[Daily article] February 28: Poetry of Maya Angelou Published On

Maya Angelou's books of poetry are widely admired best-sellers, though
not as critically acclaimed as her seven autobiographies. Angelou
(1928–2014), a prominent African-American writer, used everyday
language, the Black vernacular, Black music and forms, and sometimes
shocking language to explore themes of love, loss, and struggle against
oppression and hardship. Her poetry is not easily categorized, and has
been compared with musical forms including the blues. She studied and
began writing poetry at a young age, in part to cope with trauma, as she
described in her first and best-known autobiography, I Know Why the
Caged Bird Sings. She became a poet after touring Europe in the cast of
Porgy and Bess and performing calypso music in nightclubs in the 1950s.
Her first volume of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I
Diiie (1971), was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. In 1993, she recited
one of her best-known poems, "On the Pulse of Morning", at President
Bill Clinton's inauguration (pictured). Her poetry has not received as
much critical attention as her prose; this has been attributed to her
popular success and to critics' preferences for poetry as a written form
rather than a verbal, performed one.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry_of_Maya_Angelou>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

202 BC:

Rebel leader Liu Bang was enthroned as Emperor Gaozu of Han
after overthrowing the Qin dynasty, the first imperial dynasty of China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qin_dynasty>

1897:

Ranavalona III, the last sovereign ruler of the Kingdom of
Madagascar, was deposed by a French military force.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranavalona_III>

1928:

Indian physicist C. V. Raman and his colleagues discovered what
is now called the Raman effect, for which he later became the first
Asian to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Raman>

1975:

In London an underground train failed to stop at Moorgate
terminus station and crashed into the end of the tunnel, killing 43
people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorgate_tube_crash>

1985:

The Troubles: The Provisional Irish Republican Army launched a
mortar attack on a Royal Ulster Constabulary station in Corry Square,
Newry, Northern Ireland, killing nine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

compere:
(chiefly UK) A master of ceremonies in a television, variety or quiz
show. Also used more generally for any master of ceremonies.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compere>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The miracle is this The more we share... The more We have
 
--Leonard Nimoy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy>

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[Daily article] February 27: Kenneth Horne Published On

Kenneth Horne (1907–1969) was an English comedian and businessman. His
burgeoning career with the Triplex Safety Glass company was interrupted
by wartime service with the Royal Air Force. While serving in a barrage
balloon unit and broadcasting as a quizmaster on the BBC radio show Ack-
Ack, Beer-Beer, he met the entertainer Richard Murdoch, with whom he
wrote and starred in the comedy series Much-Binding-in-the-Marsh
(1944–51). After demobilisation Horne returned to his flourishing
business career, keeping his broadcasting as a sideline. He later became
the chairman and managing director of toy manufacturers Chad Valley. In
1958 Horne suffered a stroke and gave up his business dealings to focus
on his entertainment work. He was the anchor figure in Beyond Our Ken
(1958–64). When the programme came to an end, he recorded four series
of the comedy Round the Horne (1965–68). Before a planned fifth
series, Horne died of a heart attack. A 2002 BBC radio survey to find
listeners' favourite British comedian placed Horne third, behind Tony
Hancock and Spike Milligan.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Horne>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

380:

Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire as a
result of the Edict of Thessalonica.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica>

1776:

American Revolutionary War: A Patriot victory in the Battle of
Moore's Creek Bridge resulted in the capture or arrest of 850 Loyalists
over the following days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moore%27s_Creek_Bridge>

1900:

FC Bayern Munich, Germany's most successful football club, was
founded by eleven players led by Franz John.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich>

1933:

The Reichstag building in Berlin, the assembly location of the
German Parliament, was set on fire (pictured), a pivotal event in the
establishment of the Nazi regime in Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_fire>

2002:

A violent riot in Gujarat, India, where at least 1,000 people
(mostly Muslims) were killed, was triggered by a train fire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godhra_train_burning>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

house of cards:
1. A structure made by laying cards perpendicularly on top of each other.
2. A structure or argument built on a shaky foundation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/house_of_cards>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Man, unlike any other thing organic or inorganic in the
universe, grows beyond his work, walks up the stairs of his concepts,
emerges ahead of his accomplishments. This you may say of man — when
theories change and crash, when schools, philosophies, when narrow dark
alleys of thought, national, religious, economic, grow and disintegrate,
man reaches, stumbles forward, painfully, mistakenly sometimes. Having
stepped forward, he may slip back, but only half a step, never the full
step back.  
--The Grapes of Wrath
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath>

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[Daily article] February 26: Operation Hardboiled Published On

Operation Hardboiled was a Second World War military deception.
Undertaken by the Allies in 1942, it was the first attempt at deception
by the London Controlling Section (LCS) and was designed to convince the
Axis powers that the Allies would soon invade German-occupied Norway.
The LCS had recently been established to plan deception across all
theatres, but had struggled for support from the unenthusiastic military
establishment. The LCS had little guidance in strategic deception, an
activity pioneered by Dudley Clarke the previous year, and was unaware
of the extensive double agent system controlled by MI5. Although Clarke
preferred the fast and inexpensive approach of spreading false rumours
through agents and wireless traffic, Hardboiled was conducted as a
diversionary operation (training pictured). Resistance to the operation
by the chosen units interfered with preparations. Hitler ordered the
reinforcement of Scandinavia in March and April 1942, before Hardboiled
was shelved in May; it is unclear to what extent the operation
contributed to his decision.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hardboiled>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1233:

Mongol–Jin War: The Mongols captured Kaifeng, the capital of
the Jin dynasty, after besieging it for months.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_siege_of_Kaifeng>

1815:

Napoleon Bonaparte escaped from Elba, an island off the coast
of Italy where he had been exiled after the signing of the Treaty of
Fontainebleau one year earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon>

1935:

With the aid of a radio station in Daventry, England, and two
receiving antennas, Scottish engineer and inventor Robert Watson-Watt
first demonstrated the use of radar.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Watson-Watt>

1952:

Vincent Massey was sworn in as the first Canadian-born Governor
General of Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Massey>

1995:

Barings Bank, the oldest merchant bank in London, collapsed
after its head derivatives trader in Singapore, Nick Leeson, lost £827
million while making unauthorized speculative trades on futures
contracts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Leeson>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

beaver away:
(idiomatic) To work hard at a task.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beaver_away>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Jesus wept; Voltaire smiled. Of that divine tear and that human
smile is composed the sweetness of the present civilization.  
--Victor Hugo
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo>

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[Daily article] February 25: The Unnatural (The X-Files) Published On

"The Unnatural" is the 19th episode of the sixth season of the American
science fiction television series The X-Files, which first aired on
April 25, 1999, on the Fox network. The series centers on FBI special
agents Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson),
who work on cases linked to the paranormal. This episode was written and
directed by Duchovny (pictured), and received positive reviews from
critics and a viewership of 16.88 million people on its debut. In the
episode, Arthur Dales (M. Emmet Walsh), the brother of a previously
recurring retired FBI agent, tells Mulder the story of a black baseball
player who played for the Roswell Grays in Roswell, New Mexico, in 1947
under the pseudonym "Josh Exley" (Jesse L. Martin). Exley is actually an
alien who is later tracked down by the Alien Bounty Hunter (Brian
Thompson) and executed for betraying his people. The episode was
inspired by the 1947 Roswell Incident. Many of the outdoor baseball
scenes were filmed at Jay Littleton Ballfield, an all-wood stadium in
Ontario, California. The episode has been critically examined for its
use of literary motifs, its fairy tale-like structure, and its themes of
racism and alienation.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Unnatural_(The_X-Files)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1570:

Pope Pius V issued the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis to
excommunicate Queen Elizabeth I and her followers in the Church of
England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis>

1836:

American inventor and industrialist Samuel Colt received a
patent for a "revolving gun", later known as a revolver.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver>

1948:

Fearful of civil war and Soviet intervention in recent unrest,
Czechoslovakian president Edvard Beneš ceded control over the
government to the Communist Party.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

1992:

Nagorno-Karabakh War: Armenian armed forces killed 613 ethnic
Azerbaijani civilians from the town of Khojali in the Nagorno-Karabakh
region of Azerbaijan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khojaly_Massacre>

2011:

The Fianna Fáil-led government suffered the worst defeat of a
sitting Irish government since the formation of the Irish state in 1921.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_general_election,_2011>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

king's ransom:
(idiomatic) A very large sum of money.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/king%27s_ransom>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  From the Hindu perspective, each soul is divine. All religions
are branches of one big tree. It doesn't matter what you call Him just
as long as you call. Just as cinematic images appear to be real but are
only combinations of light and shade, so is the universal variety a
delusion. The planetary spheres, with their countless forms of life, are
naught but figures in a cosmic motion picture. One's values are
profoundly changed when he is finally convinced that creation is only a
vast motion picture and that not in, but beyond, lies his own ultimate
reality.  
--George Harrison
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Harrison>

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[Daily article] February 24: Oryzomys Published On

Oryzomys is a genus of semiaquatic rodents in the tribe Oryzomyini
living in southern North America and far northern South America. It
includes eight species, two of which are widespread: the marsh rice rat
(O. palustris, pictured) of the U.S. and O. couesi of Mexico and
Central America. Two or three species have gone extinct over the last
two centuries and at least one other is endangered. Species of Oryzomys
are medium-sized rats with long, coarse fur. The upperparts are gray to
reddish and the underparts white to buff. The animals have broad feet
with reduced or absent ungual tufts of hair around the claws and, in
some species, with webbing between the toes. The habitat includes lakes,
marshes, and rivers. Oryzomys species swim well, are active during the
night, and eat both plant and animal food. They build woven nests of
vegetation; after a gestation period of 21 to 28 days, about four young
are born. Species of Oryzomys are infected by numerous parasites and
carry at least three hantaviruses, one of which (Bayou virus) also
infects humans. The name Oryzomys was established in 1857 by Spencer
Fullerton Baird for the marsh rice rat and was soon applied to many
other rats.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryzomys>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1809:

After standing only 15 years, London's Drury Lane theatre, the
third building of that name, burned down.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane>

1826:

The Treaty of Yandabo was signed, ending the First Anglo-
Burmese War, the longest and most expensive war in the history of the
British Raj.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Yandabo>

1875:

The steamship SS Gothenburg hit a section of the Great Barrier
Reef at low tide and sank northwest of Holbourne Island, Queensland,
Australia, with over 100 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Gothenburg>

1920:

At a meeting of the German Workers' Party, Adolf Hitler
outlined its 25-point programme and the party changed its name to the
National Socialist German Workers' Party.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party>

1946:

Colonel Juan Perón (pictured), founder of the political
movement that became known as Peronism, was elected to his first term as
President of Argentina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

technopeasant:
(informal) One who is disadvantaged or exploited within a modern
technological society, especially through inability to use computer
technology.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/technopeasant>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You have to trust in something — your gut, destiny, life,
karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made
all the difference in my life.  
--Steve Jobs
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs>

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[Daily article] February 23: Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil Published On

Afonso (1845–1847) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to the
throne of the Empire of Brazil. Born in Rio de Janeiro, he was the
eldest child of Emperor Dom Pedro II and Dona Teresa Cristina of the
Two Sicilies, and thus a member of the Brazilian branch of the House of
Braganza. With the birth of his child, the insecure and shy 19-year-old
Emperor Pedro II became more mature and outgoing. Afonso's arrival also
fostered a closer and happier relationship between his parents, who had
not married for love. Afonso died from epilepsy at the age of two,
devastating the emperor. After the loss of his other son, doubts grew in
Pedro II's mind that the imperial system could be viable. He still had
an heir in his daughter Isabel, but he was unconvinced that a female
would prove to be a suitable successor. He became careless about the
effects of his policies on the monarchy, provided his daughter Isabel
with no training for her role as potential empress, and failed to
cultivate her acceptance within the country's political class.
Pedro II's lack of interest in protecting the imperial system
ultimately led to its downfall.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1739:

The identity of English highwayman Dick Turpin, who had been
living under an alias in York, was uncovered by his former
schoolteacher, who recognised his handwriting, leading to Turpin's
arrest.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Turpin>

1885:

Sino-French War: France gained an important victory in the
Battle of Đồng Đăng in the Tonkin region of what is now Vietnam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_%C4%90%C4%83ng>

1909:

The Silver Dart was flown off the ice of Bras d'Or Lake on Cape
Breton Island, making it the first controlled powered flight in Canada
and the British Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEA_Silver_Dart>

1945:

American photographer Joe Rosenthal took the Pulitzer Prize-
winning photograph Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima during the Battle of Iwo
Jima, an image that was later reproduced as the U.S. Marine Corps War
Memorial.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_the_Flag_on_Iwo_Jima>

2005:

The controversial French law on colonialism, requiring lycée
teachers to teach their students "the positive role" of French
colonialism, was passed, creating so much public uproar and opposition
that it was repealed less than one year later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_law_on_colonialism>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

salami tactics:
The piecemeal removal or scaling back of something (especially political
opposition); a gradual attack on an opposing position, group, etc.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salami_tactics>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  At some time, here or hereafter, every account must be settled,
and every debt paid in full.  
--John Heyl Vincent
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Heyl_Vincent>

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[Daily article] February 22: Clarence 13X Published On

Clarence 13X (1928–1969) was the American founder of the Five-Percent
Nation, a group that split from the Nation of Islam (NOI). After army
service during the Korean War, he served in the NOI as a security
officer, martial arts instructor, and student minister before founding
the new group in 1963. Believing that God could be found within every
black man, he took the name Allah. He and a few assistants retained some
NOI teachings but with novel interpretations, and rejected dress codes
or strict behavioral guidelines—he allowed the consumption of alcohol,
and at times, the use of illegal drugs. Clarence 13X was shot by an
unknown assailant in 1964 but survived the attack. After an incident
several months later in which he and several of his followers vandalized
stores and fought with police, he was arrested and placed in psychiatric
care; doctors said that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia because
he referred to himself as Allah. He was released from custody after a
1966 ruling by the Supreme Court placed limits on confinement without
trial. Although he initially taught his followers to hate white people,
he eventually began to cooperate with white city leaders. He was fatally
shot in June 1969 by an unknown assailant. He has been held in high
regard by Five Percenters, who celebrate his birthday as a holiday.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_13X>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1316:

The forces of the infante Ferdinand of Majorca fought against
those loyal to Princess Matilda of Hainaut in the Battle of Picotin on
the Peloponnese peninsula in Greece.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Picotin>

1876:

Swedish woman Karolina Olsson went to sleep and purportedly
fell into a state of hibernation for the next 32 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolina_Olsson>

1909:

The sixteen United States Navy battleships of the Great White
Fleet, led by Connecticut (pictured), completed a circumnavigation of
the globe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Connecticut_(BB-18)>

1995:

The photos taken by the Corona spy satellite program were
declassified under an executive order signed by U.S. President Bill
Clinton.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_(satellite)>

2012:

A train failed to apply its brakes and crashed through a buffer
stop at Once Station in Buenos Aires, resulting in 51 deaths and more
than 700 injuries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Buenos_Aires_rail_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

fugacious:
Fleeting, fading quickly, transient.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fugacious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Of all the animosities which have existed among mankind, those
which are caused by difference of sentiments in religion appear to be
the most inveterate and distressing, and ought most to be deprecated.
 
--George Washington
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Washington>

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[Daily article] February 21: Grus (constellation) Published On

Grus is a constellation in the southern sky. Its name is Latin for the
crane, a type of bird. It is one of twelve constellations conceived by
Petrus Plancius from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and
Frederick de Houtman. Grus first appeared on a celestial globe published
in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius and was depicted in
Johann Bayer's star atlas Uranometria of 1603 (shown here). French
explorer and astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille gave Bayer
designations to its stars in 1756, some of which had previously been
considered part of the neighbouring constellation Piscis Austrinus. The
constellations Grus, Pavo, Phoenix and Tucana are collectively known as
the "Southern Birds". The constellation's brightest star, Alpha Gruis,
is also known as Alnair and appears as a 1.7-magnitude blue-white star.
Beta Gruis is a red giant variable star with a magnitude of 2.3 to 2.0.
Six star systems have been found to have planets: the red dwarf Gliese
832 is one of the closest stars to Earth that has a planetary system.
Another—WASP-95—has a planet that orbits every two days. Deep-sky
objects found in Grus include the planetary nebula IC 5148, also known
as the Spare Tyre Nebula, and a group of four interacting galaxies known
as the Grus Quartet.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grus_(constellation)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1437:

King James I of Scotland was murdered at Perth in a failed coup
by his uncle and former ally Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland>

1848:

Communist theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published
The Communist Manifesto, which became one of the world's most
influential political tracts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto>

1921:

Rezā Khan seized Tehran to make himself the most powerful
person in Iran, which eventually led to the establishment of the Pahlavi
dynasty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27etat>

1965:

Black nationalist Malcolm X was assassinated while giving a
speech in New York City's Audubon Ballroom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X>

1971:

The Convention on Psychotropic Substances, a United Nations
treaty designed to control psychoactive drugs, was signed at a
conference of plenipotentiaries in Vienna.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_on_Psychotropic_Substances>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

jump the shark:
1. (idiomatic, of a television program or other narrative) To undergo a
storyline development which heralds a fundamental and generally
disappointing change in direction.
2. (more generally) To experience a decline in quality, appeal, popularity,
etc.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jump_the_shark>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All writers have concealed more than they revealed. The artist
is the only one who knows that the world is a subjective creation, that
there is a choice to be made, a selection of elements. It is a
materialization, an incarnation of his inner world. Then he hopes to
attract others into it. He hopes to impose his particular vision and
share it with others. And when the second stage is not reached, the
brave artist continues nevertheless. The few moments of communion with
the world are worth the pain, for it is a world for others, an
inheritance for others, a gift to others, in the end. When you make a
world tolerable for yourself, you make a world tolerable for others.
 
--Anaïs Nin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ana%C3%AFs_Nin>

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[Daily article] February 20: USS Constitution Published On

USS Constitution is a wooden-hulled, three-masted heavy frigate of the
U.S. Navy. Named by President George Washington, she is the world's
oldest commissioned naval vessel afloat. Constitution was launched in
Boston in 1797 as one of the original six large, heavily armed frigates
authorized by the Naval Act of 1794. Her first duties with the newly
formed navy were to provide protection for American merchant shipping
during the Quasi-War with France and to help defeat the Barbary pirates
in the First Barbary War. During the War of 1812 against Great Britain,
Constitution captured numerous merchant ships and defeated five British
warships; the battle with HMS Guerriere earned her the nickname of "Old
Ironsides". The frigate continued to serve as flagship in the
Mediterranean and African squadrons. During the American Civil War, she
served as a training ship for the U.S. Naval Academy. She carried
American artwork and industrial displays to the Paris Exposition of
1878. Constitution was retired from active service in 1881 and
designated a museum ship in 1907, and continues to receive visitors year
round at the former Charlestown Navy Yard. The ship sailed under her own
power in 1997 on the occasion of her 200th birthday, and again on 19
August 2012 to commemorate her victory over Guerriere.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Constitution>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1685:

French colonists, led by Robert de La Salle, landed at
Matagorda Bay in present-day Texas, which later allowed the United
States to claim the region as part of the Louisiana Purchase.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas>

1816:

Italian composer Gioachino Rossini's opera buffa The Barber of
Seville was hissed by the audience during its debut at the Teatro
Argentina in Rome.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Barber_of_Seville>

1943:

A fissure opened in a cornfield in the Mexican state of
Michoacán and turned into the cinder cone volcano Parícutin, growing
424 m (1,391 ft) in eight years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin>

1965:

NASA's Ranger 8 spacecraft successfully transmitted 7,137
photographs (sample pictured) of the Moon in the final 23 minutes of its
mission before crashing into Mare Tranquillitatis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranger_8>

2010:

Severe flooding and mudslides on the island of Madeira,
Portugal, killed 42 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Madeira_floods_and_mudslides>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

take a flyer:
(idiomatic) To make a choice with an uncertain outcome; to take a
chance.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/take_a_flyer>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Come As you are As you were As I want you to be As a trend As a
friend As an old enemy Take your time Hurry up The choice is yours don't
be late…  
--Kurt Cobain
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kurt_Cobain>

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February 19: Walden–Wallkill Rail Trail Published On

The Walden–Wallkill Rail Trail is a 3.22-mile (5.18 km) rail trail in
the United States between the village of Walden in the town of
Montgomery and the hamlet of Wallkill in the town of Shawangunk.
Montgomery is in Orange County and Shawangunk is in Ulster County in
upstate New York. The trail, like the Wallkill Valley Rail Trail to the
north, is part of the former Wallkill Valley Railroad's rail corridor.
The land was purchased by the towns of Montgomery and Shawangunk in 1985
and converted to a public trail. The portion in Shawangunk was formally
opened in 1993 and named after former town supervisor Jesse McHugh.
Plans to pave the trail between Walden and Wallkill had been discussed
since 2001 until it was finally paved in 2008 and 2009. The trail
includes an unofficial, unimproved section to the north of Wallkill, and
is bounded by the routes NY 52 and NY 208.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden%E2%80%93Wallkill_Rail_Trail>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1600:

The Peruvian stratovolcano Huaynaputina exploded in the most
violent eruption in the recorded history of South America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaynaputina>

1807:

Former U.S. Vice-President Aaron Burr was arrested for treason
after having raised a private army to allegedly create an independent
nation in Spanish Texas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr>

1910:

The football stadium Old Trafford in Greater Manchester,
England, hosted its first match between Manchester United and Liverpool.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Trafford>

1965:

Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo of the Army of the Republic of
Vietnam, and a communist spy of the North Vietnamese Viet Minh, along
with Generals Lâm Văn Phát and Trần Thiện Khiêm attempted a coup
against the military junta of Nguyễn Khánh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup>

1986:

The first module of the Soviet space station Mir was launched,
establishing the first long-term research station in space.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

tor:
(South-West England) A hill.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tor>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It don't take a genius to spot a goat in a flock of sheep.
 
--Anonymous
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anonymous>

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[Daily article] February 18: SMS Bayern Published On

SMS Bayern was the lead ship of her class of battleships in the German
Imperial Navy. The vessel was launched in February 1915 and entered
service in July 1916, too late to take part in the Battle of Jutland.
Her main armament consisted of eight 38 cm (15 in) guns in four
turrets, which was a significant improvement over the preceding
König '​s ten 30.5 cm (12 inch) guns. The ship was to have led a
battle squadron of four ships in the High Seas Fleet, but only Baden was
completed; the other two ships were cancelled when wartime production
requirements shifted to U-boat construction. Bayern '​s first
assignment was on an abortive fleet advance into the North Sea, a month
after she had been commissioned. The ship also participated in Operation
Albion in the Gulf of Riga, but shortly after the German attack began in
October 1917, Bayern was mined and had to be withdrawn for repairs. She
was interned with the majority of the High Seas Fleet in Scapa Flow,
Scotland, in November 1918 following the end of World War I. On 21 June
1919, Admiral Ludwig von Reuter ordered the fleet to be scuttled, and
Bayern was sunk. In September 1934, the ship was raised, towed to
Rosyth, and scrapped.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Bayern>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1637:

Eighty Years' War: Off the coast of Cornwall, England, a
Spanish fleet intercepted an important Anglo-Dutch merchant convoy of 44
vessels escorted by 6 warships, destroying or capturing 20 of them.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point>

1766:

A mutiny by captive Malagasy began at sea on the slave ship
Meermin, leading to the ship's destruction on Cape Agulhas in present-
day South Africa and the recapture of the instigators.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meermin_slave_mutiny>

1873:

Vasil Levski (pictured), the national hero of Bulgaria, was
executed in Sofia by Ottoman authorities for his efforts to establish an
independent Bulgarian republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasil_Levski>

1942:

World War II: The Imperial Japanese Army began the systematic
extermination of perceived hostile elements among Chinese Singaporeans.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sook_Ching>

2001:

Inter-ethnic violence between Dayaks and Madurese broke out in
Sampit, Indonesia, that would ultimately result in more than 500 deaths
and 100,000 Madurese displaced from their homes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampit_conflict>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

artisanal:
1. Of or pertaining to artisans or the work of artisans.
2. Involving skilled work, with comparatively little reliance on machinery.
3. (of an item, especially a foodstuff) Made by an artisan (skilled
worker).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artisanal>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It's enough to have faith in one aspect of God. You have
faith in God without form. That is very good. But never get into your
head that your faith alone is true and every other is false. Know for
certain that God without form is real and that God with form is also
real. Then hold fast to whichever faith appeals to you.
 
--Ramakrishna
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ramakrishna>

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[Daily article] February 17: Banksia paludosa Published On

Banksia paludosa (swamp banksia) is a shrub endemic to New South Wales,
found between Sydney and Batemans Bay and in Eden. Two subspecies are
recognised: a spreading shrub to 1.5 m (5 ft) in height, and a
subspecies astrolux, up to 5 m (16 ft) high and found only in Nattai
National Park. Native mammals, such as the brown antechinus and sugar
glider, are important pollinators of B. paludosa. Several species of
honeyeaters visit the flower spikes, as do ants and the European
honeybee. The response to bushfire depends on the subspecies; subspecies
paludosa regenerates from underground lignotubers, while plants of
subspecies astrolux are killed by fire and regenerate from large stores
of seed which have been held in cones in the plant canopy. B. paludosa
is sometimes seen in cultivation, with dwarf forms being registered and
sold.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_paludosa>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1400:

The body of the deposed king Richard II was put on display in
London's Old St Paul's Cathedral, after his death in Pontefract Castle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England>

1600:

Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, best-known as a proponent
of heliocentrism and the infinity of the universe, was burned at the
stake as a heretic by the Roman Inquisition.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno>

1913:

In the U.S. National Guard's 69th Regiment Armory in New York
City, the Armory Show opened, introducing Americans to avant-garde and
modern art.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_Show>

1949:

Chaim Weizmann began his term as the first President of Israel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann>

2011:

Bahrain security forces launched a pre-dawn raid on protesters
in Pearl Roundabout in Manama, killing four of them.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain_Bloody_Thursday>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

bebother:
To bring trouble upon.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bebother>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Our philosophy... reduceth to a single origin and relateth to a
single end, and maketh contraries to coincide so that there is one
primal foundation both of origin and of end. From this coincidence of
contraries, we deduce that ultimately it is divinely true that
contraries are within contraries; wherefore it is not difficult to
compass the knowledge that each thing is within every other.
 
--Giordano Bruno
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Giordano_Bruno>

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[Daily article] February 16: Tintin in the Congo Published On

Tintin in the Congo is the second volume of The Adventures of Tintin,
the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé. Commissioned by the
conservative newspaper Le Vingtième Siècle (The Twentieth Century) for
its children's supplement, it was serialised weekly from May 1930 to
June 1931. The story tells of young reporter Tintin, who is sent to the
Belgian Congo with his dog Snowy. Encountering native Congolese people
and wild animals, Tintin unearths a diamond smuggling operation run by
the American gangster Al Capone. Following Tintin in the Land of the
Soviets and bolstered by publicity stunts, it was a commercial success
and appeared in book form shortly after the serial's conclusion. The
Tintin series grew over the 1930s and 1940s to become a defining part of
the Franco-Belgian comics tradition. In 1946, Hergé re-drew and
coloured Tintin in the Congo in his distinctive style of uniform lines
and low contrast for republication by Casterman, revised for a 1975
edition. In the late 20th century, Tintin in the Congo was criticised
for its representation of big-game hunting and for its typically
colonial depictions of Africans as unable to fend for themselves and in
need of European masters.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintin_in_the_Congo>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1862:

American Civil War: Union victory in the Battle of Fort
Donelson gave General Ulysses S. Grant the nickname "Unconditional
Surrender" Grant.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson>

1918:

The Council of Lithuania signed the Act of Independence of
Lithuania (facsimile pictured), proclaiming the restoration of an
independent Lithuania governed by democratic principles, despite the
presence of German troops in the country during World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Independence_of_Lithuania>

1940:

Second World War: The British Royal Navy boarded and captured
the German tanker Altmark and freed 299 captured British sailors.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altmark_Incident>

1985:

"The Hizballah Program" was released, describing the ideology
and goals of the Shia Islamic political and paramilitary organization
Hizballah.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezbollah>

2005:

The Kyoto Protocol, an amendment to the international treaty on
climate change, entered into force.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

seriatim:
One after another, in order; taking one topic or subject at a time in an
order; sequentially.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/seriatim>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In essence, religion was love; in no case was it logic. Reason
can reach nothing except through the senses; God, by essence, cannot be
reached through the senses; if he is to be known at all, he must be
known by contact of spirit with spirit, essence with essence; directly;
by emotion; by ecstasy; by absorption of our existence with his; by
substitution of his spirit for ours.  
--Henry Adams
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Adams>

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[Daily article] February 15: John Barrymore Published On

John Barrymore (1882–1942) was an American actor most famous for his
film roles. Born into a theatrical dynasty, he initially tried to avoid
the stage, briefly attempting a career as an artist, but he soon
followed his father Maurice and siblings Ethel and Lionel into acting.
After beginning in light comedy, he moved to high stage drama,
culminating in productions of Justice (1916), Richard III (1920), and
especially Hamlet (1922), a role critics lavishly praised him for. After
his stage career peaked, he turned entirely to cinema for the next 14
years, initially in silent films. His stage-trained voice proved an
asset when sound films were introduced, and three of his works have been
inducted into the National Film Registry. His personal life has been the
subject of much attention before and since his death. He struggled with
alcohol abuse from the age of 14, was married and divorced four times,
and declared bankruptcy in his fifties. Much of his later work involved
self-parody and the portrayal of drunken has-beens. A hugely influential
actor whose talent still shapes Shakespearean acting today, his later
career and private life were seen by the obituarists as a waste of a
once-great talent.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barrymore>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1898:

The United States Navy battleship USS Maine exploded and sank
in Havana, Cuba (wreckage pictured), killing more than 260 people and
precipitating the Spanish–American War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maine_(ACR-1)>

1900:

Second Boer War: British cavalry under Major-General John
French defeated Boer forces to end a 124-day siege of Kimberley,
present-day South Africa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kimberley>

1949:

Gerald Lankester Harding and Roland de Vaux began excavations
at Cave 1 of the Qumran Caves in the West Bank region of Jordan, the
location of the first seven Dead Sea Scrolls.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qumran_Caves>

1965:

Canada adopted the Maple Leaf flag, replacing the Canadian Red
Ensign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Canada>

1999:

Abdullah Öcalan, one of the founding members of the militant
organization the Kurdistan Workers' Party, was arrested by Turkish
security forces in Nairobi, Kenya.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

skysill:
Horizon.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skysill>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Life feels both sad and dark and confusing and more than hopeful
— it feels like something totally incredible could happen at any
moment and with no explanation.  
--Miranda July
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Miranda_July>

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[Daily article] February 14: Romances (Luis Miguel album) Published On

Romances is the twelfth studio album by Mexican singer Luis Miguel,
released on August 12, 1997, by Warner Music Latina. It is the third
album of the Romance series, in which Miguel covers Latin songs from
1940 to 1978. Production was directed by Armando Manzanero, and the
songs were arranged by Bebu Silvetti, whose style has been described by
Leila Cobo of Billboard as "anchored in sweeping melodies, lush string
arrangements, acoustic instrumentation, and above all, unabashed
romanticism." Romances consists of twelve cover versions and two new
compositions by Manzanero and Silvetti. Recording took place in early
1997 at the Ocean Way recording studio in Los Angeles, California.
Romances has sold over 4.5 million copies and received platinum
certifications in several Latin American countries, the United States
and Spain. Miguel promoted the album by touring the United States, Latin
America and Spain. The album was generally well received by critics, who
praised Miguel's vocals as well as the song selection, and earned Miguel
several awards, including a Grammy Award in the United States. Six
singles were released: "Por Debajo de la Mesa", "El Reloj", "Contigo
(Estar Contigo)", "De Quererte Asi (De T'Avoir Aimee)", "Bésame Mucho",
and "Sabor a Mi".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romances_(Luis_Miguel_album)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1779:

English explorer James Cook was killed during a fight against
Native Hawaiians near Kealakekua on the Island of Hawaii.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook>

1835:

The members of the original Quorum of the Twelve of the Latter
Day Saint movement were selected by the Three Witnesses.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quorum_of_the_Twelve>

1949:

The Knesset, the legislature of Israel, convened for the first
time, succeeding the Assembly of Representatives that had functioned as
the Jewish community's parliament during the British Mandate Era.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset>

1990:

The Voyager 1 space probe took an iconic photograph of planet
Earth that later became famous as Pale Blue Dot.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot>

2005:

Former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri was assassinated
when explosives were detonated as his motorcade drove past the St.
George Hotel in Beirut, sparking the Cedar Revolution in Lebanon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Revolution>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

impassionate:
1. Filled with passion, impassioned: young ministers, deeply impressed and
longing to pour out the burning, impassionate zeal of their own souls,
are apt to abuse the use of this figure (George Hott).
2. Lacking passion, dispassionate: scholarly works demand keen attention to
logical consistency while maintaining an impersonal, impassionate voice
(Alexander Newport).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/impassionate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Work is not an end in itself; there must always be time enough
for love.  
--Time Enough for Love
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love>

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[Daily article] February 13: Bull Run River (Oregon) Published On

The Bull Run River is a 21.9-mile (35.2 km) tributary of the Sandy
River in the U.S. state of Oregon. Beginning at the lower end of Bull
Run Lake in the Cascade Range, it flows generally west through the Bull
Run Watershed Management Unit, an area restricting potential sources of
contamination. Native Americans living along the Columbia River as early
as 10,000 years ago likely visited the watershed in search of food, and
more recently created trails near the upper part of it over the Cascade
Range and around Mount Hood. By the mid-19th century, pioneers used
these trails to cross the mountains to reach the fertile Willamette
Valley. The river, impounded by two artificial storage reservoirs as
well as the lake, has been the primary source of drinking water for the
city of Portland, Oregon, since 1895. Despite legal protections, about
22 percent of the protected zone was logged during the second half of
the 20th century, and erosion increased, forcing Portland to shut down
the water supply from the river one time in 1996. A law passed later
that year prohibited most logging in or near the watershed. Trees more
than 500 years old cover about half of the watershed, and more than 250
wildlife species, including the protected northern spotted owl, inhabit
this forest.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Run_River_(Oregon)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1542:

Catherine Howard (pictured), the fifth wife of Henry VIII of
England, was executed for adultery.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Howard>

1867:

Work began on the covering of the Senne, burying the polluted
main waterway in Brussels to allow urban renewal in the centre of the
city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covering_of_the_Senne>

1945:

World War II: The Allies began their strategic bombing of
Dresden, Saxony, Germany, resulting in a lethal firestorm that killed
tens of thousands of civilians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II>

1978:

A bomb exploded outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, the site of
the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, killing three people and
injuring eleven others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Hilton_Hotel_bombing>

1981:

Sewer explosions caused by the ignition of hexane vapors
destroyed more than two miles (3 km) of streets in Louisville,
Kentucky, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_sewer_explosions>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

luck out:
1. (US) To be lucky; to experience great fortune: I lucked out and got the
last two tickets to the show.
2. (UK) To run out of luck: I lucked out and wasn't able to get any tickets
to the show.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luck_out>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  No love-story has ever been told twice. I never heard any tale
of lovers that did not seem to me as new as the world on its first
morning.  
--Eleanor Farjeon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eleanor_Farjeon>

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[Daily article] February 12: Streatham portrait Published On

The "Streatham" portrait is an oil painting on panel from the 1590s
believed to be a copy of a portrait of Lady Jane Grey dating to her
lifetime (c. 1537–54). It shows a three-quarter-length depiction of a
young woman in Tudor-period dress holding a prayer book, with the faded
inscription "Lady Jayne" or "Lady Iayne" in the upper-left corner.
Thought to have been completed as part of a set of paintings of
Protestant martyrs, it is in poor condition and damaged, as if it has
been attacked. By the early 20th century it was in the possession of a
collector in Streatham, London. In December 2005 the portrait was
examined by the art dealer Christopher Foley. He saw it as an accurate,
though poorly executed, reproduction of a contemporary painting of Jane,
had it verified, and on that basis negotiated its sale. The work was
acquired by the National Portrait Gallery in London for a rumoured
£100,000, a sale of which the historian David Starkey was highly
critical, challenging Foley's identifications. As of 2015 it is on
display in Room 3 of the National Portrait Gallery. Although of
historical interest, the painting is generally considered to be of poor
artistic quality.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_portrait>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1818:

On the first anniversary of its victory in the Battle of
Chacabuco, Chile formally declared its independence from Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilean_Declaration_of_Independence>

1855:

Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan, was
founded as the Agricultural College of the State of Michigan, the United
States' first agricultural college.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University>

1912:

Xinhai Revolution: Puyi, the last Emperor of China, abdicated
under a deal brokered by military official and politician Yuan Shikai,
formally replacing the Qing Dynasty with a new republic in China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puyi>

1947:

The Sikhote-Alin meteorite (fragment pictured), one of the
largest iron meteorite impacts ever observed, fell in the Sikhote-Alin
range in Siberia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_meteorite>

2009:

Just before it was scheduled to land at Buffalo Niagara
International Airport, Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashed into a house in
Clarence Center, New York, killing the house's occupant and all 49
people on board the aircraft.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colgan_Air_Flight_3407>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cleave:
1. From Old English clēofan:
2. To split or sever.
3. To make or accomplish by or as if by cutting: the snow plow clove a path
through the ice.
4. From Old English cleofian:
5. To cling or adhere to: she clove to him like a second skin.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cleave>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  At what point shall we expect the approach of danger? By what
means shall we fortify against it? Shall we expect some transatlantic
military giant to step the ocean and crush us at a blow? Never! All the
armies of Europe, Asia, and Africa combined, with all the treasure of
the earth (our own excepted) in their military chest, with a Bonaparte
for a commander, could not by force take a drink from the Ohio or make a
track on the Blue Ridge in a trial of a thousand years. At what point
then is the approach of danger to be expected? I answer. If it ever
reach us it must spring up amongst us; it cannot come from abroad. If
destruction be our lot we must ourselves be its author and finisher. As
a nation of freemen we must live through all time or die by suicide.
 
--Abraham Lincoln
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln>

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[Daily article] February 11: Final Fantasy VIII Published On

Final Fantasy VIII is a role-playing video game released for the
PlayStation in 1999 and Windows in 2000. It was developed and published
by Square as the Final Fantasy series' eighth title, the first title to
consistently use realistically proportioned characters. The game follows
a group who have joined the "SeeD" mercenaries and are trying to stop
Ultimecia, a sorceress from the future, from casting a spell that
compresses time. Playable characters include the duty-bound loner
Squall, the outspoken and passionate young woman Rinoa, the patient
instructor Quistis, the martial artist Zell, the cheerful airship pilot
Selphie, and Irvine, a marksman looking for love. The music was scored
by Nobuo Uematsu, a series regular, and in a first for the series, the
theme music is a vocal piece, "Eyes on Me", performed by Faye Wong. The
game was a commercial success and positively received by critics.
Thirteen weeks after its release, it had earned more than US$50 million
in sales, making it the fastest-selling Final Fantasy title before Final
Fantasy XIII, a multi-platform release. The game had shipped
8.15 million copies worldwide by the second quarter of 2003.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VIII>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1826:

Swaminarayan wrote the Shikshapatri, a book of 212 verses that
serves as the basis of Swaminarayan Hinduism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan>

1858:

Fourteen-year-old peasant girl Bernadette Soubirous reported
the first of eighteen Marian apparitions in Lourdes, France, resulting
in the town becoming a major site for pilgrimages by Catholics.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourdes_apparitions>

1919:

Friedrich Ebert was elected the first President of the German
Weimar Republic by the Weimar National Assembly.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert>

1990:

Anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela, a political prisoner
for 27 years, was released from Victor Verster Prison near Paarl, South
Africa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela>

2008:

Rebel East Timorese soldiers invaded the homes of President
José Ramos-Horta and Prime Minister Xanana Gusmão, seriously wounding
the former.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_East_Timorese_assassination_attempts>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

table:
1. (UK, Canada) To propose for discussion; to put on the table: the
legislature tabled the amendment and will start discussing it now.
2. (US) To hold back to a later time; to postpone; to take off the table:
the motion was tabled and parties agreed not to raise it again until
next year.
3. To tabulate; to put into a table.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/table>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Misfortune is never mournful to the soul that accepts it; for
such do always see that every cloud is an angel's face. Every man
deems that he has precisely the trials and temptations which are the
hardest of all others for him to bear; but they are so, simply because
they are the very ones he most needs.  
--Lydia Maria Child
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child>

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[Daily article] February 10: Wordless novel Published On

The wordless novel uses captionless pictures to tell a story, most often
using woodcut and other relief printing techniques. The genre flourished
primarily in the 1920s and 1930s, especially in Germany. The typically
socialist work drew inspiration from medieval woodcuts and used the
awkward look of that medium to express angst and frustration at social
injustice. The first such book was the Belgian Frans Masereel's 25
Images of a Man's Passion (illustrated), published in 1918. Other
artists, such as the German Otto Nückel, followed Masereel's example.
Lynd Ward brought the genre to the United States in 1929 when he
produced Gods' Man, which inspired other American wordless novels and
was parodied in 1930 by cartoonist Milt Gross in He Done Her Wrong.
Following an early-1930s peak in production and popularity, the genre
waned in the face of competition from sound films and anti-socialist
censorship in Nazi Germany and the US. The graphic novels of cartoonists
Will Eisner and Art Spiegelman and the wordless graphic novels of Eric
Drooker and Peter Kuper were inspired by the wordless novel genre.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordless_novel>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1258:

Hulagu Khan and the Mongols sacked and burned Baghdad, a
cultural and commercial centre of the Islamic world at the time, ending
the rule of the Abbasid caliphate.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)>

1862:

American Civil War: A Union naval flotilla destroyed the bulk
of the Confederate Mosquito Fleet in the Battle of Elizabeth City on the
Pasquotank River in North Carolina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elizabeth_City>

1906:

The Royal Navy battleship HMS Dreadnought was launched,
representing such a marked advance in naval technology that her name
came to be associated with an entire generation of battleships.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dreadnought_(1906)>

1962:

Roy Lichtenstein's first solo exhibition opened, and it
included Look Mickey, which featured his first employment of Ben-Day
dots, speech balloons and comic imagery sourcing, all of which he is now
known for.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_Mickey>

2008:

The Namdaemun gate in Seoul, the first of South Korea's
National Treasures, was severely damaged by arson.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Namdaemun_fire>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

no fear:
1. Don't worry, no worries.
2. (UK, dated) No way; absolutely not: TOAD: You should take up swimming!
— RABBIT: No fear, toad! (The Animals of Farthing Wood).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/no_fear>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Don't put no constrictions on da people. Leave 'em ta hell
alone.  
--Jimmy Durante
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jimmy_Durante>

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February 9: Æthelred of Mercia Published On

Æthelred was King of Mercia from 675 until 704. He was the son of Penda
of Mercia and came to the throne in 675, when his brother, Wulfhere of
Mercia, died. Within a year of his accession he invaded Kent, where his
armies destroyed the city of Rochester. In 679 he defeated his brother-
in-law, Ecgfrith of Northumbria, at the Battle of the Trent in a major
setback for the Northumbrians; it effectively ended their military
involvement in English affairs south of the Humber and permanently
returned the kingdom of Lindsey to Mercia's possession. Nevertheless,
Æthelred was unable to re-establish his predecessors' domination of
southern Britain. He was known as a pious king, and he made many grants
of land to the church. His wife, Osthryth, was a daughter of King Oswiu,
one of the dominant 7th-century Northumbrian kings. Osthryth was
murdered in unknown circumstances in 697, and in 704 Æthelred
abdicated, leaving the throne to Wulfhere's son Coenred. Æthelred
became a monk at Bardney, a monastery which he had founded with his
wife, and was buried there. His son Ceolred became king after Coenred;
it is also possible that Æthelred had another son named Ceolwald who
was briefly king before Ceolred.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_of_Mercia>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1861:

American Civil War: Jefferson Davis was named as the
provisional president of the Confederate States of America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis>

1913:

A group of meteors was visible across much of the eastern
seaboard of North and South America, leading astronomers to conclude
that the source had been a small, short-lived natural satellite of the
Earth.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Great_Meteor_Procession>

1920:

The Svalbard Treaty was signed, recognizing Norwegian
sovereignty over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, but all signatories
were also given equal rights to engage in commercial activities on the
islands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svalbard>

1945:

World War II: A force of Allied aircraft unsuccessfully
attacked a German destroyer in Førdefjorden, Norway.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1945)>

1976:

The Australian Defence Force was formed by the unification of
the Australian Army, the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian
Air Force.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

northerly:
1. Facing the north; directed towards the north.
2. Located in a northern region.
3. Coming from the north.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/northerly>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If you want to be respected by others the great thing is to
respect yourself. Only by that, only by self-respect will you compel
others to respect you.  
--Fyodor Dostoevsky
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky>

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[Daily article] February 8: Trait du Nord Published On

The Trait du Nord is a breed of heavy draft horse developed in the area
of Hainaut in western Belgium and in northeastern France. Originating in
the fertile Flemish grasslands, it was bred for size and pulling power
for agricultural work. Horses of the breed are considered to be gentle
and easy to handle. They have many colors, although bay and roan are the
most common. Originally considered a subtype of the Ardennes horse, it
was recognized as an individual breed with the opening of a studbook in
1903. The Trait du Nord was used extensively in mining from the late
19th century through 1920 (and occasionally through the 1960s), and in
agriculture through World War II. During the mid-20th century, the breed
was in demand for the production of horse meat, but this demand began to
decline by the early 1970s, and the Trait du Nord, like many European
draft breeds, was in danger of extinction. In the 1990s the breed
experienced a slight revival through an increased interest in
recreational riding and driving, but it is still considered to be
endangered by the French government, with a high risk of inbreeding:
there are fewer than 100 new foal births a year. The national breed
registry in France is working with local groups to reverse the decline.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trait_du_Nord>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1587:

Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed at Fotheringhay Castle for
her involvement in the Babington Plot to murder her cousin, Elizabeth I
of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots>

1879:

At a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute, engineer and
inventor Sandford Fleming first proposed the adoption of worldwide
standard time zones based on a single universal world time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_time>

1915:

Film director D. W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation (film
poster pictured) was released, becoming one of the most influential and
controversial films in the history of American cinema.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation>

1965:

After taking evasive action to avoid a mid-air collision just
after takeoff from New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport,
Eastern Air Lines Flight 663 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean and
exploded, killing all 84 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Flight_663>

2010:

A freak storm in the Hindu Kush mountains of Afghanistan
triggered a series of at least 36 avalanches that buried over 3.5 km
(2.2 mi) of road, killed at least 172 people and trapped over 2,000
travellers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Salang_avalanches>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

thanatocoenose:
A fossilized ecosystem: a collection of dead lifeforms, found together,
which previously interacted as a community within an ecosystem.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thanatocoenose>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Every morning I shall concern myself anew about the boundary
Between the love-deed-Yes and the power-deed-No And pressing forward
honor reality. We cannot avoid Using power, Cannot escape the compulsion
To afflict the world, So let us, cautious in diction And mighty in
contradiction, Love powerfully.  
--Martin Buber
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Martin_Buber>

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February 7: Jesus nahm zu sich die Zwölfe, BWV 22 Published On

Jesus nahm zu sich die Zwölfe (Jesus gathered the Twelve to Himself),
BWV 22, is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, written for the
last Sunday before Lent. He composed it as an audition piece for the
position of director of church music in Leipzig, and first performed it
in a church service there at St. Thomas (pictured) on 7 February 1723.
The work begins with a scene from the Gospels in which Jesus predicts
his suffering in Jerusalem. The unknown poet of the cantata text took
the scene as a starting point for reflections in which the contemporary
Christian takes the place of the disciples who do not understand what
Jesus is telling them. The closing chorale is a stanza from Elisabeth
Cruciger's "Herr Christ, der einig Gotts Sohn". The work, structured in
five movements, shows that Bach had mastered the composition of a
dramatic scene, an expressive aria with obbligato oboe, a recitative
with strings, an exuberant dance, and a chorale in the style of Johann
Kuhnau, his predecessor in Leipzig. According to the Bach scholar
Richard D. P. Jones, elements such as a "frame of biblical text and
chorale around the operatic forms of aria and recitative" became
standards for Bach's Leipzig cantatas and even his Passions.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_nahm_zu_sich_die_Zw%C3%B6lfe,_BWV_22>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

457:

Leo I (pictured on solidus) was crowned Byzantine emperor, and
went on to rule for nearly 20 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian>

1795:

The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution,
limiting the ability of U.S. citizens and foreign nationals to sue U.S.
states in federal courts, was ratified in order to overrule the Supreme
Court decision in Chisholm v. Georgia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution>

1907:

More than 3,000 women in London participated in the Mud March,
the first large procession organized by the National Union of Women's
Suffrage Societies, seeking women's suffrage in the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_March_(Suffragists)>

1940:

Walt Disney's Pinocchio, the first animated motion picture to
win a competitive Academy Award, was released to theaters by RKO
Pictures.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinocchio_(1940_film)>

1995:

Ramzi Yousef, one of the main perpetrators of the 1993 World
Trade Center bombing and the bombing of Philippine Airlines Flight 434,
was arrested in Islamabad, Pakistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramzi_Yousef>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

tacit:
1. Expressed in silence; implied, but not made explicit: disengagement
represents a tacit rejection of governing institutions ("Developing
Democracy in Europe: An Analytical Summary", ISBN 9287155798).
2. (logic) Not derived from formal principles of reasoning; based on
induction rather than deduction.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tacit>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Reflect upon your present blessings — of which every man has
many — not on your past misfortunes, of which all men have some.
 
--Charles Dickens
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens>

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[Daily article] February 6: Female genital mutilation Published On

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is the ritual removal of some or all of
the external female genitalia. Typically conducted by a traditional
circumciser using a razor blade or knife (with or without anaesthesia),
FGM is concentrated in 27 African countries, Yemen and Iraqi Kurdistan,
and is also found elsewhere in Asia, the Middle East and among diaspora
communities around the world. The procedures take place from within days
of birth to puberty, and include removal of the clitoral glans, removal
of the inner labia and, in the most severe form, removal of the inner
and outer labia and closure of the vulva. In this last procedure, a
small hole is left for the passage of urine and menstrual blood, and the
vagina is opened for intercourse and childbirth. Health effects can
include infections, cysts, childbirth complications and fatal bleeding.
Over 130 million women and girls have undergone FGM in the 29 countries
in which it is concentrated. Rooted in gender inequality, ideas about
female purity and attempts to control women's sexuality, the practice is
usually initiated and carried out by women, who fear that failing to
have their daughters and granddaughters cut will expose the girls to
social exclusion.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1851:

The largest bushfire in a populous region in Australian history
swept across Victoria, resulting in approximately 5 million hectares
burnt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Thursday_(1851)>

1922:

Britain, France, Japan, Italy and the United States signed the
Washington Naval Treaty to avoid a naval arms race.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty>

1952:

Elizabeth II ascended to the thrones of the United Kingdom,
Canada, Australia, New Zealand and three other Commonwealth countries
upon the death of her father, George VI.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI>

1976:

In testimony before a U.S. Senate subcommittee, Lockheed
president Carl Kotchian admitted that the company had paid out
approximately US$3 million in bribes to the office of Japanese Prime
Minister Kakuei Tanaka.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_bribery_scandals>

2000:

Second Chechen War: Russia captured Grozny, the capital of
Chechnya, forcing the separatist Chechen government into exile.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grozny_(1999%E2%80%932000)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

galactagogue:
A substance that induces lactation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/galactagogue>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We should ask, critically and with appeal to the numbers,
whether the best site for a growing advancing industrial society is
Earth, the Moon, Mars, some other planet, or somewhere else entirely.
Surprisingly, the answer will be inescapable — the best site is
"somewhere else entirely."  
--Gerard K. O'Neill
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gerard_K._O%27Neill>

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[Daily article] February 5: Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr. Published On

Marcus Ward Lyon, Jr. (1875–1942) was an American mammalogist,
bacteriologist, and pathologist. Born into a military family, he
demonstrated an early interest in zoology by collecting local wildlife
around his father's army posts. He graduated from Brown University in
1897, and continued his studies at George Washington University while
working part-time at the United States National Museum. He received his
Ph.D. in 1913. Lyon published many papers on mammalogy, formally
describing six species, three genera, and one family. In 1919, he and
his wife Martha moved to South Bend, Indiana, to join a newly opened
clinic. He began to publish medical studies too, but continued his work
in mammalogy, with a particular focus on the local fauna of Indiana. He
published more than 160 papers during his career. Lyon acquired the
rank of major in the Medical Reserve Corps during World War I, and was
appointed president of the American Society of Mammalogists from 1931 to
1932. He was a member of Sigma Xi, the Society of American
Bacteriologists, the Indiana Academy of Science, and the Biological
Society of Washington. Lyon became a conservationist later in life.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Ward_Lyon,_Jr.>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1783:

The first of five strong earthquakes hit the region of Calabria
on the Italian Peninsula killing more than 32,000 people over a period
of nearly two months.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1783_Calabrian_earthquakes>

1869:

Prospectors in Moliagul, Victoria, Australia, discovered the
largest alluvial gold nugget ever found, known as the "Welcome Stranger"
(pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Stranger>

1958:

A Mark 15 nuclear bomb disappeared off the shores of Tybee
Island, Georgia, after it was jettisoned during a practice exercise when
the bomber carrying it collided in midair with a fighter plane.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Tybee_Island_mid-air_collision>

1994:

The Army of Republika Srpska carried out the first of two
bombardments against civilians in the marketplace in Sarajevo, which
were the stated reason for NATO air strikes against Bosnian Serb forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markale_massacres>

2008:

Eighty-seven tornadoes occurred over the course of the Super
Tuesday tornado outbreak across multiple U.S. states, causing 56 deaths
and over $1 billion in damage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Super_Tuesday_tornado_outbreak>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

comestible:
Suitable to be eaten; edible.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/comestible>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I think that one of our most important tasks is to convince
others that there's nothing to fear in difference; that difference, in
fact, is one of the healthiest and most invigorating of human
characteristics without which life would become meaningless. Here lies
the power of the liberal way: not in making the whole world Unitarian,
but in helping ourselves and others to see some of the possibilities
inherent in viewpoints other than one's own; in encouraging the free
interchange of ideas; in welcoming fresh approaches to the problems of
life; in urging the fullest, most vigorous use of critical self-
examination.  
--Adlai Stevenson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson>

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