[Daily article] January 31: Lambertia formosa Published On

Lambertia formosa is a shrub found in New South Wales, Australia, from
the family Proteaceae. It is commonly named mountain devil, after the
small devil-figures that were made from its horned woody follicles.
Specimens were collected during Lieutenant James Cook's landing at
Botany Bay in 1770. First described in 1798 by English botanist James
Edward Smith, it is the type species of the small genus Lambertia. It is
generally found in heathland or open forest, growing in sandstone-based
soils. It grows as a multistemmed shrub to around 2 m (7 ft) with a
woody base known as a lignotuber, from which it regrows after bushfire.
It has stiff narrow leaves and pink to red flowerheads made up of seven
individual tubular flowers that generally appear in spring and summer.
The flowers hold profuse amounts of nectar and are pollinated by
honeyeaters. Although L. formosa is uncommon in cultivation, it is
straightforward to grow in soils with good drainage and a partly shaded
to sunny aspect. It is readily propagated by seed. Unlike all other
members of the genus Lambertia, L. formosa is resistant to the soil
pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambertia_formosa>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

314:

Sylvester I, during whose pontificate the great churches of Rome
were built, began his reign as pope.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I>

1862:

American astronomer Alvan Graham Clark first observed the faint
white dwarf companion of Sirius (pictured), the brightest star in the
night sky.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius>

1900:

Datu Muhammad Salleh, leader of a series of major disturbances
in North Borneo, was shot dead in Tambunan, but his followers did not
give up for five more years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat_Salleh_Rebellion>

1945:

Second World War: The British 3rd Commando Brigade's victory in
the Battle of Hill 170 was crucial in causing the 28th Japanese Army to
withdraw from the Arakan peninsula of Burma.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170>

2001:

Scottish judges sitting in court in the Netherlands convicted
Libyan national Abdelbaset al-Megrahi of 270 counts of murder in the
bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdelbaset_al-Megrahi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

smaragdine:
Having the colour of emeralds.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smaragdine>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To bear up under loss — to fight the bitterness of defeat
and the weakness of grief — to be victor over anger — to smile when
tears are close — to resist evil men and base instincts — to hate
hate and to love love — to go on when it would seem good to die — to
seek ever after the glory and the dream — to look up with unquenchable
faith in something evermore about to be — that is what any man can do,
and so be great.  
--Zane Grey
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Zane_Grey>

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January 30: Battle of Öland Published On

The Battle of Öland (1676) was fought between an allied Danish-Dutch
fleet and the Swedish navy in the Baltic Sea, east of Öland, during the
Scanian War (1675–79). Sweden needed reinforcements for its northern
German possessions; Denmark sought to ferry an army to attack Scania in
southern Sweden. Just as the battle began, the Swedish flagship Kronan
sank, taking with it the commander of the Swedish navy, Lorentz Creutz.
The next in command, Claes Uggla, drowned while escaping his burning
ship, Svärdet. The allied force under Dutch admiral Cornelis Tromp
pressed its advantage, and the rest of the Swedish fleet fled in
disorder. The battle resulted in Danish naval supremacy, then and
throughout the war. The Danish King Christian V was able to ship troops
over to the Swedish side of the Sound, and Scania became the main
battleground of the war, culminating with the bloody battles of Lund,
Halmstad and Landskrona. Danish and Dutch naval forces were left free to
raze Öland and the Swedish east coast all the way up to Stockholm. The
Swedish failure at Öland prompted King Charles XI to order a commission
to investigate the fiasco, but in the end no one was found guilty.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96land>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1649:

English Civil War: King Charles I, who was defeated in both
the First and the Second Civil Wars, was beheaded for high treason in
front of the Banqueting House in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England>

1826:

The Menai Suspension Bridge (pictured), connecting the Isle of
Anglesey and the mainland of Wales, one of the world's first modern
suspension bridges, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menai_Suspension_Bridge>

1889:

Archduke Rudolf, heir to the Austro-Hungarian crown, was found
dead in a suicide pact with his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera in
Mayerling.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf,_Crown_Prince_of_Austria>

1945:

World War II: In one of the largest losses of life in a single
sinking in maritime history, the Soviet submarine S-13 sank the Wilhelm
Gustloff carrying German soldiers and refugees evacuating from East
Prussia, killing at least 9,400 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Wilhelm_Gustloff>

1968:

Vietnam War: Forces of the Viet Cong and the Vietnam People's
Army launched the Tet Offensive to strike military and civilian command
and control centers throughout South Vietnam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_Offensive>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mignon:
Small and cute; pretty in a delicate way; dainty.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mignon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Any technology that does not appear magical is insufficiently
advanced.  
--Gregory Benford
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gregory_Benford>

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[Daily article] January 29: Lanny McDonald Published On

Lanny McDonald (born 1953) is a former professional ice hockey player
for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Colorado Rockies and Calgary Flames of the
National Hockey League (NHL). He played over 1,100 games during a
16-year career, scoring exactly 500 goals and over 1,000 points. His
total of 66 goals in 1982–83 remains the Flames' franchise record.
McDonald established himself as an offensive forward with three
consecutive 40-goal seasons in Toronto in the mid-1970s. He played parts
of three seasons in Denver before he was sent to Calgary in 1981 where
he spent the remainder of his career. He co-captained the Flames to a
Stanley Cup championship in his final season of 1988–89. McDonald won
the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy for dedication and sportsmanship in
1983 and in 1988 was named the inaugural winner of the King Clancy
Memorial Trophy for his leadership and humanitarian presence, in
particular through his long association with the Special Olympics.
Internationally, he represented Team Canada as a player on two occasions
and in a management role three times. McDonald was inducted into the
Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992 and the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame in 1993.
The Flames retired his uniform number 9 in 1990.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanny_McDonald>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

757:

An Lushan, leader of a revolt against the Tang dynasty and
emperor of Yan, was murdered by his own son, An Qingxu.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan>

904:

Sergius III, whose pontificate was marked with feudal violence
and disorder in central Italy, came out of retirement to take over the
papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sergius_III>

1845:

American poet Edgar Allan Poe's "The Raven" (illustrated)
appeared in the New York Evening Mirror, its first publication
attributed to Poe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Raven>

1944:

World War II: At least 38 people were killed and about a dozen
injured when the Polish village of Koniuchy (present-day Kaniūkai,
Lithuania) was attacked by Soviet partisan units.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koniuchy_massacre>

1967:

The Mantra-Rock Dance, called the "ultimate high" of the hippie
era, took place in San Francisco, featuring Swami Bhaktivedanta, Janis
Joplin, Grateful Dead, and Allen Ginsberg.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra-Rock_Dance>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

obviate:
(transitive) To bypass a requirement or make it unnecessary.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obviate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is necessary to the happiness of man, that he be mentally
faithful to himself. Infidelity does not consist in believing, or in
disbelieving; it consists in professing to believe what he does not
believe.  
--Thomas Paine
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine>

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[Daily article] January 28: Ralph Richardson Published On

Ralph Richardson (1902–1983) was an English actor who played more than
sixty film roles and, along with his contemporaries John Gielgud and
Laurence Olivier, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century.
In 1931 he joined the Old Vic, playing mostly Shakespearean roles. He
led the company the following season, succeeding Gielgud, who had taught
him much about stage technique. After he left the company, a series of
leading roles took him to stardom in the West End and on Broadway. In
the 1940s, Richardson was the co-director of the Old Vic company. He and
Olivier led the company to Europe and Broadway in 1945 and 1946. In the
1950s, in the West End and occasionally on tour, Richardson played in
modern and classic works including The Heiress, Home at Seven and Three
Sisters. Richardson was cast in leading roles in British and American
films including Things to Come in the 1930s, The Fallen Idol and The
Heiress in the 1940s, and Long Day's Journey into Night and Doctor
Zhivago in the 1960s. He received nominations and awards in the UK,
Europe and the US for his stage and screen work from 1948 until his
sudden death at the age of eighty, and earned a posthumous Academy Award
nomination for his final film, Greystoke.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Richardson>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

98:

Trajan (bust pictured) succeeded his adoptive father Nerva as
Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire would reach its maximum
extent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan>

1077:

Pope Gregory VII lifted the excommunication of Henry IV after
the Holy Roman Emperor made his trek from Speyer to Canossa Castle to
beg the pope for forgiveness for his actions in the Investiture
Controversy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walk_to_Canossa>

1821:

Alexander Island, the largest island of Antarctica, was
discovered by Russian explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Island>

1933:

Choudhry Rahmat Ali published a pamphlet entitled "Now or
Never" in which he called for the creation of a Muslim state in
northwest India that he termed "Pakstan".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Declaration>

1982:

After having been kidnapped by the Italian Red Brigade 42 days
earlier, General James L. Dozier of the United States Army was freed by
the anti-terrorist force NOCS.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Dozier>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

penumbra:
A partially shaded area around the edges of a shadow, especially an
eclipse.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penumbra>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Happiness exists on earth, and it is won through prudent
exercise of reason, knowledge of the harmony of the universe, and
constant practice of generosity.  
--José Martí
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD>

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[Daily article] January 27: Batman: Arkham City Published On

Batman: Arkham City is a 2011 action-adventure video game developed by
Rocksteady Studios and released by Warner Bros. Interactive
Entertainment for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles,
and Microsoft Windows. Based on the DC Comics superhero Batman and
written by Paul Dini with Paul Crocker and Sefton Hill, it is the sequel
to the 2009 video game Batman: Arkham Asylum. Incarcerated in Arkham
City, a massive new super-prison enclosing the decaying urban slums of
fictional Gotham City, Batman must uncover the secret behind the
sinister scheme "Protocol 10", orchestrated by the facility's warden,
Hugo Strange. The game's leading characters are predominantly voiced by
actors from the DC Animated Universe, with Kevin Conroy reprising his
role as Batman and Mark Hamill as the Joker. Using third-person
perspective, the game focuses on Batman's combat and stealth abilities,
detective skills, and gadgets for combat and exploration. The game was
praised for its narrative, characters and world designs and for Batman's
combat and navigation abilities. It was tied for the highest-rated video
game of 2011 according to review aggregator Metacritic, and was the
recipient of several awards.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Arkham_City>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

447:

An earthquake destroyed large sections of the Walls of
Constantinople.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople>

1142:

Despite having saved the Southern Song dynasty from attempts by
the northern Jin dynasty to conquer it, Chinese general Yue Fei was
executed by the Song government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Fei>

1868:

Boshin War: The Battle of Toba–Fushimi, where pro-Imperial
forces defeated those of the Tokugawa shogunate and which was a catalyst
for the Meiji Restoration, began in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Toba%E2%80%93Fushimi>

1945:

The Soviet Red Army liberated over 7,500 prisoners left behind
by Nazi personnel in the Auschwitz concentration camp (entrance
pictured) in Oświęcim, Poland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp>

1980:

With the assistance of Canadian government officials, six
American diplomats who had avoided capture in the Iran hostage crisis
escaped to Zurich, Switzerland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Caper>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cop on:
(Ireland, informal, idiomatic) Common sense.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cop_on>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The Quakers have an excellent approach to thinking through
difficult problems, where a number of intelligent and responsible people
must work together. They meet as equals, and anyone who has an idea
speaks up. There are no parliamentary procedures and no coercion from
the Chair. They continue the discussion until unanimity is reached. I
want you guys to do that. Get in a room with no phones and leave orders
that you are not to be disturbed. And sit there until you can deal with
each other as individuals…  
--Hyman G. Rickover
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover>

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[Daily article] January 26: Peasants' Revolt Published On

The Peasants' Revolt was an uprising in England in 1381, brought on by
economic and social upheaval that had been growing since the Black Death
thirty years earlier. The rebels, coming from a wide spectrum of rural
society, sought a reduction in the high taxes financing the Hundred
Years' War, an end to the system of unfree labour known as serfdom and
the removal of the King's senior officials and law courts. Inspired by
the radical cleric John Ball and led by Wat Tyler, Kentish rebels
entered London on 13 June. They destroyed the Temple Inns of Court and
set fire to law books. The following day, the fourteen-year-old King
Richard acceded to most of the rebels' demands, including the abolition
of serfdom; meanwhile, the Lord Chancellor and the Lord High Treasurer
were killed in the Tower of London (pictured). On 15 June Richard met
Tyler and the rebels at Smithfield, but violence broke out and Tyler was
killed by the king's party. A London militia then dispersed the rebel
forces and Richard rescinded his previous grants to the rebels. Troubles
extended as far as East Anglia, Yorkshire and Somerset, but most of the
rebel leaders were tracked down and executed, and at least 1,500 rebels
were killed.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1500:

Spanish navigator, explorer, and conquistador Vicente Yáñez
Pinzón reached the north coast of what today is Brazil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_Pinz%C3%B3n>

1788:

Captain Arthur Phillip and the British First Fleet landed at
Sydney Cove on the shore of Port Jackson in present-day Sydney,
establishing the first permanent European settlement in Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fleet>

1907:

The Short Magazine Lee-Enfield Mk III, the second oldest
military rifle still in official use, was introduced into British
military service.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee-Enfield>

1945:

Audie Murphy engaged in action that won him a Medal of Honor
and made him one of the most famous and decorated American combat
soldiers of World War II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audie_Murphy>

2009:

Rioting broke out in Antananarivo, Madagascar, sparking a
political crisis that led to deposing of President Marc Ravalomanana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

monoousian:
(theology) Having one and the same nature or essence, especially with
regard to the persons of the Trinity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monoousian>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  India was the motherland of our race, and Sanskrit the mother of
Europe's languages: she was the mother of our philosophy; mother,
through the Arabs, of much of our mathematics; mother, through the
Buddha, of the ideals embodied in Christianity; mother, through the
village community, of self-government and democracy. Mother India is in
many ways the mother of us all.  
--Will Durant
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Will_Durant>

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[Daily article] January 25: Cry Me a River (Justin Timberlake song) Published On

"Cry Me a River" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Justin
Timberlake (pictured) for his debut studio album, Justified (2002).
Taking inspiration from his former relationship with singer Britney
Spears, he wrote it with Scott Storch and Timbaland. Jive Records
released the song to contemporary hit and rhythmic radio in the US in
2002 as the album's second single. Accompanied by an electric piano,
beatboxing, guitars, and synthesizers, "Cry Me a River" is a funk and
R&B; song about a brokenhearted man moving on from his unfaithful
girlfriend. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who
considered it a stand-out track on Justified and praised Timbaland's
production. It won a Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance at
the 2004 ceremony, and the music video won the awards for Best Male
Video and Best Pop Video at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards. The song
peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 and Pop Songs charts
and charted in the top ten in other countries. Timberlake performed "Cry
Me a River" on his four major concert tours from 2003 through 2015. The
song has been covered by Leona Lewis and Taylor Swift, among others.
Spears recorded an answer song titled "Everytime" for her 2003 studio
album In the Zone.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_Me_a_River_(Justin_Timberlake_song)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1533:

Anne Boleyn, already pregnant with future queen Elizabeth,
secretly married Henry VIII of England, the second of his six
marriages.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn>

1890:

American journalist Nellie Bly completed a circumnavigation of
the globe, inspired by Jules Verne's Around the World in Eighty Days, in
a then-record 72 days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Bly>

1971:

Idi Amin Dada seized power in a military coup d'état from
President Milton Obote, beginning eight years of military rule in
Uganda.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin>

1990:

Avianca Flight 52 ran out of fuel on approach to New York's
John F. Kennedy International Airport and crashed into the village of
Cove Neck, resulting in the deaths of 73 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avianca_Flight_52>

2011:

The first wave of the Egyptian revolution began, eventually
leading to the removal of Hosni Mubarak after nearly 30 years of rule.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lose face:
(idiomatic) To lose the respect of others; to be humiliated or
experience public disgrace.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lose_face>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The common idea that success spoils people by making them vain,
egotistic and self-complacent is erroneous; on the contrary it makes
them, for the most part, humble, tolerant and kind. Failure makes people
bitter and cruel.  
--W. Somerset Maugham
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham>

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[Daily article] January 24: Thomas Blamey Published On

Thomas Blamey (1884–1951) was an Australian general of the First and
Second World Wars, and the only Australian ever to attain the rank of
field marshal. He joined the Australian Army as a regular soldier in
1906, and served at Gallipoli, where he led a daring raid behind enemy
lines, and on the Western Front as chief of staff of the Australian
Corps under Lieutenant General Sir John Monash. During the Second World
War he commanded the Second Australian Imperial Force and the I Corps in
the Middle East. In 1942, he returned to Australia as Commander in Chief
of the Australian Military Forces and Commander of Allied Land Forces in
the South West Pacific Area under the command of General Douglas
MacArthur. On the orders of MacArthur and Prime Minister John Curtin, he
assumed personal command of New Guinea Force during the Kokoda Track
Campaign. He won a series of victories over the Japanese, including the
Battle of Wau and the landing at Nadzab, and signed on behalf of
Australia at Japan's ceremonial surrender in Tokyo Bay on 2 September
1945. He was promoted to field marshal in June 1950.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Blamey>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

41:

Cassius Chaerea and the disgruntled Praetorian Guards murdered
Roman emperor Caligula (bust pictured), replacing him with his uncle
Claudius.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula>

1458:

The 14-year-old Matthias Corvinus was unanimously proclaimed
King of Hungary, after the Estates were persuaded to do so by his uncle
Michael Szilágyi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus>

1848:

James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma,
California, leading to the California Gold Rush.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush>

1989:

American serial killer Ted Bundy was executed via electric
chair in Florida for the homicides of at least 30 women.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Bundy>

2011:

A suicide bomber killed at least 37 people at Domodedovo
International Airport in Moscow.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

alicorn:
(now historical) The horn of a unicorn considered as a medical or
pharmacological ingredient.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alicorn>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I warrant you, if he danced till doomsday, he thought I was to
pay the piper.  
--William Congreve
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Congreve>

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[Daily article] January 23: Rainbow trout Published On

The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of the salmon
family native to cold-water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and
North America. Those that spend their lives in streams and rivers
average between 1 and 5 lb (0.5 and 2.3 kg); others, called steelhead
trout, live in the ocean or the Great Lakes for two to three years
before returning to fresh water to spawn, and may reach 20 lb
(9.1 kg). Coloration varies widely, but all adult fish are
distinguished by a broad reddish stripe along the lateral line, from
gills to the tail, which is most vivid in breeding males. Wild-caught
and hatchery-reared forms of this species have been transplanted and
introduced for food or sport in at least 45 countries. Introductions to
locations in the U.S., Southern Europe, Australia and South America
outside the fish's native range have damaged native fish species when
the trout has preyed on them, out-competed them, transmitted contagious
diseases, or hybridized with closely related species. Some local
populations of specific subspecies, or in the case of steelhead,
distinct population segments, are listed as either threatened or
endangered under the Endangered Species Act. The steelhead is the
official state fish of Washington.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_trout>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1719:

Emperor Charles VI established Liechtenstein, the only
principality in the Holy Roman Empire still in existence today.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein>

1870:

American Indian Wars: The United States Army massacred a
friendly band of Piegan Blackfeet in Montana Territory, resulting in
about 200 deaths, mostly women, children, and elderly men.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marias_Massacre>

1899:

Pursuant to the adoption of the Malolos Constitution and the
establishment of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo was
sworn in as the first President of the Philippines.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo>

1915:

The Chilembwe uprising, regarded as a seminal moment in the
history of Malawi, began as rebels, led by a minister, attacked local
plantation owners.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising>

1945:

German Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz ordered the beginning of
Operation Hannibal, which became one of the largest emergency
evacuations by sea in history, with over 1 million people transferred
over 15 weeks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hannibal>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

blueberrying:
The act of gathering blueberries.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blueberrying>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Insofar as thought could be governed at all, it could only be
commanded to follow what reason affirmed anyhow; command it otherwise,
and it would not obey.  
--Walter M. Miller, Jr.
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walter_M._Miller,_Jr.>

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[Daily article] January 22: Union Films Published On

Union Films was a film production company located in Batavia, Dutch East
Indies (now Jakarta, Indonesia). It was one of four new production
houses that sprang up during a revival of the colony's film industry
after the Great Depression. Established by ethnic Chinese businessmen
Ang Hock Liem and Tjoa Ma Tjoen, Union released its first film, Kedok
Ketawa, in July 1940. This was followed by a series of films penned by
Saeroen, beginning with Harta Berdarah and followed by Bajar dengan
Djiwa and Asmara Moerni, which attempted to distance themselves from the
theatrical conventions of the time, and were increasingly oriented
towards the Indies' growing intelligentsia. After Saeroen left for Star
Film in 1941, Union's final two productions, Soeara Berbisa and Mega
Mendoeng, emphasised realism. Following the Japanese occupation of the
Indies in March 1942, Union was dissolved, though its films continued to
be screened into the mid-1940s. Altogether, the company produced seven
black-and-white films; all may be lost. The company's films were
directed by four men, mostly ethnic Chinese, and launched the careers of
actors such as Rendra Karno and Djoewariah.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Films>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

565:

Justinian the Great deposed Eutychius, Patriarch of
Constantinople, after the latter refused the Byzantine Emperor's order
to adopt the tenets of the Aphthartodocetae, a sect of Monophysites.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutychius_of_Constantinople>

1689:

The Convention Parliament convened to justify the overthrow of
James II, the last Roman Catholic king of England, who had vacated the
throne when he fled to France in 1688.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England>

1906:

The SS Valencia was wrecked off the coast of Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, Canada, in a location so treacherous it was known as
the Graveyard of the Pacific.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Valencia>

1946:

Iran Crisis: The Republic of Mahabad declared its independence,
seeking autonomy for the Kurds within Iran.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad>

1973:

The U.S. Supreme Court delivered its landmark decision in Roe
v. Wade, striking down laws restricting abortion during the first six to
seven months of pregnancy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roe_v._Wade>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

enthesis:
(anatomy) The point at which a tendon, ligament, or muscle inserts into
a bone.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enthesis>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If I laugh at any mortal thing, 'Tis that I may not weep…
 
--Don Juan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Don_Juan_(Byron)>

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January 21: Siege of Constantinople (717–18) Published On

The Second Arab Siege of Constantinople in 717–718 was a land and sea
offensive by the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city
of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople. In 716, after 20 years of
progressive occupation of the borderlands of Byzantium during its
prolonged internal turmoil, Arabs led by Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
invaded Byzantine Asia Minor. They made common cause with the general
Leo the Isaurian, who had risen up against Emperor Theodosios III, but
Leo tricked them and secured the Byzantine throne for himself in 717.
The Arab army then crossed into Thrace and built siege lines to blockade
the city, which was protected by the massive Theodosian Walls. The Arab
fleet's attempted blockade was neutralized by the Byzantine navy's Greek
fire (pictured), and the Arab army was crippled by famine and disease
during the unusually hard winter that followed. After the defeat of two
Arab fleets and another Arab army, followed by an attack on their rear
by Bulgarians, the siege was lifted in 718. Although regular attacks on
Byzantine territories continued, the Caliphate's goal of conquest was
abandoned. Historians credit the siege with halting the Muslim advance
into Europe, and rank it among history's most consequential battles.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%9318)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1789:

The Power of Sympathy by William Hill Brown, widely considered
to be the first American novel, was published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Sympathy>

1840:

The French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville discovered Adélie
Land, Antarctica.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Dumont_d%27Urville>

1931:

Sir Isaac Isaacs became the first Australian-born Governor-
General of Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Isaacs>

1968:

Cold War: A B-52 bomber carrying four nuclear weapons crashed
onto sea ice near Thule Air Base, Greenland, causing widespread
radioactive contamination.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Thule_Air_Base_B-52_crash>

2011:

Demonstrations in Tirana to protest the alleged corruption of
the Albanian government led to the killings of three demonstrators by
the Republican Guard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Albanian_opposition_demonstrations>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

palinspastic:
(geology, of a map) Showing the previous location of geological
features, correcting for any intervening crustal movements.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palinspastic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Ever since I arrived to a state of manhood, I have felt a
sincere passion for liberty. The history of nations doomed to perpetual
slavery, in consequence of yielding up to tyrants their natural born
liberties, I read with a sort of philosophical horror; so that the first
systematical and bloody attempt at Lexington, to enslave America,
thoroughly electrified my mind, and fully determined me to take part
with my country.  
--Ethan Allen
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ethan_Allen>

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[Daily article] January 20: E. W. Hornung Published On

E. W. Hornung (1866–1921) was an English author and poet who wrote the
A. J. Raffles series of stories about a gentleman thief in late 19th-
century London. After school in the UK, Hornung spent two years in
Australia before returning to London. His first known work was published
in 1887; his Australian experiences strongly influenced his early
writing. In 1898 he wrote "In the Chains of Crime", which introduced
Raffles and his sidekick, Bunny Manders; the characters were based
partly on his friends Oscar Wilde and Lord Alfred Douglas, and also on
Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, the characters created by Hornung's
brother-in-law, Arthur Conan Doyle. The death of Hornung's son in the
First World War brought an end to Hornung's storytelling, and led the
writer to join the YMCA, initially in England, then in France, where he
helped run a canteen and library and published two collections of
poetry. After the war, he wrote more poetry and an account of his time
in France. Hornung's fragile constitution was weakened by the stress of
his war work, and he died at the age of 54. Although much of Hornung's
work has fallen into obscurity, his Raffles stories continue to be
popular, and have inspired numerous film and television adaptations.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Hornung>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1265:

Summoned by Simon de Montfort (pictured), the first English
parliament held its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Montfort%27s_Parliament>

1576:

León in Guanajuato, Mexico, was founded by order of Viceroy
Martín Enríquez de Almanza of New Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato>

1843:

Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná, became the
de facto first prime minister of the Empire of Brazil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hon%C3%B3rio_Hermeto_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o,_Marquis_of_Paran%C3%A1>

1945:

World War II: Germany began the evacuation of 1.8 million
people from East Prussia, an operation which took nearly two months to
complete.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evacuation_of_East_Prussia>

1990:

The Soviet Red Army violently cracked down on Azeri pro-
independence demonstrations in Baku, Azerbaijan SSR.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_January>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

casuistry:
1. The process of answering practical questions via interpretation of rules
or cases that illustrate such rules, especially in ethics.
2. (pejorative) A specious argument designed to defend an action or
feeling.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/casuistry>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There's this beautiful ocean of bliss and consciousness
that is able to be reached by any human being by diving within, which is
really peaceful and harmonious and can be enlivened by the group
process. … This is all about establishing peace. Right now, we gotta
get peace back in the world. Peace is a real thing.  
--David Lynch
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/David_Lynch>

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[Daily article] January 19: Stan Musial Published On

Stan Musial (1920–2013) was an American professional baseball player
and Navy veteran of World War II. He was a Major League Baseball
outfielder and first baseman on the St. Louis Cardinals for 22 seasons,
from 1941 through 1963. Widely considered to be one of the greatest
hitters in baseball history, with 3,630 career hits, Musial ranks fourth
all-time and first in a career spent with only one team. He hit 475 home
runs during his career and was named the National League's Most Valuable
Player three times. In 1946 he earned his third and final World Series
title, despite missing the entire previous season serving with the navy.
He shares the major league record for the most All-Star Games played
(24) with Hank Aaron and Willie Mays, and was a first-ballot inductee
into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969. He was also known for his
harmonica playing, during and after his playing career, and for his
modesty and sportsmanship. Musial was selected for the Major League
Baseball All-Century Team in 1999. In February 2011, President Barack
Obama presented Musial with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, one of
the highest civilian awards the US government can bestow.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Musial>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1607:

San Agustin Church in Manila, the oldest church in the
Philippines, was completed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)>

1795:

A day after William V, Prince of Orange (pictured), fled the
Dutch Republic as a result of the Batavian Revolution, the Batavian
Republic was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batavian_Republic>

1917:

Approximately 50 tons of TNT exploded at a munitions factory in
Silvertown in West Ham, present-day Greater London, killing more than 70
people and injuring more than 400 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvertown_explosion>

1975:

A magnitude 6.8 Ms earthquake struck northern Himachal Pradesh,
India, causing extensive damage to the region.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Kinnaur_earthquake>

2006:

In the deadliest aviation accident in Slovak history, an
Antonov An-24 aircraft operated by the Slovak Air Force crashed in
northern Hungary, killing 42 of the 43 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Slovak_Air_Force_Antonov_An-24_crash>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ascertain:
To find out definitely; to discover or establish.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ascertain>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If there be such a principle as justice, or natural law, it is
the principle, or law, that tells us what rights were given to every
human being at his birth; what rights are, therefore, inherent in him as
a human being, necessarily remain with him during life; and, however
capable of being trampled upon, are incapable of being blotted out,
extinguished, annihilated, or separated or eliminated from his nature as
a human being, or deprived of their inherent authority or obligation.
 
--Lysander Spooner
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lysander_Spooner>

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[Daily article] January 18: Majungasaurus Published On

Majungasaurus is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in
Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous
Period. Like other abelisaurids, Majungasaurus was a bipedal predator
with a short snout. Although the forelimbs are not completely known,
they were very short, while the hindlimbs were longer and very stocky.
It can be distinguished from other abelisaurids by its wider skull, the
very rough texture and thickened bone on the top of its snout, and the
single rounded horn on the roof of its skull, which was originally
mistaken for the dome of a pachycephalosaur. It also had more teeth in
both upper and lower jaws than most abelisaurids. Known from several
well-preserved skulls and abundant skeletal material, Majungasaurus has
recently become one of the best-studied theropod dinosaurs from the
Southern Hemisphere. It appears to be most closely related to
abelisaurids from India rather than South America or continental Africa,
a fact which has important biogeographical implications. Majungasaurus
was the apex predator in its ecosystem, mainly preying on sauropods like
Rapetosaurus, and is also one of the few dinosaurs for which there is
direct evidence of cannibalism.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majungasaurus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1126:

Emperor Huizong of the Song dynasty of China abdicated in
favour of his son Qinzong.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Huizong_of_Song>

1535:

Conquistador Francisco Pizarro founded Ciudad de los Reyes,
present-day Lima, Peru, as the capital of the lands he conquered for the
Spanish Crown.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lima>

1915:

Japanese Prime Minister Ōkuma Shigenobu issued the Twenty-One
Demands to China in a bid to increase its power in East Asia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands>

1958:

African Canadian Willie O'Ree of the Boston Bruins played his
first game in the National Hockey League, breaking the colour barrier in
professional ice hockey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_O%27Ree>

1990:

In a sting operation conducted by the FBI, Mayor of Washington,
D.C., Marion Barry was arrested for possession of crack cocaine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Barry>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

scuttle:
(transitive) To deliberately sink a ship or boat by order of the
vessel's commander or owner.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scuttle>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Everyone has a belief system, B.S., the trick is to learn not
to take anyone's B.S. too seriously, especially your own.
 
--Robert Anton Wilson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson>

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[Daily article] January 17: William Robinson Brown Published On

W. R. Brown (1875–1955) was an American corporate officer of the Brown
Company of Berlin, New Hampshire and an influential breeder of Arabian
horses. He was an early advocate for sustainable forest management
practices and his innovations became industry standards. He was
influenced by the Progressive movement, instituting employee benefits at
the Brown Company such as care for injured workers, predating modern
workers' compensation laws. He founded the Maynesboro Stud in 1912 with
bloodstock from American breeders of Arabian horses, also importing
horses from England, France, and Egypt. At its peak, Maynesboro was the
largest Arabian horse farm in the United States. To prove the abilities
of Arabians, he organized a number of endurance races of up to 300
miles, which his own horses won three times. He served as President of
the Arabian Horse Club of America from 1918 until 1939. His 1929 book
The Horse of the Desert is considered an authoritative work on Arabians,
and the designation "Crabbet/Maynesboro/Kellogg" (CMK) denotes specific
modern lines of American-bred Arabian horses. As a Republican, he served
as a presidential elector for New Hampshire in 1924.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robinson_Brown>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1377:

Pope Gregory XI entered Rome after a four-month journey from
Avignon, returning the Papacy to its original city and effectively
becoming the last Avignon Pope.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XI>

1893:

Lorrin A. Thurston, along with the Citizens' Committee of
Public Safety led the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the
government of Queen Liliʻuokalani.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hawaii>

1946:

The United Nations Security Council, the organ of the United
Nations charged with the maintenance of international peace and
security, held its first meeting at Church House in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council>

1955:

USS Nautilus, the first nuclear-powered submarine, put to sea
for the first time from Groton, Connecticut, with the message, "Underway
on nuclear power."
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nautilus_(SSN-571)>

2010:

The first spate of violence between Muslims and Christians
began in Jos, Nigeria, and would end in more than 200 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Jos_riots>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

indigent:
Poor; destitute; in need.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/indigent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  God grant, that not only the Love of Liberty, but a thorough
Knowledge of the Rights of Man, may pervade all the Nations of the
Earth, so that a Philosopher may set his Foot anywhere on its Surface,
and say, "This is my Country."  
--Benjamin Franklin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin>

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[Daily article] January 16: Mahan-class destroyer Published On

The Mahan-class destroyers of the US Navy were 18 destroyers
commissioned in 1936 and 1937. Mahan was the lead ship, named for Rear
Admiral Alfred T. Mahan, an influential historian and theorist on sea
power. These ships featured improvements over previous destroyers, with
12 torpedo tubes, superimposed gun shelters, generators for emergency
use, and a new steam propulsion system that was used on many subsequent
wartime US destroyers. All 18 ships saw action in World War II, entirely
in the Pacific Theater, including during the Guadalcanal Campaign and
the battles of the Santa Cruz Islands, Leyte Gulf, and Iwo Jima. Their
participation in major and secondary campaigns included the bombardment
of beachheads, amphibious landings, task force screening, convoy and
patrol duty, and anti-aircraft and submarine warfare. Six ships were
lost in combat and two were expended in the postwar Operation Crossroads
nuclear tests. The remainder were decommissioned, sold, or scrapped
after the war; none remain today. Collectively, the ships received 111
battle stars for their World War II service.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahan-class_destroyer>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

27 BC:

Gaius Octavianus was given the title Augustus by the Roman
Senate when he became the first Roman emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus>

1780:

American Revolutionary War: The British Royal Navy gained their
first major naval victory over their European enemies in the war when
they defeated a Spanish squadron in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent
(pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)>

1862:

The beam of a pumping engine broke at the Hartley Colliery in
Northumberland, England, and fell down the shaft trapping the men below,
resulting in the deaths of 204 men.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartley_Colliery_Disaster>

1945:

World War II: Adolf Hitler and his staff moved into the
Führerbunker, where he would eventually commit suicide.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker>

1969:

Student Jan Palach set himself on fire in Wenceslas Square in
Prague as a protest against the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia the
previous year.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Palach>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

smurf account:
(Internet slang) An alternate account used by a known or experienced
user to appear to be someone else.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smurf_account>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Literature is dialogue; responsiveness. Literature might be
described as the history of human responsiveness to what is alive and
what is moribund as cultures evolve and interact with one another.
 
--Susan Sontag
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag>

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[Daily article] January 15: Tony Hawk's Underground Published On

Tony Hawk's Underground is a skateboarding-adventure video game
published by Activision in 2003 and 2004 as part of the Tony Hawk's
series. Neversoft developed the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox
versions, while the Game Boy Advance adaptation was developed by
Vicarious Visions and the mobile phone version by Jamdat. Typically for
the series, the player explores levels and completes goals while
performing tricks; atypically, the player creates a custom character
instead of selecting a professional skater, and can explore on foot. The
plot follows the player and their friend Eric Sparrow as the two become
professionals and grow apart. The game was developed with a theme of
individuality, and real-world skateboarders contributed their
experiences to the plot during development. Reviewers praised its wide
appeal, soundtrack, customization, multiplayer features, and plot. The
graphics and the controls for driving vehicles and walking were less
well received. Underground's PlayStation 2 version had sold 2.11 million
copies in the United States by December 2007. A sequel, Tony Hawk's
Underground 2, was released in 2004.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hawk%27s_Underground>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1815:

War of 1812: American frigate USS President (pictured),
commanded by Commodore Stephen Decatur, was captured by a squadron of
four British frigates.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President>

1865:

American Civil War: The Union Army captured Fort Fisher, the
last seaport of the Confederacy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher>

1937:

Spanish Civil War: Nationalists and Republican forces both
withdrew after suffering heavy losses, ending the Second Battle of the
Corunna Road.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road>

1975:

Portugal signed the Alvor Agreement with UNITA, the MPLA, and
the FNLA, ending the Angolan War of Independence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence>

1991:

Elizabeth II, as Queen of Australia, signed letters patent
allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute
its own separate Victoria Cross award in its own honours system.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross_for_Australia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

floccinaucinihilipilificate:
(colloquial) To describe or regard something as worthless.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/floccinaucinihilipilificate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  As man seeks justice in equality, so society seeks order
in anarchy.  
--Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon>

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[Daily article] January 14: Holkham National Nature Reserve Published On

The Holkham National Nature Reserve is the largest such reserve in
England. It is on the Norfolk coast between Burnham Overy Staithe and
Blakeney, and is managed by Natural England with the cooperation of the
Holkham Estate. Its 3,900 hectares (9,600 acres) include a wide range of
habitats, such as grazing marsh, woodland, salt marsh, sand dunes and
foreshore. The reserve is part of the North Norfolk Coast Site of
Special Scientific Interest, additionally protected through Natura 2000,
Special Protection Area and Ramsar listings, and is part of both an Area
of Outstanding Natural Beauty and a World Biosphere Reserve. Holkham is
important for wintering wildfowl, especially pink-footed geese, Eurasian
wigeons and brent geese, but it also has breeding waders, and attracts
many migrating birds in autumn. A number of scarce invertebrates and
plants can be found in the dunes, and the reserve is one of only two
sites in the UK with an antlion colony. The Vikings navigated the creeks
to establish Holkham village. The reserve was created in 1967 mostly
from the Holkham estate, owned since the 17th century by the Earls of
Leicester, and attracts over 100,000 visitors a year, including
birdwatchers, horse riders and naturists.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkham_National_Nature_Reserve>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1301:

The Árpád dynasty, which had ruled Hungary since the late 9th
century, ended with the death of King Andrew III.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty>

1724:

Philip V, the first Bourbon ruler of Spain, abdicated in favor
of his eldest son Louis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain>

1900:

Giacomo Puccini's opera Tosca, based on the play La Tosca by
French dramatist Victorien Sardou, premiered at the Teatro Costanzi in
Rome.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca>

1953:

Josip Broz Tito was inaugurated as the first President of
Yugoslavia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito>

1975:

British teenage heiress Lesley Whittle was kidnapped by Donald
Neilson and subsequently murdered during a failed ransom collection
attempt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Lesley_Whittle>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

orgulous:
Proud; haughty; disdainful.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orgulous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Not less strong than the will to truth must be the will
to sincerity. Only an age, which can show the courage of sincerity, can
possess truth, which works as a spiritual force within it.  
--Albert Schweitzer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer>

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[Daily article] January 13: Garden warbler Published On

The garden warbler (Sylvia borin) is a common small bird that breeds in
most of Europe and in western Asia. It is a plain, long-winged and long-
tailed typical warbler with brown upperparts and dull white underparts;
the sexes are similar and juveniles resemble the adults. The garden
warbler's rich melodic song is similar to that of the blackcap, its
closest relative, which competes with it for territory when nesting in
the same woodland. The preferred breeding habitat in Eurasia is open
woodland with dense low cover for nesting; despite its name, gardens are
rarely occupied by this small passerine bird. The clutch of four or five
blotched cream or white eggs is laid in a robust cup-shaped nest built
near the ground and concealed by dense vegetation. The chicks fledge
about 10 days after hatching, and only about a quarter of young birds
survive their first year. The species winters in sub-Saharan Africa.
Insects are the main food in the breeding season, although fruit
predominates when birds are fattening prior to migration, figs being a
particular favourite where available. Predators include Eurasian
sparrowhawks and domestic cats. Despite a small population decline in
much of its European range, the bird's breeding distribution is
expanding northwards in Scandinavia.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_warbler>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

896:

Emperor Zhaozong appointed Li Keyong as the Prince of Jin, who
began his reign as first emperor of Jin following the collapse of the
Tang Dynasty in China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Keyong>

1815:

War of 1812: British troops captured Fort Peter in St. Marys,
Georgia, the only battle of the war to take place in the state.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter>

1898:

"J'accuse...!", an open letter by French writer Émile Zola to
President Félix Faure of the French Republic, was published by the
Parisian newspaper L'Aurore, accusing the highest levels of the French
Army in covering up the truth of the Dreyfus affair.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%27accuse>

1915:

About 30,000 people in Avezzano, Italy—96% of its
population—were killed when an earthquake struck the region.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Avezzano_earthquake>

1953:

An article published in Pravda accused some of the most
prestigious physicians in the Soviet Union, mostly Jews, of taking part
in a vast plot to poison members of the top Soviet political and
military leadership.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctors%27_plot>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gherao:
(India) A protest in which a group of people surrounds a politician,
building, etc. until demands are met.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gherao>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Knowledge and understanding are quite different. Only
understanding can lead to being, whereas knowledge is but a passing
presence in it.  
--G. I. Gurdjieff
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/G._I._Gurdjieff>

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[Daily article] January 12: No. 1 Squadron RAAF Published On

No. 1 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force unit headquartered at
RAAF Base Amberley, Queensland. It operates F/A-18F Super Hornet multi-
role fighters (pictured). The squadron formed under the Australian
Flying Corps in 1916 and saw action in the Middle East during World
War I. Initially equipped with obsolete B.E.2s, it converted to Bristol
Fighters in 1917. No. 1 Squadron was re-established as part of the RAAF
in 1925. During World War II, it flew Lockheed Hudson bombers in the
Malayan and Dutch East Indies campaigns, suffering heavy losses. It
later operated Bristol Beauforts and de Havilland Mosquitos. The
squadron re-formed with Avro Lincoln heavy bombers in 1948. From 1950 to
1958 it was based in Singapore, and was responsible for most of the
Commonwealth air campaign during the Malayan Emergency. On returning to
Australia it re-equipped with English Electric Canberra jets. It
operated F-4E Phantoms from 1970 to 1973, as a stop-gap pending delivery
of the F-111C swing-wing bomber. The F-111 remained in service for 37
years until replaced by the Super Hornet in 2010. A detachment has been
deployed to the Middle East since September 2014 as part of Australia's
contribution to the military intervention against ISIL.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAAF>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1554:

Bayinnaung, who later assembled the largest empire in the
history of Southeast Asia, was crowned king of the Burmese Taungoo
Dynasty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayinnaung>

1838:

In order to avoid persecution by anti-Mormons, Latter Day Saint
movement founder Joseph Smith (pictured), along with his followers, fled
Kirtland, Ohio for Far West, Missouri.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith>

1895:

The National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural
Beauty, a conservation organization in England, Wales and Northern
Ireland, was founded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty>

1945:

World War II: The Soviet Union's Red Army crossed the Vistula
River in Poland on their way to invade Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive>

1969:

In American football, the New York Jets upset the Baltimore
Colts to win Super Bowl III in one of the greatest upsets in American
sports history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_III>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

heave in sight:
(nautical) To appear at a distance, to emerge in the field of vision.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heave_in_sight>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Give me few men and women who are pure and selfless and I shall
shake the world.  
--Swami Vivekananda
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda>

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[Daily article] January 11: John A. Macdonald Published On

John A. Macdonald (1815–1891) was the first Prime Minister of Canada
(1867–73, 1878–91). The dominant figure of Canadian Confederation,
he had a political career which spanned almost half a century. His
family immigrated from Scotland to Kingston in the colony of Upper
Canada (today in eastern Ontario) when he was a boy. He became a lawyer,
and was involved in several high-profile cases, quickly becoming
prominent in Kingston. Seeking and obtaining a legislative seat in 1844,
he served in the legislature of the colonial United Province of Canada
and by 1857 had become premier under the colony's unstable political
system. When in 1864 no party proved capable of governing for long,
Macdonald agreed to a proposal from his political rival, George Brown,
that the parties unite in a Great Coalition to seek federation and
political reform. Macdonald was the leading figure in the subsequent
discussions and conferences, which resulted in the British North America
Act and the birth of Canada as a nation on 1 July 1867. Macdonald is
credited with creating a Canadian Confederation despite many obstacles,
and expanding what was a relatively small country to cover the northern
half of North America. By the time of his death in 1891, Canada had
secured most of the territory it occupies today.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1693:

An intensity XI earthquake, the most powerful in Italian
history, struck the island of Sicily.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake>

1787:

German-born British composer and astronomer William Herschel
discovered two Uranian moons, later named, by his son, after characters
from the Shakespeare play A Midsummer Night's Dream, Oberon and Titania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titania_(moon)>

1923:

Troops from France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr Area to force
the German Weimar Republic to pay its reparations in the aftermath of
World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr>

1946:

Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania,
declared the People's Republic of Albania with himself as head of state.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha>

2013:

French special forces failed in an attempted rescue of a DGSE
agent who had been taken hostage in July 2009 by Al-Shabaab in Bulo
Marer, Somalia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

superannuated:
Obsolete, antiquated.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superannuated>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There is but one unconditional commandment, which is that we
should seek incessantly, with fear and trembling, so to vote and to act
as to bring about the very largest total universe of good which we can
see. Abstract rules indeed can help; but they help the less in
proportion as our intuitions are more piercing, and our vocation is the
stronger for the moral life. For every real dilemma is in literal
strictness a unique situation; and the exact combination of ideals
realized and ideals disappointed which each decision creates is always a
universe without a precedent, and for which no adequate previous rule
exists.  
--William James
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_James>

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[Daily article] January 10: Sense and Sensibility (film) Published On

Sense and Sensibility is a 1995 period drama film directed by Ang Lee
and based on Jane Austen's 1811 novel of the same name. Actress Emma
Thompson (pictured) wrote the script and stars as Elinor Dashwood, while
Kate Winslet plays Elinor's younger sister Marianne; actors Hugh Grant
and Alan Rickman appear as their respective suitors. The story follows
two English sisters from a wealthy family (wealthier in the film than
the book) who become destitute and seek financial security through
marriage. The film was released in December 1995 in the US and two
months later in Britain. A commercial success, it garnered
overwhelmingly positive reviews upon release and received many
accolades, including three awards and eleven nominations at the 1995
British Academy Film Awards. It earned seven Academy Awards nominations,
including for Best Picture and Best Actress (for Thompson). The actress
won for Best Adapted Screenplay, becoming the only person to have
received Academy Awards for both acting and screenwriting. Sense and
Sensibility contributed to a resurgence in popularity for Austen's
works, and has led to many more productions in similar genres. It
persists in being recognised as one of the best Austen adaptations of
all time.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_Sensibility_(film)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1475:

Moldavian–Ottoman Wars: Moldavian forces under Stephen the
Great defeated an Ottoman attack led by Hadân Suleiman Pasha, the
Beylerbeyi of Rumelia, near Vaslui in present-day Romania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vaslui>

1776:

Common Sense, a pamphlet by Thomas Paine denouncing British
rule in the Thirteen Colonies, was published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_(pamphlet)>

1929:

The Adventures of Tintin, a series of popular comic books
created by Belgian artist Hergé, first appeared in a children's
supplement to the Belgian newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Tintin>

1985:

Sir Clive Sinclair launched the Sinclair C5 personal electric
vehicle, "one of the great marketing bombs of postwar British industry",
which later became a cult collector's item.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_C5>

2004:

Helge Fossmo, the village priest of Knutby, Sweden,
orchestrated the murders of his wife and his neighbor, a crime that
shocked the country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knutby_murder>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

apotropaic:
Intended to ward off evil.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apotropaic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The tides are in our veins, we still mirror the stars, life is
your child, but there is in me Older and harder than life and more
impartial, the eye that watched before there was an ocean.  
--Robinson Jeffers
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robinson_Jeffers>

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[Daily article] January 9: Mark Satin Published On

Mark Satin (born 1946) is an American political theorist, author, and
newsletter publisher, best known for contributing to three political
perspectives – neopacifism in the 1960s, New Age politics in the
1970s and 1980s, and radical centrism in the 1990s and 2000s. After
emigrating to Canada at the age of 20 to avoid serving in the Vietnam
War, Satin co-founded the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme to assist war
resisters in Canada, and wrote the Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to
Canada (1968), which sold nearly 100,000 copies. His book New Age
Politics (1978) described an emerging culture focused on simple living,
decentralism, and global responsibility, and he expanded these themes in
the political newsletter New Options (1984–92). He also co-drafted the
foundational statement of the U.S. Green Party, "Ten Key Values", in
1984. After a period of political disillusion, Satin launched a new
political newsletter and wrote Radical Middle (2004). Both projects
criticized political partisanship and sought to promote mutual learning
across social and cultural divides, but the book was not warmly received
by many on the traditional left or right of the American political
spectrum.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Satin>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

475:

Basiliscus became Byzantine Emperor after Zeno was forced to
flee Constantinople.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basiliscus>

1857:

A 7.9 Mw earthquake ruptured part of the San Andreas Fault in
California and was felt as far east as Las Vegas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Fort_Tejon_earthquake>

1923:

Lithuanian residents of the Memel Territory rebelled against
the League of Nations decision to leave the area as a mandated region
under French control.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt>

1972:

Seawise University, formerly RMS Queen Elizabeth, an ocean
liner which sailed the Atlantic Ocean for the Cunard White Star Line,
was destroyed by fire in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth>

2005:

Mahmoud Abbas was elected President of the Palestinian National
Authority to replace Yasser Arafat, who died in 2004.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

carpe diem:
Seize the day, make the most of today, enjoy the present.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carpe_diem>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  That's what I consider true generosity. You give your all, and
yet you always feel as if it costs you nothing.  
--Simone de Beauvoir
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir>

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[Daily article] January 8: Hillsgrove Covered Bridge Published On

The Hillsgrove Covered Bridge, a 186-foot (57 m) one-lane bridge with a
roof and sides to protect the wooden structure from the weather, crosses
Loyalsock Creek in Hillsgrove Township, Sullivan County in the U.S.
state of Pennsylvania. Built by Sadler Rodgers around 1850 and serving
as a landing site for lumber rafts between 1870 and 1890, it has been on
the National Register of Historic Places since 1973. Nineteenth-century
regulations restricting speed, number of animals, and fire are still
posted on the bridge. It gets its strength and rigidity from load-
bearing Burr arches sandwiching multiple vertical king posts on each
side. Restoration work was carried out in 1963, 1968, 2010, and, after
serious flood damage (pictured), again in 2012. The bridge was still in
use in 2015, and its average daily traffic was 54 vehicles in 2012, but
the same year, the National Bridge Inventory found the bridge to be
"Structurally Deficient" despite the restorations, with problematic
railings and a 16.5 percent structural sufficiency rating. Only three
of the 30 covered bridges that were in Sullivan County in 1890 remain
in 2015: Forksville, Hillsgrove, and Sonestown. Pennsylvania had the
first covered bridge in the United States, and has had more of them than
any other state since the mid-19th century.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsgrove_Covered_Bridge>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1297:

Francesco Grimaldi, disguised as a monk, led his men to capture
the fortress protecting the Rock of Monaco, establishing his family as
the rulers of Monaco.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco>

1889:

Statistician Herman Hollerith received a patent for his
electric tabulating machine, the precursor to modern computers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith>

1920:

The steel strike of 1919, an attempt to organize the United
States steel industry in the wake of World War I, collapsed in complete
failure for the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_strike_of_1919>

1964:

During his State of the Union address, U.S. President Lyndon B.
Johnson declared a "War on Poverty".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Poverty>

2010:

Gunmen from an offshoot of the Front for the Liberation of the
Enclave of Cabinda attacked the bus transporting the Togo national
football team to the Africa Cup of Nations, killing three.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo_national_football_team_attack>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

factitious:
1. Created by humans; artificial.
2. Counterfeit, fabricated.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/factitious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The psychological basis for the use of nonviolent methods is
the simple rule that like produces like, kindness provokes kindness, as
surely as injustice produces resentment and evil. It is sometimes
forgotten by those whose pacifism is a spurious, namby-pamby thing that
if one Biblical statement of this rule is "Do good to them that hate
you" (an exhortation presumably intended for the capitalist as well as
for the laborer), another statement of the same rule is, "They that sow
the wind shall reap the whirlwind." You get from the universe what you
give, with interest!  
--A. J. Muste
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A._J._Muste>

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[Daily article] January 7: Song of Innocence Published On

Song of Innocence (1968) is the debut album of American composer and
producer David Axelrod. Inspired by the 1789 illustrated collection of
poems of the same name by William Blake, it is an instrumental jazz
fusion album presented as a suite of tone poems, incorporating elements
of classical, rock, funk, pop, and theatre music. Arranged for bass,
drums, and string instruments and recorded with an orchestra and studio
musicians, it is written with rock-based tempos. Axelrod used contrast
in his orchestral compositions, interspersing the album's euphoric
psychedelic R&B; form with dramatic, harrowing arrangements to reflect
the supernatural themes found in Blake's poems. Song of Innocence was
not commercially successful on its release, and it confounded music
critics, who viewed it as innovative and ambitious but also as less than
serious, a curiosity piece. In the 1990s, critics reassessed the album
as a classic, while leading disc jockeys in hip hop and electronica
rediscovered and sampled the album's music, including "Holy Thursday",
the album's best-known song. The renewed interest in Axelrod's work
prompted Stateside Records to reissue Song of Innocence in 2000.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Innocence>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1558:

Francis, Duke of Guise (pictured), retook Calais, England's
last continental possession, for France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais>

1610:

Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei made his first observation
of the four Galilean moons through his telescope: Ganymede, Callisto, Io
and Europa, although he was not able to distinguish the latter two until
the following day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)>

1797:

The first official Italian tricolour was adopted by the
government of the Cispadane Republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Italy>

1979:

The Vietnam People's Army captured the Cambodian capital city
Phnom Penh, deposing Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, which marked the end
of large-scale fighting in the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War>

1993:

The Fourth Republic of Ghana was inaugurated with Jerry
Rawlings as its president.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ghana>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

burgess:
1. An inhabitant of a borough with full rights; a citizen.
2. (historical) A town magistrate.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/burgess>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Anyone who has got any pleasure at all from living should try to
put something back. … I'm glad to be giving something back because
I've been so extraordinarily lucky and had such great pleasure from it.
 
--Gerald Durrell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gerald_Durrell>

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