin C. Noer, produced by G. Dwipayana, and starring
Amoroso Katamsi, Umar Kayam, and Syubah Asa. Produced over a period of
two years with a budget of Rp. 800 million, the film was sponsored by
the New Order government under Suharto (pictured). Based on Nugroho
Notosusanto's history of the 30 September Movement coup in 1965, It
depicts the kidnapping and killings of six generals by the Communist
Party of Indonesia and Air Force, as well as Suharto's destruction of
the movement. It closes with an urging for the Indonesian populace to
fight against all forms of communism. The film was a commercial and
critical success: nominated for seven awards at the 1984 Indonesian Film
Festival (winning one), it reached record audience numbers – although
many viewings were mandatory. It was used as a propaganda vehicle by the
New Order government until its collapse, televised annually on 30
September. Since the fall of Suharto in 1998, such use of the film has
become less common, and although the film's artistic aspects remain well
received, its misrepresentation of history has been criticised.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkhianatan_G30S/PKI>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

737:

Muslim conquest of Transoxiana: Turgesh tribes attacked the
exposed Umayyad baggage train, which had been sent ahead of the main
force, and captured it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Baggage>

1882:

The Vulcan Street Plant, the first hydroelectric central
station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North
America, went on line in Appleton, Wisconsin, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Street_Plant>

1939:

World War II: General Władysław Sikorski became Prime
Minister of the Polish government-in-exile.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski>

1979:

Construction of the Kwun Tong Line, the first line of Hong
Kong's MTR rapid transit system, was completed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR>

2004:

Japanese researchers took the first photographs of a live giant
squid in its natural habitat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_squid>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cutify:
1. (from the Latin word for skin, "cutis") To form skin, as, the wound area
was left to cutify.
2. (from "cute" + "-ify", perhaps modeled on "beautify") To make cute, as,
she cutified her room.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cutify>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Christ is the population of the world, and every object as
well. There is no room for hypocrisy. Why use bitter soup for healing
when sweet water is everywhere?  
--Rumi
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rumi>

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[Daily article] September 29: 1940 Brocklesby mid-air collision Published On

On 29 September 1940, a mid-air collision occurred over Brocklesby, New
South Wales, Australia. Two Avro Ansons of No. 2 Service Flying
Training School RAAF were on a cross-country navigational exercise and
made a banking turn at an altitude of 1,000 feet (300 metres). Leading
Aircraftman Leonard Fuller lost sight of the aircraft below him, and the
pair collided, locking together and knocking out the upper Anson's
engines. The lower Anson's turret wedged into the other's port wing
root, its fin and rudder balancing the upper aircraft's port tailplane.
Both navigators and the pilot of the lower Anson bailed out. Fuller
found that he was able to control the interlocked aircraft using his
ailerons and flaps, together with the still-functioning engines on the
machine underneath. After flying for five miles (eight kilometres), he
made an emergency landing in a paddock. All four crewmen survived the
incident, and the upper Anson was repaired and returned to flight
service. The freak accident garnered news coverage around the world and,
according to the Greater Hume Shire Council, it remains Brocklesby's
"main claim to fame".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Brocklesby_mid-air_collision>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1774:

The publication of The Sorrows of Young Werther raised the 24
-year-old Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to international fame.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther>

1923:

The British Mandate for Palestine came into effect, officially
creating the protectorates of Palestine (to include a Jewish homeland)
under British administration and Transjordan as a separate emirate under
Abdullah I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Palestine_(legal_instrument)>

1941:

The Holocaust: German Nazis aided by their collaborators began
the Babi Yar massacre in Kiev, Ukraine, killing over 30,000 Jewish
civilians in two days and thousands more in the months that followed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar>

1962:

Alouette 1, Canada's first satellite, and the first satellite
constructed by a country other than the Soviet Union or the United
States, was launched.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alouette_1>

2006:

Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 collided in mid-air with an
Embraer Legacy business jet near Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso,
Brazil, killing 154 people, and triggering a Brazilian aviation crisis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Flight_1907>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

abnegate:
1. To deny oneself (something), to renounce or give up (a right, power,
claim, privilege or convenience).
2. To deny, to reject (something, for example a truth or a commonly-held
belief).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abnegate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There's not the least thing can be said or done, but people will
talk and find fault.  
--Miguel de Cervantes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes>

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[Daily article] September 28: Derek Jeter Published On

Derek Jeter (born 1974) is an American baseball shortstop who is playing
in his 20th and final season in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New
York Yankees. A five-time World Series champion, Jeter is regarded as a
central figure of the Yankees' success of the late 1990s and early 2000s
due to his hitting, baserunning, and fielding abilities, and his
leadership as team captain since 2003. He is the Yankees' all-time
career leader in hits (3,461), games played (2,744), stolen bases (358),
and at bats (11,186). His accolades include fourteen All-Star
selections, five Gold Glove Awards, five Silver Slugger Awards, two Hank
Aaron Awards, and a Roberto Clemente Award. Jeter is the all-time MLB
leader in hits by a shortstop, and the 28th player to reach 3,000 hits.
He holds many postseason records, earning him the nicknames "Captain
Clutch" and "Mr. November". He has been one of the most heavily marketed
athletes of his generation, and his personal life and relationships with
celebrities have drawn media attention throughout his career. Teammates
and opponents alike regard Jeter as a consummate professional and one of
the best players of his generation.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Jeter>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

48 BC:

Pompey the Great was assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of
Egypt after landing in Egypt following a decisive defeat by Julius
Caesar at the Battle of Pharsalus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompey>

1542:

Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, the first
European to travel along the coast of California, landed at what is now
the city of San Diego.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo>

1924:

A team of U.S. Army Air Service aviators landed in Seattle,
Washington, to complete the first aerial circumnavigation of the world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_aerial_circumnavigation>

1978:

Pope John Paul I died only 33 days after his papal election due
to an apparent myocardial infarction, resulting in the most recent Year
of Three Popes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I>

1994:

The ferry MS Estonia sank while commuting between Tallinn,
Estonia, and Stockholm, Sweden, claiming 852 lives in one of the worst
maritime accidents in the Baltic Sea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS_Estonia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

meadery:
A place where mead is made.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meadery>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  ䷀䷊䷋䷪䷾䷿䷫䷗䷖䷁ The superior man can find
himself in no situation in which he is not himself. In a high situation,
he does not treat with contempt his inferiors. In a low situation, he
does not court the favor of his superiors. He rectifies himself, and
seeks for nothing from others, so that he has no dissatisfactions. He
does not murmur against Heaven, nor grumble against men. Thus it is that
the superior man is quiet and calm, waiting for the appointments of
Heaven, while the mean man walks in dangerous paths, looking for lucky
occurrences.  
--Confucius
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Confucius>

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[Daily article] September 27: SS Arctic disaster Published On

Only 88 people survived the sinking of the SS Arctic on September 27,
1854, out of more than 400 on board. The paddle steamer SS Arctic
(pictured), bound for New York, sank off the coast of Newfoundland. When
Captain Luce ordered the lifeboats launched, a breakdown in discipline
saw the boats swamped by members of the crew and the more able-bodied
male passengers; most of the rest went down with the ship, four hours
after the collision. All the women and children on board perished. Two
of the six lifeboats launched from Arctic reached Newfoundland, and
another was picked up by a passing steamer, which also rescued a few
survivors from improvised rafts. Among these was Luce, who had regained
the surface after initially going down with the ship. The other three
lifeboats disappeared without trace. News of Arctic's loss did not reach
New York until two weeks after the sinking, when public sorrow quickly
turned to anger at the perceived cowardice of the crew. There was no
investigation into the disaster, and no one was held legally
responsible. Luce, who was generally exonerated from blame, retired from
the sea; some of the surviving crew chose not to return to the US.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Arctic_disaster>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1605 Polish–Swedish War: The Battle of Kircholm ended in the decisive
victory of Polish–Lithuanian forces, and is remembered as one of the
greatest triumphs of Commonwealth cavalry.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm>

1825:

Locomotion No. 1 hauled the train on the opening day of the
Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway to use steam
locomotives.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway>

1916:

Lij Iyasu, the emperor-designate of Ethiopia, was deposed in
favor of his aunt, Zewditu.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iyasu_V>

1964:

The British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2, an advanced Cold War
strike and reconnaissance aircraft that was later cancelled, made its
first flight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAC_TSR-2>

2007:

NASA launched the Dawn probe (mission patch pictured), its
first purely exploratory mission to use ion propulsion, from Cape
Canaveral, Florida.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hallux:
The big toe.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hallux>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The truth is, all might be free if they valued freedom, and
defended it as they ought.  
--Samuel Adams
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams>

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[Daily article] September 26: School Rumble Published On

School Rumble is a Japanese shōnen manga series written and illustrated
by Jin Kobayashi. First serialized in 345 chapters in Weekly Shōnen
Magazine between 2002 and 2008, it is a romance comedy centering on
relationships between three Japanese high school students. The series
often discards realism in favor of comedic effect. Its popularity
resulted in television adaptations, video games, novels and guidebooks.
It has also been translated into English and other languages. The manga
was well received by Japanese-language readers; the North American
English translations were less popular, and ranked 145th for overall
manga series sales in 2008. Some critics of the English-language
translation praised Kobayashi for his art style and overall use of
humor, while others disliked some of the jokes and repetitive plot. The
anime adaptation sold well in Japan and was praised by Kobayashi
and—for the English-language translation—critics. The decision by
Media Factory to aggressively pursue its intellectual property rights
for School Rumble is believed by proponents of fansubs to have had a
negative impact on the franchise's release and sales in the North
American market.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Rumble>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1493:

Pope Alexander VI issued the papal bull Dudum siquidem, the
last of the Bulls of Donation, marking the beginning of the Spanish
colonization of the Americas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudum_siquidem>

1687:

The Parthenon in Athens was partially destroyed during an armed
conflict between the Venetians under Francesco Morosini and Ottoman
forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon>

1959:

Japan was struck by Typhoon Vera, the strongest and deadliest
typhoon on record to make landfall on the country with US$600 million in
damages and over 4,000 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Vera>

1968:

The Beatles completed recording John Lennon's song "Happiness
Is a Warm Gun", regarded by band members as one of few true "Beatles"
songs on the album The Beatles.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness_Is_a_Warm_Gun>

1983:

The racing yacht Australia II, captained by John Bertrand, won
the America's Cup, ending the New York Yacht Club's 132-year defense of
the trophy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_II>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

exanimate:
1. Lifeless, not or no longer living.
2. Spiritless, dispirited.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exanimate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Time past and time future Allow but a little consciousness. To
be conscious is not to be in time But only in time can the moment in the
rose-garden, The moment in the arbour where the rain beat, The moment in
the draughty church at smokefall Be remembered; involved with past and
future. Only through time time is conquered.  
--The Four Quartets
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Four_Quartets>

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[Daily article] September 25: Mozambican War of Independence Published On

The Mozambican War of Independence was an armed conflict between
Portugal and the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front. It
began on September 25, 1964, and ended with a cease fire on September 8,
1974. The war erupted from unrest and frustration amongst many
indigenous Mozambican populations, who perceived foreign rule to be a
form of exploitation and resented Portugal's policies towards indigenous
people. As successful self-determination movements spread throughout
Africa after World War II, many Mozambicans became progressively
nationalistic in outlook. For the other side, many enculturated
indigenous Africans who were fully integrated into the social
organization of Portuguese Mozambique reacted to the independentist
claims with discomfort and suspicion. The ethnic Portuguese of the
territory, including most of the ruling authorities, responded with
increased military presence and fast-paced development projects. The
Portuguese regular army held the upper hand during the conflict
(propaganda pictured) but Mozambique achieved independence in 1975 after
the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, ending 470 years of Portuguese
colonial rule in the East African region.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

762:

Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the
Alids began the Alid Revolt against the Abbasid Caliphate.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alid_Revolt_(762%E2%80%9363)>

1868:

The Russian frigate Alexander Nevsky wrecked off northwestern
Jutland, nearly drowning Grand Duke Alexei (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_frigate_Alexander_Nevsky>

1944:

World War II: British troops began their withdrawal from the
Battle of Arnhem in the Netherlands, ending the Allies' Operation Market
Garden in defeat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem>

1974:

The first surgery to replace the ulnar collateral ligament,
commonly known as the Tommy John surgery after the first patient, was
performed by Dr. Frank Jobe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_John_surgery>

1996:

The last Magdalene asylum, an Irish institution to rehabilitate
so-called "fallen women", was closed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_asylum>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lampoon:
To satirize or poke fun at.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lampoon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What I do is based on powers we all have inside us; the ability
to endure; the ability to love, to carry on, to make the best of what we
have — and you don't have to be a "Superman" to do it.  
--Christopher Reeve
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Christopher_Reeve>

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[Daily article] September 24: Transandinomys bolivaris Published On

Transandinomys bolivaris, also known as the long-whiskered rice rat, is
a rodent in the genus Transandinomys. It is found in humid forest from
northeastern Honduras to western Ecuador, up to 1800 m (5900 ft) above
sea level. Since it was first described in 1901 from Ecuador, six
scientific names have been introduced for it, but their common identity
was not documented until 1998 and the species had a number of names
until it was moved to the new genus Transandinomys in 2006. It is a
medium-sized rice rat and has very long vibrissae (whiskers)—those
above the eyes are up to 50 mm (2.0 in) long, making it
distinguishable from other similarly sized rice rats. The fur, which is
soft and dense, is usually dark brown above and light gray below; it is
darker in juveniles. The feet are long and the tail is about as long as
the head and body. The skull (pictured from above) is narrow and
relatively long, and has a broad interorbital region (between the eyes).
The species generally lives on the ground, but some young animals have
been taken in vegetation, up to 1.5 m (5 ft) above the ground.
Although it is rare, its conservation status is thought to be secure.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transandinomys_bolivaris>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1789:

The First United States Congress passed the Judiciary Act of
1789, establishing the U.S. federal judiciary and setting the number of
Supreme Court Justices.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789>

1877:

The Imperial Japanese Army defeated Saigō Takamori and the
Satsuma clan samurai at the Battle of Shiroyama in Kagoshima, the
decisive engagement of the Satsuma Rebellion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiroyama>

1911:

His Majesty's Airship No. 1, Britain's first rigid airship, was
wrecked by strong winds before her maiden flight at Barrow-in-Furness.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMA_No._1>

1946:

Cathay Pacific (aircraft pictured), the de facto international
flag carrier airline of Hong Kong, was founded by Roy Farrell and Sydney
de Kantzow.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathay_Pacific>

1964:

The Warren Commission released its report, concluding that Lee
Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of U.S. President John F.
Kennedy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Commission>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

heretofore:
Prior to now, until now, up to the present time.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heretofore>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Great art is the contempt of a great man for small art.
 
--F. Scott Fitzgerald
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald>

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[Daily article] September 23: Fluorine Published On

Fluorine is an extremely reactive chemical element with atomic number 9
(pictured in liquid form at cryogenic temperatures). A highly toxic pale
yellow gas at standard conditions, it was first described in 1529 as its
principal source fluorite, a mineral added as a flux for smelting, and
named after the Latin verb fluo meaning "flow". As the lightest halogen
and most electronegative element, it is difficult to separate from its
compounds, and several early experimenters died or were injured. The
process employed for its modern production—low-temperature
electrolysis—remains the same as that used by Henri Moissan in 1886 to
achieve its first isolation. The high costs of refining fluorine gas
lead most commercial uses, such as aluminium refining, insulation and
refrigeration, to use its compounds; uranium enrichment is the free
element's largest application. Fluorine is a part of some
pharmaceuticals and appears as the fluoride ion in toothpaste, but has
no known metabolic role in mammals; a few plants possess fluorine-
containing poisons to deter herbivores. Fluorocarbon gases are usually
potent greenhouse gases and organofluorine compounds persist in the
environment.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1123:

Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agreed to the
Concordat of Worms to put an end to the Investiture Controversy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms>

1780:

American Revolutionary War: British officer John André was
captured by Patriot forces, thereby revealing a plot by Continental Army
General Benedict Arnold to hand over West Point, New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold>

1803:

Maratha troops were beaten by British forces at the Battle of
Assaye, one of the decisive battles of the Second Anglo-Maratha War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Assaye>

1868:

Ramón Emeterio Betances led the Grito de Lares, a revolt
against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances>

1932:

The Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz merged with Al-Hasa and Qatif to
form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with Ibn Saud as the first monarch and
Riyadh as the capital city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

analemma:
An egg-shaped or figure-eight curve that results when the Sun's position
in the sky is plotted out over the year.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/analemma>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  God give me strength to face a fact though it slay me.
 
--Thomas Henry Huxley
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley>

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[Daily article] September 22: System Shock Published On

System Shock is a 1994 first-person action role-playing video game
developed by Looking Glass Technologies and published by Origin Systems.
It was directed by Doug Church with Warren Spector (pictured) serving as
producer. The game is set aboard a space station in a cyberpunk vision
of the year 2072. Assuming the role of a nameless hacker, the player
attempts to hinder the plans of a malevolent artificial intelligence
called SHODAN. System Shock's 3D engine, physics simulation and complex
gameplay have been cited as both innovative and influential. The
developers sought to build on the emergent gameplay and immersive
environments of their previous games, Ultima Underworld: The Stygian
Abyss and Ultima Underworld II: Labyrinth of Worlds, by streamlining
their mechanics into a more "integrated whole". Critics praised System
Shock and hailed it as a major breakthrough in its genre. It was later
placed on multiple hall of fame lists. The game was a moderate
commercial success, with sales exceeding 170,000 copies; but Looking
Glass ultimately lost money on the project. A sequel, System Shock 2,
was released by Looking Glass Studios and off-shoot developer Irrational
Games in 1999.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Shock>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1586:

Eighty Years' War: Spanish forces were victorious against a
combined Anglo-Dutch army in the Battle of Zutphen.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen>

1792:

French Revolution: One day after the National Convention voted
to abolish the monarchy, the French First Republic came into being.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic>

1914:

World War I: German naval forces bombarded Papeete in French
Polynesia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Papeete>

1934:

One of Britain's worst mining accidents took place when an
explosion at Gresford Colliery in Wales, killed 266 men.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresford_disaster>

1994:

The Nordhordland Bridge (pictured), which crosses Salhusfjorden
between Klauvaneset and Flatøy in Hordaland, and is the second-longest
bridge in Norway, was officially opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordhordland_Bridge>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

voetsek:
Go away! Get lost! Exclamation of dismissal or rejection.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voetsek>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Electricity is often called wonderful, beautiful; but it is so
only in common with the other forces of nature. The beauty of
electricity or of any other force is not that the power is mysterious,
and unexpected, touching every sense at unawares in turn, but that it is
under law, and that the taught intellect can even now govern it largely.
The human mind is placed above, and not beneath it, and it is in such a
point of view that the mental education afforded by science is rendered
super-eminent in dignity, in practical application and utility; for by
enabling the mind to apply the natural power through law, it conveys the
gifts of God to man.  
--Michael Faraday
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday>

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[Daily article] September 21: Gustav Holst Published On

Gustav Holst (1874–1934) was an English composer, arranger and
teacher, best known for his orchestral suite The Planets. He had
originally hoped to become a pianist, but was prevented by neuritis in
his right arm. Unable to support himself as a composer, he played the
trombone professionally and later became a teacher. He was musical
director at Morley College from 1907 until 1924, and pioneered music
education for women at St Paul's Girls' School, where he taught from
1905 until his death. He also founded a series of annual Whitsun music
festivals, which ran from 1916 for the remainder of his life. As a
composer, it was not until the international success of The Planets in
the years immediately after the First World War that he became a well-
known figure. In his later years his style of composition struck many as
too austere, and his brief popularity declined. Nevertheless, he was a
significant influence on a number of younger English composers,
including Michael Tippett and Benjamin Britten. Apart from The Planets
and a handful of other works, his music was generally neglected until
the 1980s, since when recordings of much of his output have been
available.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Holst>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1860:

Second Opium War: Anglo-French forces earned a decisive victory
against Qing dynasty troops in the Battle of Palikao, allowing them to
capture Beijing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palikao>

1897:

The New York Sun, a prominent New York City newspaper,
published an editorial by Francis Pharcellus Church stating, "Yes,
Virginia, there is a Santa Claus", that has become a part of popular
Christmas lore in the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus>

1933:

Salvador Lutteroth ran the first Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha
Libre event in Mexico City, the world's oldest continuously operating
professional wrestling promotion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre>

1939:

Romanian Prime Minister Armand Călinescu was assassinated in
Bucharest by pro-Nazi members of the Iron Guard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu>

1999:

A 7.6 Mw earthquake struck Jiji, Nantou County, Taiwan, killing
2,416 people, injuring over 11,000 others and causing about
NT$300 billion in damage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/921_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

infanticide:
The murder of an infant.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infanticide>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  הַלְּלוּיָהּ I did my best, it wasn't much I
couldn't feel, so I tried to touch I've told the truth, I didn't come to
fool you. And even though it all went wrong I'll stand before the Lord
of Song With nothing on my tongue but Hallelujah.  
--Leonard Cohen
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen>

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[Daily article] September 20: Great North of Scotland Railway Published On

The Great North of Scotland Railway was one of the smaller Scottish
railways operating in the far north-east of the country. Formed in 1845,
it carried its first passengers from Kittybrewster, in Aberdeen, to
Huntly on 20 September 1854. An early expansion was followed by a period
of forced economy, but in the 1880s the railway was refurbished, express
services began to run, and a suburban service in Aberdeen started. The
railway operated its main line between Aberdeen and Keith and two routes
west to Elgin; connections could be made at Keith and Elgin for services
to Inverness. Its eventual area encompassed the counties of
Aberdeenshire, Banffshire and Moray, with short lengths of line in
Inverness-shire and Kincardineshire. Fish from the North Sea ports and
whisky from Speyside became important goods traffic. The Royal Family
used the Deeside Line for travel to and from Balmoral Castle. The
railway became the Northern Scottish area of the London and North
Eastern Railway in 1923, passing on 333 1⁄2 miles (536.7 km) of line
and 122 steam locomotives (including No. 49 Gordon Highlander,
pictured). Only its main line remains, as part of the Aberdeen to
Inverness Line.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_of_Scotland_Railway>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

King Harald III of Norway and Tostig Godwinson, his English
ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar in the
Battle of Fulford near York, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford>

1498:

A tsunami caused by the Meiō Nankaidō earthquake washed away
the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in in
Kamakura, Japan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku-in>

1971:

Hurricane Irene (satellite image pictured) departed Nicaragua
to become the first known tropical cyclone to successfully cross from
the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irene%E2%80%93Olivia>

1984 - The Cosby Show, which became one of three U.S. shows to have the
highest ratings five years in a row, aired its its pilot episode.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(The_Cosby_Show)>

2011:

The United States ended its "don't ask, don't tell" policy,
allowing gays and lesbians to openly serve in the military.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_ask,_don%27t_tell>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

anthelmintic:
A drug for the treatment of intestinal worm infestation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthelmintic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Men are constantly attracted and deluded by two opposite
charms: the charm of competence which is engendered by mathematics and
everything akin to mathematics, and the charm of humble awe, which is
engendered by meditation on the human soul and its experiences.
Philosophy is characterized by the gentle, if firm, refusal to succumb
to either charm. It is the highest form of the mating of courage and
moderation.  
--Leo Strauss
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leo_Strauss>

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[Daily article] September 19: History of a Six Weeks' Tour Published On

History of a Six Weeks' Tour is a travel narrative by the British
Romantic authors Mary Shelley (pictured) and Percy Bysshe Shelley.
Published in 1817, it describes two trips taken by Mary, Percy, and
Mary's stepsister, Claire Clairmont: one across Europe in 1814, and one
to Lake Geneva in 1816. It consists of a journal, four letters, and
Percy Shelley's poem "Mont Blanc". Apart from the poem, the text was
primarily written and organised by Mary Shelley. In 1840 she revised the
journal and the letters, republishing them in a collection of Percy
Shelley's writings. Part of the new genre of the Romantic travel
narrative, History of a Six Weeks' Tour exudes spontaneity and
enthusiasm; the authors demonstrate their desire to develop a sense of
taste and distinguish themselves from those around them. The romantic
elements of the work would have hinted at the text's radical politics to
19th-century readers. The text's frank discussion of politics, including
positive references to the French Revolution and praise of Enlightenment
philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, was unusual for a travel narrative at
the time. History of a Six Weeks' Tour sold poorly but received
favourable reviews.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1676:

During Bacon's Rebellion, Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel
Bacon burned the colonial capital of Jamestown to the ground.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion>

1846:

Two French shepherd children, Mélanie Calvat and Maximin
Giraud, reported experiencing a Marian apparition on a mountaintop near
La Salette, France, now known as Our Lady of La Salette (statue
picture).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette>

1893:

New Zealand became the first country to introduce universal
suffrage, following the women's suffrage movement led by Kate Sheppard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand>

1944:

Finland and the Soviet Union signed the Moscow Armistice to end
the Continuation War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War>

1970:

Greek student Kostas Georgakis set himself on fire in Genoa,
Italy, as a protest against the Greek military junta of Georgios
Papadopoulos.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Georgakis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

jump down someone's throat:
To criticise with excessive and unexpected harshness.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jump_down_someone%27s_throat>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I think the unique thing about music and graphic art is as
opposed to, say, acting and directing, that if you are good you can
always create a place for yourself.  
--Cass Elliot
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cass_Elliot>

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[Daily article] September 18: Murder of Joanna Yeates Published On

Joanna Yeates (1985–2010) was a 25-year-old landscape architect from
Hampshire, England, who went missing on 17 December 2010 in Bristol
after an evening out with colleagues. Following a highly publicised
appeal for information on her whereabouts and intensive police
enquiries, her body was discovered on 25 December 2010; a post-mortem
examination determined that she had been strangled. The murder inquiry
was one of the largest police investigations ever undertaken in the
Bristol area. The case dominated UK news coverage around Christmas. The
police initially arrested Christopher Jefferies, Yeates' landlord; he
was subsequently released and later obtained substantial libel damages
from eight newspapers over their coverage of his arrest. Vincent Tabak,
a 32-year-old Dutch engineer and neighbour of Yeates, was arrested on 20
January 2011. He was convicted at trial of her murder and sentenced to
life imprisonment. A memorial service was held for Yeates at the parish
church in the Bristol suburb where she lived; her funeral took place
near the family home in Hampshire. Several memorials were planned,
including one in a garden she had been designing for a new hospital in
Bristol.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Joanna_Yeates>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1851:

The New York Times, the largest metropolitan newspaper in the
United States, was founded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times>

1889:

Hull House (pictured), the United States' most influential
settlement house, opened in Chicago.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House>

1939:

The Nazi propaganda radio programme Germany Calling, with a
host nicknamed "Lord Haw-Haw", began broadcasting to audiences in the
United Kingdom and the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Haw-Haw>

1974:

Hurricane Fifi struck Honduras, destroying 182 towns and
villages in the first 24 hours, and ultimately causing over 8,000
deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fifi%E2%80%93Orlene>

1998:

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN), a nonprofit organization that manages the assignment of domain
names and IP addresses in the Internet, was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chirality:
The phenomenon, in chemistry, physics and mathematics, of objects being
unidentical mirror images of each other, like a person's left and right
hands.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chirality>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge
without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.  
--Samuel Johnson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson>

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[Daily article] September 17: George Formby Published On

George Formby (1904–1961) was an English actor, singer-songwriter and
comedian. On stage, screen and record he sang light, comical songs,
usually playing the ukulele or banjolele, and became the UK's highest-
paid entertainer. After an early career as a stable boy and jockey,
Formby took to the music hall stage after the early death of his father
in 1921. In 1923 he purchased a ukulele, and married Beryl Ingham, a
fellow-performer who became his manager. She insisted that he appear on
stage formally dressed, and introduced the ukulele to his performance.
He started his recording career in 1926 and, from 1934, he increasingly
worked in film to develop into a major star. During the Second World
War, Formby entertained civilians and troops (pictured in France), and
by 1946 it was estimated that he had performed in front of three million
service personnel. After the war his career declined, although he toured
the Commonwealth, and continued to appear in variety and pantomime.
Formby was considered Britain's first properly home-grown screen
comedian. He was an influence on future comedians—particularly Charlie
Drake and Norman Wisdom—and, culturally, on entertainers such as the
Beatles.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Formby>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1176:

Byzantine–Seljuk wars: The Seljuk Turks prevented the
Byzantines from taking the interior of Anatolia at the Battle of
Myriokephalon in Phrygia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Myriokephalon>

1716:

French soldier Jean Thurel enlisted in the Régiment de
Touraine at the age of 17, beginning a career of military service that
would span 90 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Thurel>

1849:

American slave Harriet Tubman escaped; she would become famous
for orchestrating the rescues of more than 70 other slaves via the
"Underground Railroad".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman>

1914:

Andrew Fisher, whose previous term as Prime Minister of
Australia oversaw a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until
the 1940s, became Prime Minister for the third time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher>

1939:

World War II: The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east,
sixteen days after Nazi Germany's attack on that country from the west.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rapine:
The seizure of someone's property by force; plunder.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rapine>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

You know, that's the first thing that got me about this place, that
there wasn't anybody laughing. I haven't heard a real laugh since I came
through that door, do you know that? Man, when you lose your laugh you
lose your footing.  
--Ken Kesey
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ken_Kesey>

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[Daily article] September 16: 2011 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final Published On

The 2011 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup Final was a soccer match between
Seattle Sounders FC and the Chicago Fire played on October 4, 2011 at
CenturyLink Field in Seattle, Washington. Seattle Sounders FC won by
defeating the Chicago Fire 2–0 with goals scored by Fredy Montero and
Osvaldo Alonso. The match was the culmination of the 2011 tournament,
which was open to amateur and professional soccer teams affiliated with
the United States Soccer Federation. The tournament was the 98th edition
of the U.S. Open Cup, the oldest ongoing competition in American soccer.
The attendance of 36,615 at the final set a tournament record. Seattle
had previously won the 2009 and 2010 tournaments, making them the first
team since 1968 to win three consecutive championships (trophies
pictured) and the fourth team to do so in the tournament's history.
Seattle won a berth in the 2012–13 CONCACAF Champions League and a
$100,000 cash prize. Following the final, criticism arose regarding
Seattle hosting each round of the tournament they played. In response,
changes to the rules for determining hosting rights were announced.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Lamar_Hunt_U.S._Open_Cup_Final>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1400:

Owain Glyndŵr was proclaimed Prince of Wales and instigated a
revolt against the rule of Henry IV of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_Rising>

1810:

Miguel Hidalgo, the parish priest in Dolores, Guanajuato,
delivered the Grito de Dolores to his congregation, instigating the
Mexican War of Independence against Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores>

1920:

A bomb in a horse wagon exploded (aftermath pictured) in front
of the J. P. Morgan building in New York City, killing 38 people and
injuring 400 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_bombing>

1961:

The United States' National Hurricane Research Project sought
to weaken Hurricane Esther by seeding it with silver iodide, leading to
the establishment of Project Stormfury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Stormfury>

1990:

Construction of the Northern Xinjiang Railway was completed
between Ürümqi and Alashankou, linking the railway lines of China and
Kazakhstan, and adding a sizable portion to the Eurasian Land Bridge.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

munificence:
The quality of being munificent; generosity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/munificence>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Mystery: Time and Tide shall pass, I am the Wisdom Looking-
Glass. This is the Ruby none can touch: Many have loved it overmuch; Its
fathomless fires flutter and sigh, Being as images of the flame That
shall make earth and heaven the same When the fire of the end reddens
the sky, And the world consumes like a burning pall, Till where there is
nothing, there is all.  
--Alfred Noyes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Noyes>

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[Daily article] September 15: Battle of Morotai Published On

The Battle of Morotai, part of the Pacific War, began on 15 September
1944, and continued until the end of the war in August 1945. The
fighting started when United States and Australian forces landed on the
south-west corner of Morotai, a small island in the Netherlands East
Indies (NEI), which the Allies needed as a base to support the
liberation of the Philippines later that year. The invading forces
greatly outnumbered the island's Japanese defenders, and secured their
objectives in two weeks. Japanese reinforcements were landed on the
island between September and November, but lacked the supplies needed to
effectively attack the Allied defensive perimeter. Intermittent fighting
continued until the end of the war, with the Japanese troops suffering
heavy loss of life from disease and starvation. South-western Morotai
was subsequently developed into a major Allied base, with facilities on
the island being used to support landings in the Philippines and Borneo.
Torpedo boats and aircraft based at Morotai also harassed Japanese
positions in the NEI. Morotai remained an important logistical hub and
command center until the Dutch reestablished their colonial rule in the
NEI.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1830:

The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened (train pictured) as
the first locomotive-hauled railway to connect two major cities.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opening_of_the_Liverpool_and_Manchester_Railway>

1862:

American Civil War: Confederate forces captured the Union
garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, taking more than 12,000 prisoners.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry>

1916:

Tanks, the "secret weapons" of the British Army during the
First World War, were first used in combat at the Battle of the Somme in
Somme, Picardy, France, leading to strategic Allied victory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme>

1935:

Nazi Germany enacted the Nuremberg Laws, which deprived German
Jews of citizenship, and adopted a new national flag emblazoned with a
swastika.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany#Nazi_Germany>

1963:

A bomb planted by members of the Ku Klux Klan exploded in the
16th Street Baptist Church, an African American Baptist church in
Birmingham, Alabama, US, killing four children and injuring at least 22
others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rally cap:
(US, baseball) A baseball cap worn inside-out and backwards, or in
another unconventional manner, by players or fans, as a talisman in
order to will a team into a come-from-behind rally late in the game.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rally_cap>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If I have seen further than others, it is because I am
surrounded by dwarfs.  
--Murray Gell-Mann
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann>

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[Daily article] September 14: SMS Kaiser Wilhelm II Published On

SMS Kaiser Wilhelm II was the second of the Kaiser Friedrich III class
of pre-dreadnought battleships, built at the Imperial Dockyard in
Wilhelmshaven. She was launched on 14 September 1897 and commissioned
into the fleet in 1902. She was armed with four 24-centimeter (9.4 in)
guns in two twin turrets and powered by triple expansion engines that
delivered a top speed of 17.5 knots (32.4 km/h; 20.1 mph). Kaiser
Wilhelm II served as the flagship of the German fleet until 1906,
participating in fleet training exercises and visits to foreign ports.
After the new dreadnought battleships began entering service in 1908,
she was decommissioned, then reactivated between 1910 and 1912 for
training ship duties in the Baltic. With the outbreak of World War I in
August 1914, Kaiser Wilhelm II and her sister ships were brought back
into duty as coastal defense ships in the V Battle Squadron. Her age,
coupled with shortages of ship crews, led to her withdrawal from this
role in February 1915; after which she served as a command ship for the
High Seas Fleet, based in Wilhelmshaven. She was sold for scrap in the
early 1920s.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Kaiser_Wilhelm_II>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

81:

Domitian became the last Flavian emperor of Rome, succeeding his
brother Titus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian>

1752:

In adopting the Gregorian calendar under the terms of the
Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, the British Empire skipped eleven days:
(September 2 was followed directly by September 14).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750>

1901:

Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States at age
42, the youngest person ever to do so, eight days after William McKinley
was fatally wounded in Buffalo, New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt>

1911:

Prime Minister of Russia Pyotr Stolypin was mortally shot at
the Kiev Opera House.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin>

2003:

Kumba Ialá, the President of Guinea-Bissau, was deposed in a
bloodless coup.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumba_Ial%C3%A1>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

torrefy:
To subject to intense heat.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/torrefy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Freud's prescription for personal happiness as consisting of
work and love must be taken with the proviso that the work has to be
loved, and the love has to be worked at.  
--Sydney J. Harris
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sydney_J._Harris>

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[Daily article] September 13: September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt Published On

An attempted coup took place in South Vietnam before dawn on September
13, 1964. Generals Lâm Văn Phát and Dương Văn Đức sent
dissident units into the capital Saigon to overthrow the ruling military
junta led by General Nguyễn Khánh. They captured key points and
announced the overthrow of the regime on national radio. In the previous
month, Khánh's leadership had became increasingly troubled. He had
tried to augment his powers by declaring a state of emergency; this
provoked large-scale protests calling for an end to military rule.
Fearful of losing power, Khánh began making concessions and promised
democracy in the near future. He also removed military officials linked
to the discriminatory Catholic rule of the former President Ngô Đình
Diệm, including Phát (Interior Minister) and Đức (IV Corps
commander), who responded with a coup. With American help, Khánh
rallied support and the coup collapsed the next morning without
casualties. Despite Khánh's survival, the historian George McTurnan
Kahin has described the coup as the start of Khánh's ultimate political
decline. His relations with America became increasingly strained and he
was deposed in February 1965 with US connivance.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

509 BC:

The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Capitoline Hill, the
most important temple in Ancient Rome, was dedicated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Optimus_Maximus>

1541:

After three years of exile, John Calvin returned to Geneva to
reform the church under a body of doctrine that came to be known as
Calvinism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism>

1848:

An explosion drove an iron rod through the head of railroad
foreman Phineas Gage (pictured), making him an important early case of
personality change after brain injury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage>

1971:

Following a failed coup attempt, Mao Zedong's second-in-command
Lin Biao died in a plane crash while attempting to flee the People's
Republic of China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin_Biao>

2006:

Kimveer Gill shot 19 people for unknown reasons, killing one,
at Dawson College in Montreal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_College_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gooseberry:
1. A fruit closely related to the currant.
2. Any of several other unrelated fruits, such as the Chinese gooseberry
(kiwifruit) or the Indian gooseberry (amla).
3. (British, informal) An unwanted additional person: Robert and Susan were
so in love that nobody could go near them without feeling like a
gooseberry.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gooseberry>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Poets say science takes away from the beauty of the stars —
mere globs of gas atoms. Nothing is "mere". I too can see the stars on a
desert night, and feel them. But do I see less or more? The vastness of
the heavens stretches my imagination — stuck on this carousel my
little eye can catch one-million-year-old light. A vast pattern — of
which I am a part... What is the pattern or the meaning or the why? It
does not do harm to the mystery to know a little more about it. For far
more marvelous is the truth than any artists of the past imagined it.
Why do the poets of the present not speak of it? What men are poets who
can speak of Jupiter if he were a man, but if he is an immense spinning
sphere of methane and ammonia must be silent?  
--Richard Feynman
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman>

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[Daily article] September 12: Problem of religious language Published On

The problem of religious language considers whether it is possible to
talk about God meaningfully if the traditional conceptions of God as
being incorporeal, infinite, and timeless, are accepted. Various
theories of religious language either attempt to show that such language
is meaningless, or that it can still be meaningful. The via negativa is
a way of referring to God according to what he is not. Analogy uses
human qualities as standards against which to compare divine qualities.
Symbolism is used non-literally to describe otherwise ineffable
experiences. A mythological interpretation of religion attempts to
reveal fundamental truths behind religious stories. Alternative
explanations of religious language cast it as having political,
performative, or imperative functions. Logical positivists argue that
religious language is meaningless because its propositions are
impossible to verify. Religion has also been classified as a language
game that is meaningful within its own context. Others have used
parables to approach the problem, such as R. M. Hare's parable of a
lunatic, and John Hick's parable of the Celestial City to propose his
theory of eschatological verification.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_religious_language>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1609:

While sailing aboard the Halve Maen, Englishman Henry Hudson
began his exploration of the Hudson River, laying the foundation for
Dutch colonization of present-day New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hudson>

1814:

War of 1812: Although the Maryland Militia lost the Battle of
North Point, they delayed the British advance against Baltimore, buying
time for the defense of the city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point>

1910:

Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8, one of the largest-scale choral
works in the classical concert repertoire, was first performed in
Munich.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)>

1942:

World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army began the Battle of
Edson's Ridge in an effort to retake Henderson Field on Guadalcanal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Edson%27s_Ridge>

1974:

Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia was deposed by the Derg,
a military junta.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile_Selassie>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vocable:
1. A word or utterance, especially with reference to its form rather than
its meaning.
2. A syllable or sound without specific meaning, used together with or in
place of actual words in a song.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vocable>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Each civilization may choose one of two roads to travel, that
is, either fret itself to death, or pet itself to death. And in the
course of doing one or the other, it eats its way into the Universe,
turning cinders and flinders of stars into toilet seats, pegs, gears,
cigarette holders and pillowcases, and it does this because, unable to
fathom the Universe, it seeks to change that Fathomlessness into
Something Fathomable.  
--Stanisław Lem
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem>

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[Daily article] September 11: Verbascum thapsus Published On

Verbascum thapsus is a species of mullein native to Europe, northern
Africa and Asia, and introduced in the Americas and Australia. It is a
hairy biennial plant that can grow to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) tall or
more. Its small yellow flowers are densely grouped on a tall stem, which
bolts from a large rosette of leaves. It grows in a wide variety of
habitats, but prefers well-lit disturbed soils, where it can appear soon
after the ground receives light, from long-lived seeds that persist in
the soil seed bank. It is a common weedy plant that spreads by
prolifically producing seeds, but rarely becomes aggressively invasive,
since its seed require open ground to germinate. It is a very minor
problem for most agricultural crops, since it is intolerant of shade
from other plants and unable to survive tilling. It is widely used for
herbal remedies with emollient and astringent properties. It is known to
possess anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, antiviral, antifungal,
antibacterial, expectorant, and analgesic properties. It is recommended
for coughs and related problems, but also used in topical applications
against a variety of skin problems. The plant was also used to make dyes
and torches.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbascum_thapsus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1649:

Cromwellian conquest of Ireland: Oliver Cromwell's New Model
Army ended the Siege of Drogheda, took over the town and massacred its
garrison.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Drogheda>

1814:

The Battle of Plattsburgh ended Britain's final invasion of the
northern states during the War of 1812.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh>

1893:

On the opening day of the first Parliament of the World's
Religions in Chicago, Swami Vivekananda introduced Hinduism to the
United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivekananda>

1914:

During the First World War, the Australian Naval and Military
Expeditionary Force invaded German New Guinea, winning the Battle of
Bita Paka.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bita_Paka>

2012:

Garment factories in the Pakistani cities of Karachi and Lahore
caught fire, leaving 315 dead.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Pakistan_garment_factory_fires>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

in memoriam:
In memory (of); as a memorial.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_memoriam>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Do not flinch from experiences that might destroy your
beliefs. The thought you cannot think controls you more than thoughts
you speak aloud. Submit yourself to ordeals and test yourself in fire.
Relinquish the emotion which rests upon a mistaken belief, and seek to
feel fully that emotion which fits the facts. If the iron approaches
your face, and you believe it is hot, and it is cool, the Way opposes
your fear. If the iron approaches your face, and you believe it is cool,
and it is hot, the Way opposes your calm. Evaluate your beliefs first
and then arrive at your emotions. Let yourself say: "If the iron is
hot, I desire to believe it is hot, and if it is cool, I desire to
believe it is cool."  
--Eliezer Yudkowsky
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eliezer_Yudkowsky>

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[Daily article] September 10: Hurricane Esther Published On

Hurricane Esther was the first tropical cyclone to be discovered by
satellite imagery. The fifth tropical cyclone, fifth named storm, and
fifth hurricane of the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season, Esther developed
from an area of disturbed weather hundreds of miles west-southwest of
the southernmost Cape Verde Islands on September 10. The storm moved
and strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane and peaked with sustained
winds of 145 mph (230 km/h) on September 18. Esther began to weaken
while approaching New England and fell to Category 3 intensity on
September 21, later weakening to a tropical storm, and struck Cape Cod
and southeastern Maine on September 26, dissipating early on
September 27. Between North Carolina and New Jersey effects were
primarily limited to strong winds and minor beach erosion and coastal
flooding due to storm surge. In New York, strong winds led to severe
crop losses and over 300,000 power outages. Some areas observed more
than 8 inches (200 mm) of rainfall. Overall, damage was minor, totaling
about $6 million. There were also seven deaths reported when United
States Navy P5M aircraft crashed about 120 miles (190 km) north of
Bermuda.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Esther>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1547:

Anglo-Scottish Wars: English forces defeated the Scots at the
Battle of Pinkie Cleugh near Musselburgh, Lothian, Scotland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pinkie_Cleugh>

1898:

In an act of "propaganda of the deed", Italian anarchist Luigi
Lucheni fatally stabbed Empress Elisabeth of Austria in Geneva,
Switzerland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Elisabeth_of_Austria>

1937:

Led by the United Kingdom and France, nine nations met in the
Nyon Conference to address international piracy in the Mediterranean
Sea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyon_Conference>

1961:

At the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, German driver Wolfgang von
Trips's vehicle collided with another, causing it to become airborne and
crash into a side barrier, killing him and 15 spectators.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Trips>

2008:

CERN's Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-
energy particle accelerator, was first powered up beneath the Franco-
Swiss border near Geneva.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

variadic:
(Computing, mathematics, linguistics) Taking a variable number of
arguments; especially, taking arbitrarily many arguments.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/variadic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You can have the other words — chance, luck, coincidence,
serendipity. I'll take grace. I don't know what it is exactly, but I'll
take it.  
--Mary Oliver
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary_Oliver>

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[Daily article] September 9: Willie wagtail Published On

The willie wagtail is a passerine bird native to Australia, New Guinea,
the Solomon Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, and eastern Indonesia. It
is a common and familiar bird throughout much of its range, living in
most habitats apart from thick forest. Measuring 19.0–21.5 cm
(7½–8½ in) in length, the willie wagtail is contrastingly coloured
with almost entirely black upperparts and white underparts; the male and
female have similar plumage. Three subspecies are recognised: one from
central and southern Australia, another from northern Australia, and the
third from New Guinea and islands in its vicinity. The willie wagtail is
insectivorous and spends much time chasing prey in open habitat. Its
name is derived from its habit of wagging its tail horizontally when
foraging on the ground. Aggressive and territorial, the willie wagtail
will often harass much larger birds such as the laughing kookaburra and
wedge-tailed eagle. It has responded well to human alteration of the
landscape and is a common sight in urban lawns, parks, and gardens. It
was widely featured in aboriginal folklore around the country as either
a bringer of bad news or a stealer of secrets.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_wagtail>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1493:

Ottoman Empire forces defeated the Croatian army at the Battle
of Krbava Field.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Krbava_Field>

1739:

The Stono Rebellion, at the time the largest slave rebellion in
the Thirteen Colonies of British America, erupted near Charleston, South
Carolina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stono_Rebellion>

1969:

Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 collided in mid-air with a Piper
PA-28 Cherokee flown by a student pilot near Fairland, Indiana, US,
destroying both planes and killing all occupants.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines_Flight_853>

1990:

Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lankan Army massacred at least
184 Tamil refugees in the Batticaloa District.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Batticaloa_massacre>

2009:

The Dubai Metro (train pictured), the first urban train network
in the Arabian Peninsula and the world's longest fully automated metro
network, was ceremonially inaugurated at 9:09:09 PM.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_Metro>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

zealous:
Full of zeal; ardent, fervent; exhibiting enthusiasm or strong passion.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zealous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The thunderstorm is a constant phenomenon, raging alternately
over some part of the world or the other. Can a single man or creature
escape death if all that charge of lightning strikes the earth?  
--Kalki Krishnamurthy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kalki_Krishnamurthy>

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[Daily article] September 8: Wendell H. Ford Published On

Wendell H. Ford (born 1924) is a retired American politician from
Kentucky. He was the 53rd Governor of Kentucky then served for 24 years
in the U.S. Senate. He was the first person to be successively elected
lieutenant governor, governor, and U.S. senator in Kentucky history.
After studying at the University of Kentucky and serving in World War
II, he worked on the successful 1959 gubernatorial campaign of Bert T.
Combs, and became his executive assistant. Ford served one term in the
Kentucky Senate, was elected lieutenant governor in 1967, and in 1971
defeated Combs in the Democratic primary en route to the governorship.
As governor, Ford raised revenue through a severance tax on coal and
reformed the educational system. Due to the rapid rise of Ford and many
of his political allies, he and his lieutenant governor, Julian Carroll,
were investigated on charges of political corruption, but a grand jury
refused to indict them. After his election as senator in 1974, Ford was
a staunch defender of Kentucky's tobacco industry, and was Senate
Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999. At the time of his retirement in
1999, he was the longest-serving senator in Kentucky's history.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_H._Ford>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1504:

David (detail pictured), a marble sculpture by Michelangelo
portraying the biblical King David in the nude, was unveiled in
Florence, Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)>

1831:

William IV and Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen were crowned King and
Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen>

1954:

Eight nations signed an agreement to create the Southeast Asia
Treaty Organization, a Southeast Asian version of NATO.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization>

1974:

Watergate scandal: U.S. President Gerald Ford gave recently
resigned President Richard Nixon a full and unconditional, but
controversial, pardon for any crimes he committed while in office.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford>

1994:

USAir Flight 427 crashed on approach to Pittsburgh
International Airport, resulting 132 deaths and the one of the longest
accident investigations in aviation history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAir_Flight_427>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unstinted:
Not constrained, not restrained, or not confined.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unstinted>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Like Peter Pan, or Superman, You have come... to save me. Come
on and save me... Why don't you save me? If you could save me, From the
ranks of the freaks, Who suspect they could never love anyone, Except
the freaks… Who could never love anyone.  
--Aimee Mann‎‎
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aimee_Mann>

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[Daily article] September 7: Megadeth Published On

Megadeth is a thrash metal band from Los Angeles, California. The group
was formed in 1983 by guitarist Dave Mustaine and bassist David
Ellefson. It is credited as one of thrash metal's "big four" with
Anthrax, Metallica and Slayer, responsible for the genre's development
and popularization. Megadeth's music features fast rhythm sections and
complex arrangements; themes of death, war, politics and religion are
prominent in the lyrics. The success of its debut album on an
independent label led to Megadeth signing with Capitol Records. The
band's first major-label album, Peace Sells... but Who's Buying? (1986),
greatly influenced the underground metal scene; albums and worldwide
tours in the 1990s brought Megadeth public recognition. The group has
sold 50 million records worldwide, earned U.S. platinum certification
for six of its fourteen studio albums, and received eleven Grammy
nominations. The band's mascot, Vic Rattlehead, regularly appears on
album artwork and since 2010 in live shows. The group has experienced
controversy over its musical approach and lyrics: concerts have been
canceled, albums banned, and MTV refused to play two videos that it
considered to condone suicide.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1812:

Napoleonic Wars: The French Grande Armée forced the Russians
to withdraw at the Battle of Borodino.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino>

1893:

British expatriates in Italy founded the Genoa Cricket &
Athletic Club, today one of Italy's oldest association football clubs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C.>

1940:

Second World War: The German Luftwaffe changed their strategy
in the Battle of Britain and began bombing London and other British
cities and towns for over 50 consecutive nights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz>

1986:

Desmond Tutu became the first black person to lead the Church
of the Province of Southern Africa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu>

2004:

Hurricane Ivan made landfall on Grenada and devastated at least
85% of the island.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

iatrogenesis:
(medicine) Any adverse effect (or complication) resulting from medical
treatment.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iatrogenesis>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  My poems are hymns of praise to the glory of life.  
--Edith Sitwell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edith_Sitwell>

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[Daily article] September 6: Assassination of William McKinley Published On

U.S. President William McKinley was shot and fatally wounded on
September 6, 1901 while shaking hands with the public in the Temple of
Music at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. He died on
September 14 from gangrene caused by the bullet wounds. Re-elected
president in 1900, McKinley enjoyed meeting the public, and was
reluctant to take security precautions. The Secretary to the President,
George B. Cortelyou, feared an assassination attempt at the Temple of
Music, but McKinley kept the visit in the schedule. The assassin was
Leon Czolgosz, who had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893.
He regarded McKinley as a symbol of oppression, and felt it was his duty
as an anarchist to kill him. Unable to get near McKinley earlier in the
visit, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake
his hand in the reception line (1905 illustration shown). McKinley
initially appeared to be recovering, but took a turn for the worse on
September 13 and died early the next morning; Vice President Theodore
Roosevelt succeeded him. Czolgosz was executed for the murder and
Congress passed legislation giving the responsibility of protecting the
president to the Secret Service.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1781:

American Revolutionary War: General Benedict Arnold led British
forces to victory in the Battle of Groton Heights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Groton_Heights>

1930:

Argentine President Hipólito Yrigoyen was deposed in a
military coup by José Félix Uriburu.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen>

1944:

World War II: Soviet forces captured the city of Tartu on their
way to re-establishing their rule in Estonia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartu_Offensive>

1966:

South African Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd, the "architect
of apartheid", was stabbed to death by Dimitri Tsafendas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Verwoerd>

1970:

Members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
hijacked four jet aircraft en route from Europe to New York City,
landing two of them at Dawson's Field in Zerqa, Jordan, and one plane in
Beirut.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson%27s_Field_hijackings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

munificent:
Very liberal in giving or bestowing; lavish; as a munificent benefactor.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/munificent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The word patriotism has been employed … to express a love of
the public good; a preference for the interests of the many to those of
the few; a desire for the emancipation of the human race from the thrall
of despotism, religious and civil; in short … to express the interest
felt in the human race in general, than that felt for any country, or
inhabitants of a country, in particular. And patriot, in like manner, is
employed to signify a lover of human liberty and human improvement,
rather than a mere lover of the country in which he lives, or the tribe
to which he belongs. … Patriotism, in the exclusive meaning, is surely
not made for America. Mischievous every where, it were here both
mischievous and absurd. … It is for Americans, more especially to
nourish a nobler sentiment; one more consistent with their origin, and
more conducive to their future improvement. It is for them more
especially to know why they love their country, not because it is their
country, but because it is the palladium of human liberty — the
favoured scene of human improvement.  
--Frances Wright
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frances_Wright>

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