[Daily article] October 31: Resurrectionists in the United Kingdom Published On

Resurrectionists (depicted in action) were commonly employed by
anatomists in the United Kingdom during the 18th and 19th centuries to
disinter the bodies of the recently deceased for anatomical research.
Between 1506 and 1752 only a very few cadavers were available each year.
The supply was increased when, in an attempt to intensify the deterrent
effect of the death penalty, the Murder Act 1752 allowed executed
criminals to be dissected—a fate generally viewed with horror—in
place of gibbeting. The change was insufficient to meet the needs of
hospitals and teaching centres. Corpses and their component parts became
a commodity, but although the practice of disinterment was hated by the
general public, bodies were not legally anyone's property.
Resurrectionists caught plying their trade ran the risk of attack.
Measures taken to stop them included increased security at graveyards,
secure coffins, and physical barriers. Matters came to a head following
the Burke and Hare murders of 1828. Although it did not make body
snatching illegal, the Anatomy Act 1832 effectively put an end to the
work of the resurrectionists by allowing anatomists access to the
workhouse dead.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrectionists_in_the_United_Kingdom>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

475:

Romulus Augustulus took the throne as the last ruling emperor of
the Western Roman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus>

1517:

According to traditional accounts, Martin Luther first posted
his Ninety-Five Theses onto the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg,
present-day Germany, marking the beginning of the Protestant
Reformation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ninety-Five_Theses>

1822:

Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire
dissolved the Mexican Congress and replaced it with a military junta
answerable only to him.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide>

1984:

Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of
her own Sikh bodyguards, sparking anti-Sikh riots throughout the
country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots>

1999:

All 217 people on board EgyptAir Flight 990 were killed when
the aircraft suddenly plummeted into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of
Nantucket, Massachusetts, United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cauldron:
A large bowl-shaped pot used for boiling over an open flame.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cauldron>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  On Halloween night, the Great Pumpkin rises out of the pumpkin
patch, then flies through the air to bring toys to all the good little
children everywhere. Wouldn't you like to sit with me in the pumpkin
patch on Halloween night and wait for the Great Pumpkin?  
--It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/It%27s_the_Great_Pumpkin,_Charlie_Brown>

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[Daily article] October 30: Peter Warlock Published On

Peter Warlock was the pseudonym of Philip Heseltine (1894–1930), a
British composer and music critic. The Warlock name, which reflects
Heseltine's interest in occult practices, was used for all his published
musical works. Best known as a composer of songs and other vocal music,
he also achieved notoriety through his unconventional and often
scandalous lifestyle. As a schoolboy at Eton College, Heseltine came
under the spell of the British composer Frederick Delius, with whom he
formed a close friendship. After a failed student career in Oxford and
London, he turned to musical journalism, while developing interests in
folk-song and Elizabethan music. His first serious compositions date
from around 1915. A lasting influence arose from his meeting in 1916
with the Dutch composer Bernard van Dieren. Heseltine composed songs in
a distinctive, original style, and built a reputation as a combative and
controversial music critic. He made a pioneering contribution to the
scholarship of early music, published under his own name, and produced a
full-length biography of Delius. He died in his London flat of coal gas
poisoning in 1930, probably by his own hand.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Warlock>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1806:

War of the Fourth Coalition: Believing they were massively
outnumbered, the 5,300-man German garrison at Stettin, Prussia (now
Szczecin, Poland), surrendered to a much smaller French force without a
fight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin>

1863:

Seventeen-year-old Danish Prince Vilhelm arrived in Athens to
become George I (pictured), King of Greece.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_I_of_Greece>

1888:

King Lobengula of Matabeleland granted the Rudd Concession to
agents of Cecil Rhodes, setting in motion the creation of the British
South Africa Company.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudd_Concession>

1961:

The Soviet hydrogen bomb Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon
ever detonated, was set off over Novaya Zemlya Island in the Arctic
Ocean as a test.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba>

1991:

The Madrid Conference, an attempt by the international
community to start a peace process through negotiations involving Israel
and the Arab countries, convened in Madrid.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

trainiac:
(informal) A railway enthusiast.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trainiac>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There is no such thing as a normal period of history. Normality
is a fiction of economic textbooks.  
--Joan Robinson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joan_Robinson>

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[Daily article] October 29: Sonic: After the Sequel Published On

Sonic: After the Sequel is a 2013 platform video game created by
Brazilian student Felipe Daneluz (LakeFeperd). It is an unofficial work
based on the Sonic the Hedgehog series' canon and set between the
official games Sonic 2 and Sonic 3. Daneluz's second Sonic game, it
follows Sonic: Before the Sequel, which was set after the original Sonic
the Hedgehog. Like its predecessor, After the Sequel stars Sonic the
Hedgehog and his sidekick Tails in a quest to retrieve Chaos Emeralds
from Doctor Eggman. After the Sequel was inspired by Sonic Heroes and
other games both inside and outside the Sonic series, and it was
developed with Sonic Worlds, an engine that does not require expertise
in computer programming. It was released as a free download for Windows
personal computers. The game was very well received by video game
journalists, who lauded its preservation of retro Sonic gameplay and its
eclectic, 1990s-style soundtrack. The trilogy of Before the Sequel,
After the Sequel, and their successor Sonic Chrono Adventure performed
unusually well for fangames, having been downloaded 120,000 times by
March 2014. Sega has not sent Daneluz a cease and desist order for the
game.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic:_After_the_Sequel>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

539 BC:

Cyrus the Great captured Babylon, incorporating the Neo-
Babylonian Empire and making the Achaemenid Empire the largest in the
history of the world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great>

1792:

Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouver's
discovery expedition, observed a peak in what is now Oregon, US, and
named it Mount Hood after British admiral Samuel Hood.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hood>

1929:

About 16 million shares were traded on the New York Stock
Exchange on "Black Tuesday", a record that stood for almost 40 years,
making a total of $30 billion that had been lost over two days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929>

1986:

British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher opened the last
segment of the M25 motorway, an orbital road encircling London that is
one of the world's longest.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_motorway>

2004:

Representatives of the member states of the European Union
signed the European Constitution in Rome.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

peri-urban:
Immediately adjoining an urban area; between the suburbs and the
countryside.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peri-urban>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I saw a Divine Being. I'm afraid I'm going to have to revise all
my various books and opinions.         
--Alfred Jules Ayer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Jules_Ayer>

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[Daily article] October 28: Ruma Maida Published On

Ruma Maida (released internationally as Maida's House) is a 2009
Indonesian film written by Ayu Utami (pictured), directed by Teddy
Soeriaatmadja and starring Atiqah Hasiholan, Yama Carlos, Nino
Fernandez, and Frans Tumbuan. It follows a woman's struggle to save an
historic house from a developer, while showing the life of the house's
original owner. Work on the film began in 2008, when Utami was
approached by Lamp Pictures and asked to write a script with nationalist
themes. Over six months, with input from Soeriaatmadja, she completed
the story and later wrote a song for the soundtrack, which was provided
by Naif. Shooting took place in Semarang, Central Java, and Kota,
Jakarta, and different visual styles were used for scenes in the past
and present. After three months of editing, the film premiered on the
anniversary of the 1928 Youth Pledge. It was later shown in film
festivals in Singapore, Australia, and Italy. Critical reception was
mixed; reviewers praised the visuals but disapproved of the plot and
dialogue. Ruma Maida was nominated for twelve Citra Awards at the 2009
Indonesian Film Festival, winning one.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruma_Maida>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1420:

Beijing was officially designated the capital of the Ming
Dynasty on the same year that the Forbidden City (pictured), the seat of
government, was completed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing>

1835:

Māori chiefs signed the Declaration of the Independence of New
Zealand and established the United Tribes of New Zealand.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand>

1891:

The Nōbi Earthquake, Japan's largest known inland earthquake,
struck the former provinces of Mino and Owari.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Mino-Owari_earthquake>

1919:

The U.S. Congress passed the Volstead Act over President
Woodrow Wilson's veto, reinforcing Prohibition in the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volstead_Act>

2009:

The detonation of a car bomb by an unidentified party in
Peshawar, Pakistan, killed 137 people and injured more than 200 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28_October_2009_Peshawar_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mulct:
(law) A fine or penalty, especially a pecuniary one.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mulct>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I do what I feel impelled to do, as an artist would. Scientists
function in the same way. I see all these as creative activities, as all
part of the process of discovery. Perhaps that's one of the
characteristics of what I call the evolvers, any subset of the
population who keep things moving in a positive, creative, constructive
way, revealing the truth and beauty that exists in life and in nature.
 
--Jonas Salk
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jonas_Salk>

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October 27: Æthelstan Published On

Æthelstan (died 939) is regarded by historians as one of the greatest
Anglo-Saxon monarchs and the first king of England. The grandson of
Alfred the Great, he succeeded as King of the Anglo-Saxons in 924. In
927 he conquered Viking-ruled York and thus became the first king to
rule the whole of England. In 934 he invaded Scotland, and in 937 the
Scots and the Vikings united to launch an invasion of England, but
Æthelstan won a crucial victory at the Battle of Brunanburh. This gave
him great prestige both in England and on the Continent. Æthelstan
centralised government and summoned leading figures from distant areas
to his councils, including Welsh kings, who acknowledged his lordship by
their attendance. He was one of the most pious West Saxon kings
(depicted presenting a book to St Cuthbert), and was known for
collecting relics and founding churches. His household was the centre of
English learning during his reign, and it laid the foundation for the
English Benedictine Reform later in the century. No other West Saxon
king played as important a role in European politics, and he arranged
the marriages of several of his sisters to continental rulers.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1275:

The earliest recorded usage of the name "Amsterdam" was made on
a certificate by Count Floris V of Holland that granted the
inhabitants, who had built a bridge with a dam across the Amstel
(pictured), an exemption from paying the bridge's tolls.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam>

1644:

English Civil War: The combined armies of Parliament inflicted
a tactical defeat on the Royalists, but failed to gain any strategic
advantage in the Second Battle of Newbury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newbury>

1916:

Supporters of deposed Ethiopian Emperor-designate Iyasu V were
defeated at the Battle of Segale, ending their attempt to restore him to
the throne.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Segale>

1944:

World War II: German forces captured Banská Bystrica, the
center of anti-Nazi opposition in Slovakia, bringing the Slovak National
Uprising to an end.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica>

2004:

The Boston Red Sox completed a sweep of the St. Louis Cardinals
to win the World Series, the club's first championship in 86 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_World_Series>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

wife-beating question:
A question which presupposes some controversial premise, such that it
cannot be directly answered without incriminating oneself; a loaded
question.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wife-beating_question>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Light breaks where no sun shines; Where no sea runs, the waters
of the heart Push in their tides; And, broken ghosts with glow-worms in
their heads, The things of light File through the flesh where no flesh
decks the bones.  
--Dylan Thomas
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas>

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October 26: Byzantine civil war of 1341–47 Published On

The Byzantine civil war of 1341–47 broke out after the death of
Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos (pictured). As his chief aide and
closest friend, John VI Kantakouzenos became regent for the Emperor's
young son and heir, John V Palaiologos. While Kantakouzenos was absent
from Constantinople, a new regency was established with support from
Empress-Dowager Anna of Savoy, which launched a persecution of
Kantakouzenos' family and supporters. In response, Kantakouzenos was
proclaimed co-emperor at Demotika on 26 October 1341. During the first
years of the war, the forces of the new regency prevailed. Most of the
cities in Thrace and Macedonia came under regency control, but
Kantakouzenos reversed these gains with assistance from the neighbouring
rulers of Serbia and the Turkish beyliks. Kantakouzenos was crowned in
1346, and entered Constantinople on 3 February 1347. By agreement, he
was to rule for ten years as the senior emperor and regent for John V,
until the boy came of age. Despite this apparent victory, a subsequent
resumption of the civil war forced Kantakouzenos to retire to become a
monk in 1354. The conflict proved disastrous for the Empire, as seven
years of warfare, marauding armies, social turmoil, the loss of
territory to neighbouring rulers, and the Black Death devastated
Byzantium, reducing it to a rump state.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%9347>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1708:

The final stone of St Paul's Cathedral (pictured), rebuilt
after the original burned down in the 1666 Great Fire of London, was
laid by the son of its architect, Christopher Wren.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral>

1921:

The Chicago Theatre, which is the oldest surviving Neo-Baroque
French-revival grand movie palace, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Theatre>

1944:

World War II: In one of the largest naval battles in modern
history, Allied forces defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy at the Battle
of Leyte Gulf in the seas surrounding the Philippine island of Leyte.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf>

1977:

Somalian hospital cook Ali Maow Maalin began displaying
symptoms in the last known case of naturally occurring smallpox.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Maow_Maalin>

1994:

Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty settling relations
between the two countries and pledging that neither would allow its
territory to become a staging ground for military strikes by a third
country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

antihero:
(literature) A protagonist who proceeds in an unheroic manner, such as
by criminal means, via cowardly actions, or for mercenary goals.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antihero>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  these days you might feel a shaft of light make its way across
your face and when you do you'll know how it was meant to be see the
signs and know their meaning  
--Natalie Merchant
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Natalie_Merchant>

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[Daily article] October 25: Katy Perry Published On

Katy Perry (born 1984) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress.
She pursued a career in gospel music as a teenager, releasing her debut
album in 2001, then moved to Los Angeles to venture into secular music.
After signing to Capitol Records in 2007, she rose to fame in 2008 with
the release of the single "I Kissed a Girl" from her second album, One
of the Boys. Perry's third album, Teenage Dream (2010), became the first
by a female artist to produce five number-one Billboard Hot 100 songs.
Her fourth album, Prism, was released in 2013 and included the number-
one singles "Roar" and "Dark Horse". Perry has received many awards and
nominations, and been included in the Forbes list of "Top-Earning Women
In Music" for 2011, 2012, and 2013. She has sold 11 million albums and
81 million singles worldwide, making her one of the best-selling artists
of all time. She made her film debut voicing Smurfette in The Smurfs in
2011, and released a documentary film in 2012, which concentrated on her
life as a touring artist and the dissolution of her brief marriage to
English actor and comedian Russell Brand in the early 2010s.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katy_Perry>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1616:

The Dutch sailing ship Eendracht reached Shark Bay on the
western coastline of Australia, as documented on the Hartog Plate etched
by explorer Dirk Hartog.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartog_Plate>

1854:

Crimean War: Lord Cardigan led his cavalry to disaster in the
Battle of Balaclava.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava>

1924:

The Zinoviev letter, later found to be a forgery, was published
in the Daily Mail, helping to ensure the British Labour Party's defeat
in the UK general election four days later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinoviev_letter>

1944:

Heinrich Himmler ordered a crackdown on the Edelweiss Pirates,
a nonconformist youth group that assisted army deserters and others
hiding from the Nazis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edelweiss_Pirates>

2001:

Windows XP, one of the most popular and widely used versions of
the Microsoft Windows operating system, was released.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

verily:
1. Truly, doubtlessly, in truth.
2. Confidently, certainly.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verily>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Then out spake brave Horatius, The Captain of the Gate: "To
every man upon this earth Death cometh soon or late. And how can man die
better Than facing fearful odds, For the ashes of his fathers, And the
temples of his gods, And for the tender mother Who dandled him to rest,
And for the wife who nurses His baby at her breast, And for the holy
maidens Who feed the eternal flame, To save them from false Sextus That
wrought the deed of shame?"  
--Thomas Babington Macaulay
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay>

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[Daily article] October 24: Woolly mammoth Published On

The woolly mammoth was one of the last in a line of mammoth species. Its
appearance and behaviour are among the best studied of any prehistoric
animal due to the discovery of frozen carcasses (example pictured) in
Siberia and Alaska, as well as skeletons, teeth, stomach contents, dung,
and depiction from life in prehistoric cave paintings. The animal was
only identified as an extinct species of elephant by Georges Cuvier in
1796. Its closest extant relative is the Asian elephant. The woolly
mammoth was well adapted to the cold environment during the last ice
age, and had long, curved tusks. Its habitat was the mammoth steppe,
which stretched across northern Eurasia and North America. The woolly
mammoth coexisted with early humans, who used its bones and tusks for
making art, tools, and dwellings, and the species was also hunted for
food. It disappeared from its mainland range at the end of the
Pleistocene 10,000 years ago, most likely through a combination of
climate change, consequent disappearance of its habitat, and hunting by
humans. Recreation through cloning has been proposed, but this is as yet
infeasible; the ethics of this have also been questioned.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mammoth>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1648:

The second treaty of the Peace of Westphalia, the Treaty of
Münster, was signed, ending both the Thirty Years' War and the Dutch
Revolt, and officially recognizing the Republic of the Seven United
Netherlands and Swiss Confederation as independent states.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia>

1851:

William Lassell discovered the Uranian moons Umbriel and Ariel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_(moon)>

1912:

First Balkan War: Serbian forces defeated the Ottoman army at
the Battle of Kumanovo in Vardar Macedonia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo>

1944:

World War II: The Imperial Japanese battleship Musashi, one of
the heaviest and most powerfully armed ever constructed, was sunk in the
Battle of Leyte Gulf.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Musashi>

1964:

The military court of South Vietnamese junta chief Nguyen Khanh
acquitted Generals Dương Văn Đức and Lâm Văn Phát of leading a
coup attempt against Khanh, despite the pair's proclamation of his
overthrow during their military action.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m_V%C4%83n_Ph%C3%A1t>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

miniver:
A light gray or white fur used to trim the robes of judges or state
executives, used since medieval times.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/miniver>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Perhaps he will not return.                        
                    But what we have lived comes back to us.
                        We see more.                
                                We feel, as our rings
increase, something that lifts our branches, that stretches our furthest
                                               
                                               
    leaf-tips further.  
--Denise Levertov
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Denise_Levertov>

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[Daily article] October 23: Conte di Cavour-class battleship Published On

The Conte di Cavour-class battleships were a group of three dreadnoughts
built for the Royal Italian Navy. The ships were completed during World
War I, but did not see action. Leonardo da Vinci was sunk by a magazine
explosion in 1916 and later sold for scrap. Conte di Cavour (pictured)
and Giulio Cesare supported operations during the Corfu Incident in 1923
and were extensively reconstructed between 1933 and 1937 to add more
powerful guns, armor and speed. Both ships participated in the Battle of
Calabria in July 1940, when Giulio Cesare was lightly damaged. They were
both present when British torpedo bombers attacked the fleet at Taranto
in November 1940, and Conte di Cavour was torpedoed; repairs were not
completed before the Italian surrender in September 1943, and she was
scrapped in 1946. Giulio Cesare escorted convoys and participated in the
Battle of Cape Spartivento in late 1940 and the First Battle of Sirte in
late 1941. She was designated as a training ship in early 1942, and
escaped to Malta after Italy surrendered. The ship was transferred to
the Soviet Union in 1949 and used for training until she was sunk by a
mine in 1955 and scrapped.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conte_di_Cavour-class_battleship>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1641:

Irish Catholic gentry in Ulster tried to seize control of
Dublin Castle, the seat of English rule in Ireland to force concessions
to Catholics.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641>

1850:

The first National Women's Rights Convention, presided over by
Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis (pictured), was held in Worcester,
Massachusetts, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention>

1956:

The Hungarian Revolution began as a peaceful student
demonstration which attracted thousands as it marched through central
Budapest to the Parliament building.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956>

1989:

A massive explosion and fire ripped through the Phillips 66
Houston Chemical Complex, killing 23 employees and injuring 314 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Disaster_of_1989>

2001:

The iPod, the line of portable media players designed and
marketed by Apple, was launched.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

palatal:
1. (anatomy) Pertaining to the palate.
2. (dentistry, not comparable) Of an upper tooth, on the side facing the
palate.
3. (phonetics) Articulated at the hard palate.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palatal>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is always darkest before the dawn.  
--Anonymous
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anonymous>

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[Daily article] October 22: Chorioactis Published On

Chorioactis is a genus of fungus that contains the single species
Chorioactis geaster, an extremely rare mushroom found only in select
locales in Texas and Japan. In the former, it is commonly known as the
"devil's cigar" or the "Texas star"; in Japan it is called kirinomitake.
It is notable for its unusual appearance. The fruit body, which grows on
the stumps or dead roots of cedar elms (in Texas) or dead oaks (in
Japan), somewhat resembles a dark brown or black cigar before it splits
open radially into a starlike arrangement of four to seven leathery
rays. The interior surface of the fruit body bears the spore-bearing
tissue, and is colored white to brown, depending on its age. Fruit body
opening can be accompanied by a distinct hissing sound and the release
of a smoky cloud of spores. Fruit bodies were first collected in Austin,
Texas, and the species was named Urnula geaster in 1893; it was later
found in Kyushu in 1937, but the mushroom was not reported again in
Japan until 1973. Although the new genus Chorioactis was proposed to
accommodate the unique species a few years after its original discovery,
it was not until 1968 that it was accepted as a valid genus.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorioactis>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1633:

Ming Chinese naval forces defeated a Dutch East India Company
fleet in the Taiwan Strait, the largest naval encounter between Chinese
and European forces before the First Opium War two hundred years later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay>

1707:

In one of the worst maritime disasters in the history of the
British Isles, more than 1,400 sailors on four Royal Navy ships were
lost in stormy weather off the Isles of Scilly.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scilly_naval_disaster_of_1707>

1879:

Thomas Edison performed a successful test using a carbon
filament thread in an incandescent light bulb (pictured), which would
become the most successful version of the product.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb>

1962:

Cold War: U.S. President John F. Kennedy announced that Soviet
nuclear weapons had been discovered in Cuba and that he had ordered a
naval "quarantine" of the island nation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_missile_crisis>

1999:

Vichy France official Maurice Papon was jailed for crimes
against humanity committed during World War II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Papon>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

subduct:
1. (transitive) To draw or push under or below.
2. (intransitive) To move downwards underneath something.
3. (rare) To remove; to deduct; to take away; to disregard.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subduct>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Diwali is celebrated on the darkest night of the year when the
necessity and the beauty of lights can be truly appreciated. Light is a
symbol in the world's religions for God, truth and wisdom. Given the
antiquity of India, the diversity of its religious traditions and the
interaction among these, it should not surprise us to know that many
religious communities celebrate Diwali. Each one offers a distinctive
reason for the celebration that enriches its meaning. For every
community, however, Diwali celebrates and affirms hope, and the triumph
of goodness and justice over evil and injustice. These values define the
meaning of Diwali.  
--Anantanand Rambachan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan>

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[Daily article] October 21: Analytical Review Published On

The Analytical Review was a periodical established in London in 1788 by
the publisher Joseph Johnson (pictured) and the writer Thomas Christie.
Part of the Republic of Letters, it provided summaries and analyses of
new publications and acted as a forum for radical political and
religious ideas. Although it aimed at impartiality, its articles were
often critical of the British government and supportive of the French
revolutionaries. While the journal had low circulation numbers for its
day, it still influenced popular opinion and was feared by the
administration of William Pitt the Younger. Government supporters
founded the Anti-Jacobin Review in 1797, which criticized the radical
politics of the Analytical and monitored it for unpatriotic and
irreligious sentiments. The Analytical Review focused on politics,
philosophy, natural history, and literature. Its prominent writers (who
signed their work with pseudonymous initials) included the poet William
Cowper, the moralist William Enfield, the physician John Aikin, and the
polemicist Mary Wollstonecraft. It suspended publication in December
1798 after Johnson was convicted of seditious libel and other
contributors had died or retired.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Review>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1805:

Napoleonic Wars: Lord Nelson signalled "England expects that
every man will do his duty" to the rest of his Royal Navy forces before
they defeated Pierre-Charles Villeneuve and his combined
French–Spanish navy at the Battle of Trafalgar off the coast of
Spain's Cape Trafalgar.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty>

1854:

Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses were sent to
Turkey to help treat wounded British soldiers fighting in the Crimean
War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale>

1910:

HMS Niobe arrived in Halifax Harbour to become the first large
ship of the Royal Canadian Navy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Niobe_(1897)>

1944:

World War II: German forces surrendered to American troops,
ending the three-week-long Battle of Aachen.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen>

1978:

After reporting contact with an unidentified aircraft,
Frederick Valentich disappeared in unexplained circumstances while
piloting a Cessna 182L light aircraft over the Bass Strait to King
Island, Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gleek:
1. (archaic) To jest, ridicule, or mock; to make sport of.
2. (informal) To discharge a thin stream of liquid through the teeth or
from under the tongue.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gleek>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If a man is not rising upwards to be an angel, depend upon it,
he is sinking downwards to be a devil. He cannot stop at the beast. The
most savage of men are not beasts; they are worse, a great deal worse.
 
--Samuel Taylor Coleridge
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge>

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[Daily article] October 20: James Chadwick Published On

James Chadwick (1891–1974) was an English physicist who was awarded
the 1935 Nobel Prize in physics for his discovery of the neutron, and
who led the British team that worked on the Manhattan Project during the
Second World War to produce atomic bombs. He studied under Ernest
Rutherford in Manchester and Hans Geiger in Berlin, where he
demonstrated that beta radiation produced a continuous spectrum, not
discrete lines as had been thought. He later became Rutherford's
Assistant Director of Research at the Cavendish Laboratory of the
University of Cambridge. Chadwick's research led to his discovery of the
neutron in 1932; he later measured its mass. In 1935 he became a
professor at the University of Liverpool, which he made an important
centre for the study of nuclear physics. During the Second World War,
Chadwick carried out research as part of the Tube Alloys project to
build an atomic bomb, and wrote the final draft of the MAUD Report,
which inspired the U.S. government to begin serious atomic bomb research
efforts. He later served as the British scientific advisor to the U.N.
Atomic Energy Commission and as Master of Gonville and Caius College,
Cambridge.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Chadwick>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1572:

Eighty Years' War: Soldiers of the Spanish Tercios waded across
the river Scheldt at its mouth, walking overnight in water to chest
height, to relieve the siege of Goes in the Spanish Netherlands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Goes>

1740:

Per the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, Maria Theresa
assumed the throne of the Habsburg Monarchy in Austria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa>

1944:

World War II: Fulfilling a promise he made two years previous,
General Douglas MacArthur landed on Leyte to begin the recapture of the
entire Philippine Archipelago.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte>

1977:

Three members of the American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd died
when their chartered plane crashed in Gillsburg, Mississippi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Convair_CV-300_crash>

2011:

Libyan Civil War: Muammar Gaddafi, the deposed leader of Libya,
was captured during the Battle of Sirte and killed less than an hour
later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unciform:
Of the shape of a hook; hook-shaped.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unciform>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The revelation of the Divine Reality hath everlastingly been
identical with its concealment and its concealment identical with its
revelation. That which is intended by "Revelation of God" is the Tree of
divine Truth that betokeneth none but Him, and it is this divine Tree
that hath raised and will raise up Messengers, and hath revealed and
will ever reveal Scriptures. From eternity unto eternity this Tree of
divine Truth hath served and will ever serve as the throne of the
revelation and concealment of God among His creatures, and in every age
is made manifest through whomsoever He pleaseth.  
--The Báb
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b>

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[Daily article] October 19: Briarcliff Manor, New York Published On

Briarcliff Manor is a suburban village in Westchester County, New York,
less than 30 miles (48 km) north of New York City. Its motto is "A
Village between Two Rivers", reflecting its location between the Hudson
and Pocantico Rivers. It extends into the towns of Mount Pleasant and
Ossining, and includes the communities of Scarborough and Chilmark. In
the precolonial era, the area was inhabited by a band of the Wappinger
tribes of Native Americans. In the early 19th century, the area was
known as Whitson's Corners. Walter William Law moved to the area and
purchased lands during the 1890s; he also developed the village,
establishing schools, churches, parks and the Briarcliff Lodge. The
village was incorporated in 1902, growing from 331 people when
established to 7,867 in the 2010 census. It is primarily residential and
has a relatively wealthy population. Its recreational facilities and
parks, about 180 acres (73 ha), are all accessible to the public. The
village has an elected local government, with departments including
police, fire, recreation, and public works (Village Hall pictured). A
2012 study found it had the second-lowest crime rate in the state.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briarcliff_Manor,_New_York>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1789:

John Jay was sworn in as the first Chief Justice of the United
States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay>

1864:

American Civil War: Despite incurring nearly twice as many
casualties as the Confederates, the Union Army emerged victorious in the
Battle of Cedar Creek.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek>

1914:

First World War: Allied forces engaged German troops in the
First Battle of Ypres.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres>

1989:

The Troubles: The Guildford Four had their convictions quashed
after serving 15 years for their alleged involvement in the Guildford
pub bombings.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Four_and_Maguire_Seven>

2004:

Irish aid worker Margaret Hassan was abducted in Baghdad by
unidentified kidnappers, who murdered her about four weeks later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hassan>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

insensate:
1. Having no sensation or consciousness; unconscious; inanimate.
2. Senseless; foolish; irrational.
3. Unfeeling, heartless, cruel, insensitive.
4. (medicine, physiology) Not responsive to sensory stimuli.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/insensate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The severe Schools shall never laugh me out of the Philosophy of
Hermes, that this visible world is but a picture of the invisible.
 
--Thomas Browne
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Browne>

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[Daily article] October 18: Battle of Caishi Published On

The Battle of Caishi was a major naval engagement of the Jin–Song wars
that took place on November 26–27, 1161. Although a peace treaty in
1142 had settled the border between the two states, putting the Jin in
control of northern China and the Song in control of the south, Prince
Hailing of Jin was intent on uniting them under a single emperor.
Without much resistance, his army pushed through to the Yangtze River,
which he planned to cross at Caishi, south of modern-day Nanjing. The
Song were fortified along the Yangtze front. Hailing embarked from the
shore of the Yangtze on November 26, but the Song fleet, equipped with
trebuchets (example pictured) that launched incendiary bombs made of
gunpowder and lime, decisively defeated the light ships of the Jin navy.
Hailing was assassinated by his own men shortly after the battle. A
military coup had taken place in his absence, enthroning Emperor
Shizong, and a peace treaty signed in 1165 ended the conflict. Modern
studies suggest that the battle was smaller and that both sides were
more evenly matched than traditional accounts suggest. Nonetheless, the
victory boosted the Song infantry's morale and halted the Jin's southern
advance.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1009:

Under orders from Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church now within the walled
Old City of Jerusalem, was destroyed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre>

1386:

A special Pontifical High Mass in the Church of the Holy Spirit
commemorated the opening of Heidelberg University.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University>

1540:

An expedition led by Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto
destroyed the fortified village of Mabila in what is now the U.S. state
of Alabama, killing Chief Tuskaloosa in the process.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskaloosa>

1968:

At the Summer Olympics in Mexico City, American Bob Beamon set
a world record of 8.90 m in the long jump, a mark that stood for 23
years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Beamon>

2004:

SPDC Chairman Senior General Than Shwe announced that Burmese
Prime Minister Khin Nyunt was "permitted to retire on health grounds",
but then had him arrested.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khin_Nyunt>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

stipulate:
(botany; not comparable) Having stipules; that is, having outgrowths
borne on either side of the base of the leafstalk.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stipulate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Is Ahab, Ahab? Is it I, God, or who, that lifts this arm?
But if the great sun move not of himself; but is as an errand-boy in
heaven; nor one single star can revolve, but by some invisible power;
how then can this one small heart beat; this one small brain think
thoughts; unless God does that beating, does that thinking, does that
living, and not I.  
--Moby-Dick
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Moby-Dick>

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October 17: Frédéric Chopin Published On

Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso
pianist of the Romantic period. He grew up in Warsaw but left Poland,
never to return, aged 20. He settled in Paris, obtaining French
citizenship in 1835. From 1837 he maintained an often troubled
relationship with the French writer George Sand. A brief and unhappy
visit to Majorca with her was one of his most productive periods of
composition. All of Chopin's compositions include the piano. Most are
for solo piano, although he also wrote two piano concertos, a few
chamber pieces, and some songs to Polish lyrics. Many contain elements
of Polish folk music and of the classical tradition of J.S. Bach, Mozart
and Schubert. His innovations in style, musical form, and harmony, and
his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout
and after the late Romantic period. His music, his status as one of
music's earliest "superstars", his association with political
insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him a leading
symbol of his era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject
of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical
accuracy.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1558:

Poczta Polska, the Polish postal service, was founded by order
of King Sigismund II Augustus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Poland>

1604:

German astronomer Johannes Kepler observed an exceptionally
bright star, now known as Kepler's Supernova, which had suddenly
appeared in the constellation Ophiuchus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova>

1964:

Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies opened the
artificial Lake Burley Griffin in the middle of the capital Canberra.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Burley_Griffin>

1989:

The 6.9 Mw Loma Prieta earthquake struck California's San
Francisco Bay Area, killing 63 people, injuring 3,757, and leaving at
least 8,000 homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake>

1994:

Russian journalist Dmitry Kholodov was assassinated in the
offices of Moskovskij Komsomolets during his investigations into alleged
corruption among high ranks of the Russian military.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Kholodov>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sine qua non:
An essential or indispensable element, condition, or ingredient.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sine_qua_non>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The philosopher places himself at the summit of thought; from
there he views what the world has been and what it must become. He is
not just an observer, he is an actor; he is an actor of the highest kind
in a moral world because it is his opinion of what the world must become
that regulates society.  
--Henri de Saint-Simon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon>

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[Daily article] October 16: Tintin in Tibet Published On

Tintin in Tibet is the twentieth volume of The Adventures of Tintin, the
comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. The cartoonist considered it
his favourite Tintin adventure and an emotional effort, as he created it
while suffering from traumatic nightmares and a personal conflict while
deciding to leave his wife of three decades for a younger woman. The
comic, serialised from 1958–59 in Tintin magazine, tells of the young
reporter Tintin in search of his friend Chang Chong-Chen, whom the
authorities claim has died in a plane crash in the Himalayas. Convinced
that Chang has survived, Tintin leads his companions across the
Himalayas to the plateau of Tibet, along the way encountering the
mysterious Yeti. Themes in Hergé's story include extrasensory
perception, the mysticism of Tibetan Buddhism (Tibetan monastery
pictured), and friendship. Tintin in Tibet has been translated into 32
languages, is highly regarded by critics, and has been praised by the
Dalai Lama, who awarded it the Light of Truth Award. The story was a
commercial success and was published in book form in 1960; the series
itself became a defining part of the Franco-Belgian comics tradition.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_in_Tibet>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

456:

Magister militum Ricimer defeated Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and
became master of the Western Roman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimer>

1834:

Most of the Palace of Westminster in London was destroyed in a
fire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament>

1923:

Roy and Walt Disney founded the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio
in Hollywood that eventually grew to become one of the largest media and
entertainment corporations in the world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company>

1934:

Surrounded by Kuomintang troops, Zhou Enlai, Bo Gu, and Otto
Braun led 130,000 Red Army soldiers and civilians on a "Long March" from
Jiangxi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_March>

1984:

The Bill debuted on ITV, eventually becoming the longest-
running police procedural in British television history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sparge:
1. To sprinkle or spray
2. To introduce bubbles into a liquid.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sparge>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Supposing I was to tell you that it's just Beauty that's calling
me, the beauty of the far off and unknown, the mystery and spell of the
East which lures me in the books I've read, the need of the freedom of
great wide spaces, the joy of wandering on and on — in quest of the
secret which is hidden over there, beyond the horizon?  
--Eugene O'Neill
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill>

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[Daily article] October 15: Tropical Storm Kiko (2007) Published On

Tropical Storm Kiko was a strong tropical storm that capsized a boat off
the western coast of Mexico, killing at least 15 people. The 15th and
final tropical cyclone of the 2007 Pacific hurricane season, Kiko
developed out of a tropical wave that formed off the coast of Africa on
September 26 and traversed the Atlantic. The wave crossed over Central
America and entered the Pacific Ocean on October 8, where it spawned
Tropical Depression 15-E on October 15. The depression drifted to the
south over the next day before briefly being declared Tropical Storm
Kiko. It subsequently weakened into a tropical depression, but later
reattained tropical storm intensity. By October 18, Kiko was forecast
to make landfall along the western Mexican coastline as a moderate
tropical storm. As a precaution, port captains in the area shut down
shipping and residents were advised to avoid low-lying areas that might
flood and to move to temporary shelters. The cyclone turned to the west
without making landfall and reached its peak intensity of 70 mph
(110 km/h) on October 20. The tropical storm slowly weakened to a
remnant low-pressure area by October 24 and completely dissipated on
October 27.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Kiko_(2007)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1764:

English historian Edward Gibbon observed friars singing Vespers
at Capitoline Hill in Rome, inspiring him to write The History of the
Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gibbon>

1864:

American Civil War: The Confederates captured Glasgow,
Missouri, although it had little long-term benefit as Price's Missouri
Expedition was defeated a week later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Glasgow>

1894:

Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery officer in the French
military, was wrongly arrested for treason.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair>

1917:

Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari was executed by a firing squad
for spying for Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Hari>

1954:

Hurricane Hazel made landfall in the Carolinas in the United
States before moving north to Toronto in Canada later the same day,
killing a total of 176 people in both countries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Hazel>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

allomother:
A human or other animal that provides some maternal care for the young
born by another.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allomother>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Omnia vincit Amor et nos cedamus Amori. Love conquers all and we
must yield to Love.  
--Virgil
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Virgil>

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[Daily article] October 14: Colorado River Published On

The Colorado River is the principal river of the Southwestern United
States and northwest Mexico. Rising in the western Rocky Mountains, the
1,450-mile (2,330 km) river drains a vast arid region of the Colorado
Plateau and the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts as it heads towards the Gulf
of California. Known for its dramatic scenery (Horseshoe Bend pictured)
and its whitewater, the Colorado carves numerous gorges, including the
Grand Canyon in northern Arizona. For 8,000 years, the Colorado Basin
was only sparsely populated by Native Americans, though some of their
ancient civilizations employed advanced irrigation techniques. Even
after becoming part of the U.S. in the 1800s, the Colorado River country
remained extremely remote until John Wesley Powell's 1869 river-running
expedition, which began to open up the river for future development.
Since the completion of Hoover Dam in 1935, the Colorado has been tamed
by an extensive system of dams and canals, providing for irrigation,
cities, and hydropower. Today the Colorado supports 40 million people in
seven U.S. and two Mexican states; with every drop of its water
allocated, it no longer reaches the sea except in years of heavy runoff.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

Norman conquest of England: The forces of William the Conqueror
defeated the English army at Hastings and killed Harold Godwinson, the
last crowned Anglo-Saxon king of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings>

1888:

French inventor Louis Le Prince filmed Roundhay Garden Scene,
the earliest surviving motion picture, in Roundhay, Leeds, West
Yorkshire, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince>

1939:

Second World War: The German submarine U-47 torpedoed and sank
the British Royal Navy battleship HMS Royal Oak while the latter was
anchored at Scapa Flow in Orkney, Scotland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(08)>

1944:

Having been linked to a plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler,
German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was forced to commit suicide.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Rommel>

1964:

Leonid Brezhnev succeeded Nikita Khrushchev as General
Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

iatrogenic:
(of a medical condition) Induced by the words or actions of the
physician.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/iatrogenic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Love is indeed Heaven upon Earth; since Heaven above would not
be Heaven without it: For where there is not Love, there is Fear: But
perfect Love casts out Fear.  
--William Penn
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Penn>

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[Daily article] October 13: Capitol Loop Published On

The Capitol Loop is a state trunkline highway running through Lansing,
Michigan, in the United States that was commissioned on October 13,
1989. It forms a loop route off Interstate 496 through downtown near the
Michigan State Capitol complex, home of the state legislature and
several state departments. The trunkline follows a series of one-way and
two-way streets through downtown Lansing, directing traffic to the State
Capitol (pictured) and other government buildings. Unlike the other
streets downtown, the seven streets comprising the Capitol Loop are
under state maintenance and jurisdiction. The loop was originally
proposed in 1986 as part of a downtown revitalization effort. Almost
from the beginning the highway was affected by various controversies.
Local community leaders suggested renaming the Capitol Loop for Martin
Luther King, Jr., immediately before the state designated the highway.
Reconstruction projects along the loop in 2004–05 were also
contentious. In 2010, additional issues surfaced regarding the posting
and enforcement of speed limits on city streets in Michigan, including
the streets that make up the Capitol Loop.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Loop>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

54:

Claudius (bust pictured), the first Roman emperor to be born
outside Italy, died mysteriously, most likely by poison administered by
his wife Agrippina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudius>

1710:

Queen Anne's War: The French surrender ending the Siege of Port
Royal gave the British permanent possession of Nova Scotia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)>

1843:

B'nai B'rith, the oldest continually operating Jewish service
organization in the world, was founded in New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith>

1917:

At least 30,000 people in the Cova da Iria fields near Fátima,
Portugal, witnessed the "Miracle of the Sun".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracle_of_the_Sun>

1943:

World War II: With a new government led by General Pietro
Badoglio, parts of Italy switched sides to the Allies and declared war
on the Axis powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

purple prose:
Extravagant or flowery writing, especially in a literary work.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purple_prose>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Far above the golden clouds, the darkness vibrates. The earth
is blue. And everything about it is a love song. Everything about it.
 
--Paul Simon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_Simon>

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[Daily article] October 12: Drakengard Published On

Drakengard is an action role-playing video game developed for the
PlayStation 2 by Japan-based studio Cavia and published by Square Enix.
The first game in the Drakengard series, it was released in Japan in
September 2003 and in North America and Europe the following year; a
version for mobile phones was also released in Europe. The player
controls Caim, a deposed prince, and Angelus, a red dragon who forms a
magical pact with Caim to save both their lives. The story follows their
involvement in a religious war between the Union and the Empire, and
their quest to protect magical seals that keep the world in balance. The
game features a mixture of hack-and-slash ground-based missions
controlling Caim, aerial combat with Angelus, and role-playing elements.
It was conceived as a hybrid between the popular Dynasty Warriors series
and the aerial combat game Ace Combat. Drakengard was the debut project
for both producer Takamasa Shiba and writer and director Taro Yoko. It
sold well in Japan and received mixed to positive reviews in the west:
reviewers praised the game's story and music, but were mixed about the
graphics and criticized the gameplay for being repetitive.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drakengard>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1799:

Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse became the first woman to make a
parachute descent, falling 900 m (3,000 ft) in a hot-air balloon
gondola.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Genevi%C3%A8ve_Labrosse>

1892:

The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States was first used in
public schools to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian
Exposition in Chicago, Illinois.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance>

1917:

First World War: New Zealand troops suffered 2,735 casualties,
including 845 deaths, in the First Battle of Passchendaele, making it
the nation's largest loss of life in one day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele>

1984:

The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a bomb at the
Grand Hotel in Brighton, England, in a failed attempt to assassinate
British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and most of her cabinet.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing>

1999:

Pakistani General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup against
the government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

jawan:
(India) An (Indian) infantryman; a soldier.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jawan>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The cause of human sectarianism is not lack of sympathy in
thought, but in speech; and this it is our not unambitious design to
remedy.  
--Aleister Crowley
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aleister_Crowley>

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[Daily article] October 11: Battle of Cape Esperance Published On

The Battle of Cape Esperance took place on 11–12 October 1942 between
the Imperial Japanese Navy and U.S. Navy in the Pacific campaign of
World War II. The second major surface engagement of the Guadalcanal
Campaign, it took place at the entrance to the strait between Savo
Island and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The Japanese sent a major
supply and reinforcement convoy to their forces on Guadalcanal. At the
same time, five warships (under the command of Rear Admiral Aritomo
Gotō) were to bombard the Allied airfield on Guadalcanal. Shortly
before midnight on 11 October, the Americans surprised Gotō's force,
sinking two warships and heavily damaging another (Japanese cruiser
Aoba, pictured). Gotō was mortally wounded and his other warships were
forced to retreat. Meanwhile, the Japanese supply convoy unloaded and
began its return journey without being discovered; four of its
destroyers turned back to assist Gotō's retreating warships, but U.S.
aircraft sank two of them. The battle did not give either navy
operational control of the waters around Guadalcanal, but it provided a
significant morale boost to the U.S. Navy after its heavy losses at the
earlier Battle of Savo Island.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Esperance>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1142:

The Treaty of Shaoxing, ending the Jurchen campaigns against
the Song Dynasty, was formally ratified when a Jin envoy visited the
Southern Song court.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin%E2%80%93Song_Wars>

1634:

A storm tide on the coast of North Frisia caused a massive
flood that killed at least 8,000 people and split the island of Strand
into three smaller islands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchardi_flood>

1797:

French Revolutionary Wars: The Royal Navy captured eleven Dutch
Navy ships without any losses in the Battle of Camperdown.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown>

1941:

Armed insurgents from the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia
attacked Axis-occupied zones in the city of Prilep, beginning the
National Liberation War of Macedonia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia>

1962:

Pope John XXIII convened the Second Vatican Council, the first
Roman Catholic ecumenical council in 92 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

microcosm:
1. A smaller system which is representative of or analogous to a larger
one.
2. A small natural ecosystem; an artificial ecosystem set up as an
experimental model.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/microcosm>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in
which you really stop to look fear in the face. You are able to say to
yourself, "I have lived through this horror. I can take the next thing
that comes along." ... You must do the thing you think you cannot do.
 
--Eleanor Roosevelt
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt>

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[Daily article] October 10: Arthur Gould (rugby union) Published On

Arthur Gould (1864–1919) was a Welsh international rugby union centre
and fullback who was most associated as a club player with Newport Rugby
Football Club. He won 27 caps for Wales and critics consider him the
first superstar of Welsh rugby. A talented all-round player and champion
sprinter, Gould could side-step and kick with either foot. He never
ceased practising in order to develop his fitness and skills, and was
considered the outstanding player of his time. In 1893 Gould led Wales
to their first Home Nations Championship and Triple Crown titles; the
match against England that year established him as a great player and
captain. During his international career he played twice at fullback,
and 25 times at centre. He was Wales' most capped centre until the
record was surpassed by Steve Fenwick in 1980. He ended his
international career with an 11–0 win over England on 9 January 1897
in front of 17,000 supporters at Rodney Parade. It was Gould's 18th
match as Welsh captain – a record that stood until 1994. Towards the
end of his career Gould was at the centre of a controversy over a fund
collected in his honour which saw Wales temporarily withdraw from
international rugby.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Gould_(rugby_union)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1780:

One of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record struck the
Caribbean Sea, killing at least 22,000 people over the next several
days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hurricane_of_1780>

1846:

English astronomer William Lassell discovered Triton
(pictured), the largest moon of the planet Neptune.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)>

1897:

German chemist Felix Hoffman discovered an improved way of
synthesizing acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_aspirin>

1911:

The Xinhai Revolution began with the Wuchang Uprising, marking
the beginning of the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment
of the Republic of China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising>

1964:

The opening ceremony of the 1964 Summer Olympics took place in
Tokyo, the first to be telecast live internationally via satellite.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

beefcake:
1. (informal) Imagery of one or more muscular, well-built men.
2. (informal) A muscular, well-built, desirable man.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beefcake>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To think bad thoughts is really the easiest thing in the world.
If you leave your mind to itself it will spiral down into ever-
increasing unhappiness. To think good thoughts, however, requires
effort. This is one of the things that discipline — training — is
about.  
--James Clavell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Clavell>

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[Daily article] October 9: Ostend Manifesto Published On

The Ostend Manifesto was a document written in 1854 describing the
rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain, and
declaring that the U.S. would be "justified in wresting" the island from
Spanish hands if Spain refused to sell. Cuba's annexation had long been
a goal of Southern slaveholding expansionists, although U.S. national
leaders had been satisfied to have it remain in Spanish hands rather
than those of Britain or France. At the suggestion of Secretary of State
William L. Marcy, three American ministers in Europe (Pierre Soulé
(pictured), James Buchanan and John Y. Mason) met in Ostend, Belgium, to
discuss strategy related to acquisition of Cuba. To Marcy's chagrin, the
flamboyant Soulé had made no secret of the meetings, causing unwanted
publicity in the U.S. and Europe. The administration of President
Franklin Pierce was finally forced to publish the contents of the
dispatch, which caused it irreparable damage. The manifesto was
immediately denounced in the Northern states and Europe, and it became a
rallying cry for Northerners seeking to control the vote on slavery. The
question of Cuba's annexation was effectively set aside until the late
19th century.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1514:

Mary Tudor (pictured), sister of Henry VIII of England, became
queen consort of France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France>

1874:

The Universal Postal Union, then known as the General Postal
Union, was established with the signing of the Treaty of Bern to unify
disparate postal services and regulations so that international mail
could be exchanged freely.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union>

1919:

In Major League Baseball, the Cincinnati Reds won the World
Series, five games to three, over the Chicago White Sox, whose players
were later found to have lost intentionally.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sox_Scandal>

1970:

The Khmer Republic, headed by General Lon Nol and Prince
Sisowath Sirik Matak, was proclaimed in Cambodia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_Republic>

2006:

North Korea conducted a nuclear test, reportedly near Kilchu,
with an explosive force of less than one kiloton, that was condemned and
denounced by many countries and the United Nations Security Council.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

understudy:
1. To study or know a role, so as to be able to replace its normal
performer if required.
2. To act as an understudy (to, for someone).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/understudy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We all been playing those mind games forever Some kinda druid
dudes lifting the veil. Doing the mind guerrilla, Some call it magic —
the search for the grail. Love is the answer and you know that for sure.
Love is a flower, you got to let it — you got to let it grow.  
--John Lennon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Lennon>

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[Daily article] October 8: John Hay Published On

John Hay (1838–1905) was an American statesman and official whose
career in government stretched over almost half a century. After
graduation from Brown University in 1858, Hay read law in his uncle's
office in Springfield, Illinois, adjacent to that of Abraham Lincoln.
Hay worked for Lincoln's successful presidential campaign, and became
his assistant private secretary at the White House. Through the years of
the American Civil War, Hay was close to Lincoln, and stood by his
deathbed after the President was shot at Ford's Theatre. In 1897,
President William McKinley, for whom he had been a major backer, made
him Ambassador to the United Kingdom. The following year, Hay became
United States Secretary of State. He served almost seven years, under
McKinley, and after his assassination, under Theodore Roosevelt. Hay was
responsible for the Open Door Policy in China, and negotiated the
Hay–Pauncefote Treaty (1901) with the UK, as well as the Hay–Herrán
Treaty (1903) with Colombia, and the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
that cleared the way for the building of the Panama Canal. Hay was also
an author and biographer, and wrote poetry and other literature through
much of his life.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

451:

The Council of Chalcedon, a Christian ecumenical council in
Christianity that repudiated the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism,
and set forth the Chalcedonian Creed, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon>

1862:

American Civil War: The Battle of Perryville, one of the
bloodiest battles of the war, was fought in the Chaplin Hills west of
Perryville, Kentucky.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville>

1904:

The Canadian cities of Edmonton, Alberta (Downtown Edmonton
pictured), and Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, were both incorporated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Saskatchewan>

1969:

Demonstrations organized by the Weather Underground known as
the Days of Rage began in Chicago.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Rage>

1998:

Gardermoen Airport, the main domestic hub and international
airport for Norway, began operating as Oslo Airport, Fornebu, closed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Fornebu>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

choreography:
1. The art of creating, arranging and recording the dance movements of a
ballet, etc.
2. The representation of these movements by a series of symbols.
3. The notation used to construct this record.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/choreography>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Not the wretchedest man or woman but has a deep secretive
mythology with which to wrestle with the material world and to overcome
it and pass beyond it. Not the wretchedest human being but has his share
in the creative energy that builds the world. We are all creators. We
all create a mythological world of our own out of certain shapeless
materials.  
--John Cowper Powys
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys>

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[Daily article] October 7: Marquee Moon Published On

Marquee Moon is the 1977 debut album by American rock band Television.
By 1974, the band had become a prominent act on the New York music scene
and generated interest from a number of record labels. They rehearsed
extensively in preparation for the album and, upon signing to Elektra
Records, recorded most of the songs in single takes. Television's
frontman Tom Verlaine and fellow guitarist Richard Lloyd eschewed
contemporary punk rock's power chords in favor of rock and jazz-inspired
interplay, melodic lines, and counter-melodies. Verlaine's lyrics for
the album combined urban and pastoral imagery, references to lower
Manhattan, themes of adolescence, and influences from French poetry.
Marquee Moon was critically acclaimed upon its release and achieved
unexpected commercial success in the UK, but sold poorly in the United
States. It has since been viewed by critics as one of the greatest
albums of the American punk rock movement and a cornerstone of
alternative rock. The band's innovative post-punk instrumentation on the
album strongly influenced the indie rock and new wave movements of the
1980s, as well as rock guitarists such as John Frusciante, Will
Sergeant, and The Edge.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_Moon>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1571:

A Western Christian coalition inflicted a significant defeat
upon the Ottoman Navy near the Gulf of Corinth in the Battle of Lepanto,
the first major Ottoman loss to European powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto>

1800:

The French privateer Robert Surcouf led a 150-man crew to
capture the 40-gun, 437-man East Indiaman Kent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Surcouf>

1868:

Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, was inaugurated, with
an initial enrollment of 412 students the next day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University>

1944:

The Holocaust: When members of the Sonderkommando—Jewish work
units in Auschwitz—learned that they were due to be murdered, they
staged a revolt, managing to kill more than 70 SS men before being
massacred themselves.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderkommando>

1958:

Attempting to control the political instability in Pakistan,
President Iskander Mirza suspended the 1956 constitution, imposed
martial law, and cancelled the elections scheduled for January 1959.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskander_Mirza>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

croggy:
A ride on the handlebars or crossbar of a bicycle.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/croggy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I feel very much like Dirac: the idea of a personal God is
foreign to me. But we ought to remember that religion uses language in
quite a different way from science. The language of religion is more
closely related to the language of poetry than to the language of
science. True, we are inclined to think that science deals with
information about objective facts, and poetry with subjective feelings.
Hence we conclude that if religion does indeed deal with objective
truths, it ought to adopt the same criteria of truth as science. But I
myself find the division of the world into an objective and a subjective
side much too arbitrary. The fact that religions through the ages have
spoken in images, parables, and paradoxes means simply that there are no
other ways of grasping the reality to which they refer. But that does
not mean that it is not a genuine reality. And splitting this reality
into an objective and a subjective side won't get us very far.
 
--Niels Bohr
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr>

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