April 30: Æthelwold ætheling Published On

Æthelwold was a son of King Alfred the Great's older brother,
Æthelred, who was King of Wessex from 865 to 871. While the West Saxons
were fighting a Danish Viking invasion, Æthelred died; his sons were
infants, so Alfred became king. He defeated the Vikings at the Battle of
Edington in 878, but when he died in 899 the Vikings still controlled
Northumbria and East Anglia. In his will (pictured) Alfred favoured his
own children over his brother's. Æthelwold, as senior ætheling (prince
of the royal dynasty eligible for kingship), had a strong claim to the
throne, and he disputed the crown with Alfred's son, Edward the Elder.
Æthelwold attempted to raise an army to support his claim, but was
unable to get sufficient support to meet Edward in battle and fled to
Northumbria, where he was accepted by the Danes as king. In 902 he
persuaded the East Anglian Vikings to launch an attack on Edward's
territory in Wessex and Mercia. Edward retaliated with a raid on East
Anglia, and when he withdrew, his men from Kent lingered and met the
East Anglian Danes at the Battle of the Holme. The Danes were victorious
but suffered heavy losses, including the death of Æthelwold, ending the
challenge to Edward's rule.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_%C3%A6theling>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1006:

SN 1006 (remnant pictured), the brightest supernova in recorded
history, first appeared in the constellation Lupus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SN_1006>

1557:

Arauco War: Spanish forces of the Governor Francisco de
Villagra launched a dawn surprise attack against the Mapuche headed by
their toqui Lautaro in what is now Chile.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito>

1789:

George Washington took the oath of office as the first
President of the United States at Federal Hall in New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington>

1945:

World War II: As Allied forces were closing in on Berlin, Adolf
Hitler and Eva Braun committed suicide in the Führerbunker after being
married for one day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler>

1975:

American forces completed a helicopter evacuation of U.S.
citizens, South Vietnamese civilians and others from Saigon, just before
North Vietnamese troops captured the city, ending the Vietnam War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

capacious:
Having a lot of space inside; roomy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capacious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I still get laughed at but it doesn't bother me, I'm just so
glad to hear laughter around me.  
--Amanda Palmer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Amanda_Palmer>

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April 28: History of the National Hockey League (1967–92) Published On

The expansion era of the National Hockey League (NHL) began when six new
teams were added to the original six for the 1967–68 season. The
expansion teams formed the newly created West Division: the Los Angeles
Kings, Minnesota North Stars, Oakland Seals, Philadelphia Flyers,
Pittsburgh Penguins and St. Louis Blues. By 1978, the NHL had lost the
Seals and had added another six teams: the Buffalo Sabres, Vancouver
Canucks, Atlanta Flames, New York Islanders, Colorado Rockies, and
Washington Capitals. They added another four teams in 1979, absorbed
from the defunct World Hockey Association—the Edmonton Oilers,
Hartford Whalers, Quebec Nordiques and Winnipeg Jets—for a total of 21
teams, a figure that remained constant until the San Jose Sharks joined
as an expansion franchise in 1991. The NHL became involved in
international play in the Summit Series in 1972, matching NHL players
against the top players of the Soviet Union, and in the Canada Cup and
Super Series between 1976 and 1991. The expansion era was one of the
highest-scoring periods in NHL history, led in the 1980s by the Edmonton
Oilers and Wayne Gretzky (pictured in 2006), who scored 215 points in
1985–86, still a league record.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_National_Hockey_League_(1967%E2%80%9392)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1253:

Nichiren, a Japanese monk, expounded Nam Myoho Renge Kyo for
the first time and declared it to be the essence of Buddhism, in effect
founding Nichiren Buddhism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism>

1789:

About 1,300 miles west of Tahiti, Fletcher Christian, master's
mate on board the Royal Navy ship HMAV Bounty, led a mutiny against the
ship's commander William Bligh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty>

1910:

Frenchman Louis Paulhan won the London to Manchester air race,
the first long-distance aeroplane race in England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910_London_to_Manchester_air_race>

1952:

Japan and China signed the Treaty of Taipei to officially end
the Second Sino-Japanese War, seven years after fighting in that
conflict ended due to World War II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Taipei>

1975:

Chief of the South Vietnamese army Cao Văn Viên fled the
country as the North Vietnamese closed in on Saigon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_V%C4%83n_Vi%C3%AAn>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

doggedly:
In a way that is stubbornly persistent: Abby marked the International
Day of the Dog with her beloved Jack Russell terrier, despite how he was
doggedly gnawing through her extensive collection of shoes.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doggedly>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We ARE history! Everything we've ever been on the way to
becoming us, we still are. Would you like the rest of the story? I'm
made up of the memories of my parents and my grandparents, all my
ancestors. They're in the way I look, in the color of my hair. And I'm
made up of everyone I've ever met who's changed the way I think.
 
--Terry Pratchett
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Terry_Pratchett>

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[Daily article] April 27: Wish You Were Here (Pink Floyd album) Published On

Wish You Were Here (1975) is the ninth studio album by the English
progressive rock group Pink Floyd (pictured), recorded at London's Abbey
Road Studios. Some of its songs critique the music business; others
express alienation. "Shine On You Crazy Diamond" is a tribute to Syd
Barrett, whose mental breakdown had forced him to leave the group
several years earlier; it was lead writer Roger Waters' idea to split
the song into two parts and use it to bookend the other songs on the
album. As on their previous album, The Dark Side of the Moon, the band
made use of studio effects and synthesizers, and brought in guest
singers for some tracks, including Roy Harper for the lead vocals on
"Have a Cigar". The album became an instant commercial success, and
record company EMI was unable to print enough copies to satisfy demand.
Although it initially received mixed reviews, the album has since been
acclaimed by critics and appears on Rolling Stone‍ '​s list of
"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Band members Richard Wright and
David Gilmour have each cited Wish You Were Here as their favourite Pink
Floyd album.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_album)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

395:

Aelia Eudoxia married Byzantine emperor Arcadius without the
knowledge or consent of Rufinus, the Praetorian prefect who had intended
for his own daughter to wed the emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aelia_Eudoxia>

1810:

Ludwig van Beethoven composed his "Bagatelle No. 25 in A
minor", better known as "Für Elise" (audio featured), one of his most
popular compositions.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Elise>

1865:

An explosion destroyed the steamboat Sultana on the Mississippi
River, killing an estimated 1,800 of the 2,400 passengers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(steamboat)>

1911:

Following the resignation of William P. Frye, a compromise was
reached in the United States Senate to rotate the office of the
President pro tempore of the United States Senate.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate>

2005:

The Airbus A380, the largest passenger airliner in the world,
made its maiden flight from Toulouse, France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vates:
A poet or bard who is divinely inspired.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vates>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Nothing, I am sure, calls forth the faculties so much as the
being obliged to struggle with the world.  
--Mary Wollstonecraft
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft>

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[Daily article] April 26: Constance Stokes Published On

Constance Stokes (1906–1991) was a modernist Australian painter
working in Victoria. She trained at the National Gallery of Victoria Art
School until 1929, winning a scholarship to continue her study at
London's Royal Academy of Arts. Her paintings and drawings were
exhibited from the 1940s onwards, and she was one of only two women
included in a major exhibition of twelve Australian artists that
travelled to Canada, the United Kingdom and Italy in the early 1950s.
Influenced by George Bell, Stokes was part of the Melbourne Contemporary
Artists, a group Bell established in 1940, and her works continued to be
well-regarded by art historians for many years after the group's
formation. Her husband's early death in 1962 forced her to return to
painting as a career, resulting in a successful one-woman show in 1964,
her first in thirty years. She continued to paint and exhibit through
the 1980s. Her work faded into relative obscurity after her death, until
the publication of Anne Summers' 2009 book The Lost Mother, a narrative
that highlights Stokes and her paintings. Her art is represented in most
major Australian galleries, including the National Gallery of Australia
and the National Gallery of Victoria.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Stokes>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1865:

U.S. Army soldiers cornered and fatally shot John Wilkes Booth,
the assassin of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, in rural northern
Virginia, ending a twelve-day manhunt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth>

1933:

The Gestapo (SS emblem pictured), the official secret police
force in Nazi Germany, was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo>

1945:

World War II: Both the German and Polish–Soviet sides claimed
victory as major fighting in the Battle of Bautzen ended.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1945)>

1970:

The World Intellectual Property Organization came into being
when its charter entered into force.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization>

2007:

Controversy surrounding the relocation of the Bronze Soldier of
Tallinn, a Soviet Red Army World War II memorial in Tallinn, Estonia,
erupted into mass protests and riots.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Night>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

inside baseball:
1. (US, sports) Technical matters concerning baseball not apparent to
spectators.
2. (US) Matters of interest only to insiders.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inside_baseball>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To convince someone of the truth, it is not enough to state it,
but rather one must find the path from error to truth.  
--Ludwig Wittgenstein
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein>

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[Daily article] April 25: Amphibian Published On

Amphibians are a class of cold-blooded vertebrates, mostly four-limbed.
They inhabit a wide variety of habitats in freshwater, on or under the
ground, or in trees. Typically starting their lives as aquatic larvae
with gills, they generally undergo metamorphosis into adults with air-
breathing lungs. They use their skins as a secondary respiratory
surface; some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and
rely entirely on their skins. The earliest amphibians evolved in the
Devonian Period from fish with lungs and bony-limbed fins. The three
modern orders of amphibians are Anura (the frogs and toads), Caudata
(the salamanders), and Gymnophiona (the caecilians). The number of known
species is approximately 7,000, of which nearly 90% are frogs. The
smallest living amphibian is a frog from New Guinea with a length of
just 7.7 mm (0.3 in). The largest is the 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) Chinese
giant salamander, but this is dwarfed by the extinct 9 m (30 ft)
Prionosuchus from Brazil. With their complex reproductive needs and
permeable skins, amphibians are often indicators of ecological
disturbance, and in recent decades their populations have declined
around the globe.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibian>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1644:

The Ming dynasty of China fell when the Chongzhen Emperor
committed suicide during a peasant rebellion led by Li Zicheng.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty>

1849:

After Lord Elgin, the Governor General of Canada, signed the
Rebellion Losses Bill into law to compensate the residents of Lower
Canada for losses incurred in Rebellions of 1837, protestors rioted and
burned down the Parliament building in Montreal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_the_Parliament_Buildings_in_Montreal>

1915:

First World War: Australian and New Zealand Army Corps landed
at Anzac Cove while British and French troops landed at Cape Helles to
begin the Allied invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman
Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign>

1945:

German troops retreated from northern Finland, bringing the
Lapland War to a close.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapland_War>

1990:

Violeta Chamorro took office as the President of Nicaragua, the
first woman elected in her own right as a head of state in the Americas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violeta_Chamorro>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

paint the town red:
To party or celebrate in a rowdy, wild manner, especially in a public
place.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paint_the_town_red>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Cum ergo spiritus Dei descendit, indiuidua patientia comitatur
eum. · When God's Spirit descends, then Patience accompanies Him
indivisibly.  
--Tertullian
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tertullian>

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[Daily article] April 24: Colton Point State Park Published On

Colton Point State Park is a 368-acre (149 ha) Pennsylvania state park
in the United States. It is on the west side of Tioga County's Pine
Creek Gorge, also known as the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania, which is
800 feet (240 m) deep and nearly 4,000 feet (1,200 m) across at this
location. The park, named for Henry Colton, a Williamsport lumberman who
cut timber there starting in 1879, extends from the creek in the bottom
of the gorge up to the rim and across part of the plateau to the west.
Known for its views of the gorge, it offers opportunities for
picnicking, hiking, fishing, hunting, whitewater boating, and camping.
It was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural
Resources for its "Twenty Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks" list. Pine
Creek has carved the gorge through five major rock formations from the
Devonian and Carboniferous periods. A path along Pine Creek was first
used by Native Americans, then lumbermen, and from 1883 to 1988 it was
the route of a railroad. The gorge was named a National Natural Landmark
in 1968.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colton_Point_State_Park>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1547:

Schmalkaldic War: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, led Imperial
troops to a decisive victory in the Battle of Mühlberg over the
Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg>

1800:

The Library of Congress, the de facto national library of the
United States, was established as part of an act of Congress providing
for the transfer of the nation's capital from Philadelphia to
Washington, D.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress>

1904:

Realizing that the Russification of Lithuania was not working,
the Russian Empire lifted the 40-year-old ban on publications using the
Lithuanian language.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_press_ban>

1967:

The Soviet spacecraft Soyuz 1 crashed in Siberia during its
return to Earth, killing cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov, the first human to
die during a spaceflight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Komarov>

1990:

The Hubble Space Telescope was launched aboard the Space
Shuttle Discovery in mission STS-31.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

levant:
To abscond or run away, especially to avoid paying money or debts.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/levant>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You will find out that Charity is a heavy burden to carry,
heavier than the kettle of soup and the full basket. But you will keep
your gentleness and your smile. It is not enough to give soup and bread.
This the rich can do. You are the servant of the poor, always smiling
and good-humored. They are your masters, terribly sensitive and exacting
master you will see. and the uglier and the dirtier they will be, the
more unjust and insulting, the more love you must give them. It is only
for your love alone that the poor will forgive you the bread you give to
them.  
--Vincent de Paul
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vincent_de_Paul>

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[Daily article] April 23: Caelum Published On

Caelum is a faint constellation in the southern sky, introduced in the
1750s by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille. Latin for "chisel", it is the
eighth-smallest constellation, measuring around 0.038 steradians, just
smaller than Corona Australis. Caelum is a rather barren constellation
with few objects of interest, due to its small size and location away
from the plane of the Milky Way. The constellation's brightest star,
Alpha Caeli, is only of magnitude 4.45, and only one other star (Gamma1
Caeli) is brighter than magnitude 5. Other notable objects in Caelum are
RR Caeli, a binary star with one planet approximately 20.13 parsecs
(65.7 ly) away; X Caeli, a Delta Scuti variable that forms an optical
double with Gamma1 Caeli; and HE0450-2958, a Seyfert galaxy (pictured)
that at first appeared as just a jet, with no host galaxy visible. The
source of the jet was once suggested to be a supermassive black hole,
but is now agreed to be a small galaxy that is partially obscured by
light from the jet and a nearby starburst galaxy.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caelum>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1348:

The first-ever appointments to the Order of the Garter, an
order of chivalry founded by King Edward III of England, were
announced.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter>

1661:

Charles II, King of England, Ireland, and Scotland was crowned
at Westminster Abbey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England>

1918:

First World War: The British Royal Navy conducted a raid on the
Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid>

1985:

The Coca-Cola Company introduced "New Coke" to replace its
flagship soft drink Coca-Cola, which generated so much negative response
that the company put the previous formula back on the market less than
three months later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Coke>

2009:

Gamma-ray burst GRB 090423 was detected, coming from the most
distant known astronomical object of any kind at the time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_090423>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

bardolator:
(usually pejorative) One who loves or worships the works of William
Shakespeare.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bardolator>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Science cannot solve the ultimate mystery of nature. And that is
because, in the last analysis, we ourselves are a part of the mystery
that we are trying to solve.  
--Max Planck
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Max_Planck>

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[Daily article] April 22: SM U-66 Published On

SM U-66 was the lead ship of the Type U-66 U-boats (submarines) for the
German Imperial Navy during World War I. The submarine had been laid
down in November 1913 by Germaniawerft of Kiel for the Austro-Hungarian
Navy, who then sold the entire class to the German Imperial Navy after
the outbreak of war appeared to make delivery to the Adriatic
impossible. Redesigned and reconstructed to German specifications, U-66
was launched in April 1915 and commissioned in July. The boat was 228
feet (69 m) long and was armed with five torpedo tubes and a deck gun.
As a part of the Baltic and 4th Flotillas, U-66 sank 24 ships with a
combined gross register tonnage of 69,967 in six war patrols. After
reporting her position in the North Sea on 3 September 1917, neither the
U-boat nor any of her 40-man crew were ever heard from again. A postwar
German study offered no explanation for her loss, although British
records suggest that she may have struck a mine in the Dogger Bank area.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM_U-66>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1519:

Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés established a settlement
in Mexico, naming it "Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz" ("Rich village of the
True Cross").
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veracruz_(city)>

1864:

The U.S. Congress passed the Coinage Act, authorizing the
minting of a two-cent coin, the first U.S. coin to bear the phrase "In
God we trust".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_God_we_trust>

1930:

France, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States
signed the London Naval Treaty, regulating submarine warfare and
limiting military ship building.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty>

1951:

Korean War: The People's Volunteer Army of China attacked
positions occupied mainly by Australian and Canadian forces, starting
the Battle of Kapyong.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kapyong>

1983:

The West German news magazine Stern published excerpts from
what purported to be the diaries of Adolf Hitler, which were
subsequently revealed to be forgeries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitler_Diaries>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

crosswordese:
The jargon of crossword puzzle answers, classically consisting of rare,
archaic, or dialectal words.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crosswordese>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths; In
feelings, not in figures on a dial. We should count time by heart-
throbs. He most lives Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best.
Life's but a means unto an end; that end Beginning, mean, and end to all
things, — God.  
--Philip James Bailey
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Philip_James_Bailey>

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[Daily article] April 21: Seated Liberty dollar Published On

The Seated Liberty dollar was a dollar coin designed by Mint Chief
Engraver Christian Gobrecht and struck by the United States Mint from
1840 to 1873. The coin's reverse features a heraldic eagle first seen on
coins in 1807, based on a design by late Mint Chief Engraver John Reich;
the coin's obverse is based on the Gobrecht dollar. "In God We Trust"
was added to the dollar in 1866 following its introduction to other US
coins earlier in the decade. In the final years of the series, there was
more silver produced in the US, and mintages increased. These were the
last dollar coins before the Coinage Act of 1873 temporarily ended their
production for American commerce and authorized the trade dollar for use
in foreign commerce. Representatives of silver interests were unhappy
when the metal's price dropped again in the mid-1870s; they advocated
the resumption of the free coinage of silver into legal tender. After
passage of the Bland-Allison Act in 1878, silver dollar production
resumed with the Morgan dollar.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seated_Liberty_dollar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

900:

A debt was pardoned by the Datu of Tondo on the island of Luzon,
as inscribed on the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, the earliest known
written document found in the Philippines.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription>

1782:

A city pillar was erected on Rattanakosin Island, located on
the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River, an act considered the
founding of the city of Bangkok.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok>

1918:

Manfred von Richthofen, known as the "Red Baron", was shot down
and killed near Vaux-sur-Somme in France, after a career as the most
successful fighter pilot of World War I with 80 confirmed air combat
victories.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen>

1960:

Brasília, a planned city primarily designed by architect and
urban planner Lúcio Costa, was officially inaugurated, replacing Rio de
Janeiro as the capital of Brazil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia>

1975:

Nguyễn Văn Thiệu resigned as President of South Vietnam,
and was replaced by Trần Văn Hương, as communist forces closed in
on victory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

overawe:
(transitive) To restrain, subdue, or control by awe; to cow.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overawe>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Memory is not just the imprint of the past time upon us; it is
the keeper of what is meaningful for our deepest hopes and fears.
 
--Rollo May
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rollo_May>

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[Daily article] April 20: Rhodotus Published On

Rhodotus is a genus of just one mushroom species, Rhodotus palmatus,
known as the rosy veincap or wrinkled peach. Typically found growing on
the stumps and logs of rotting hardwoods, mature specimens may usually
be identified by the pinkish color and the distinctive ridged and veined
surface of their rubbery caps, though the size, shape, and color can
vary depending on the quantity and shades of light received during
development. This uncommon species has been collected in eastern North
America, northern Africa, Europe, and Asia. Declining populations in
Europe have led to its appearance in over half of the European fungal
Red Lists of threatened species. First named Agaricus palmatus by
Bulliard in 1785, it was reclassified into several different genera
before becoming Rhodotus in 1926. The familial placement of the genus
Rhodotus within the order Agaricales has also been subject to dispute,
and the taxon has been transferred variously to the families
Amanitaceae, Entolomataceae, and Tricholomataceae. Molecular
phylogenetics analysis has helped determine that Rhodotus is most
closely related to genera in the Physalacriaceae.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodotus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1792:

After Foreign Minister Charles François Dumouriez presented
the French Legislative Assembly with a long list of grievances against
Austria, France declared war to begin the French Revolutionary Wars.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars>

1818:

Four days after the Court of King's Bench in England upheld a
murder suspect's right to trial by battle in Ashford v Thornton, the
plaintiff declined to fight, allowing the defendant to go free.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_v_Thornton>

1914:

A fire and a gun battle between the Colorado National Guard and
striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, led to 17 deaths in the Ludlow
Massacre.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludlow_Massacre>

1968:

Pierre Trudeau succeeded Lester B. Pearson as Prime Minister of
Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau>

2010:

An explosion on Deepwater Horizon, an offshore oil rig in the
Gulf of Mexico, caused the largest accidental marine oil spill in the
history of the petroleum industry.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

capias:
(law) An arrest warrant; a writ commanding officers to take a specified
person or persons into custody.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capias>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When faith and hope fail, as they do sometimes, we must try
charity, which is love in action. We must speculate no more on our duty,
but simply do it. When we have done it, however blindly, perhaps Heaven
will show us why.  
--Dinah Craik
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dinah_Craik>

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[Daily article] April 19: Bart Simpson Published On

Bart Simpson is a character voiced by Nancy Cartwright (pictured) on the
animated TV series The Simpsons, the longest-running American sitcom.
Created and designed by cartoonist Matt Groening, the mischievous and
rebellious Bart (an anagram of brat) is the ten-year-old son of Homer
and Marge and the older brother of Lisa and Maggie. The character has
also appeared in video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride,
commercials, comic books, merchandising, and (for three years before The
Simpsons) on The Tracey Ullman Show. Hallmarks of the character include
his chalkboard gags in the opening sequence, his prank calls to Moe, and
the catchphrases "Eat my shorts", "¡Ay, caramba!", and "Don't have a
cow, man!" During the first two seasons of The Simpsons, Bart was the
show's breakout character, though educators derided Bart's pride in
being an underachiever. Time named Bart one of the 100 most important
people of the 20th century. Nancy Cartwright has won several awards for
voicing Bart, including a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 and an Annie
Award in 1995. In 2000, Bart and the rest of his family were awarded a
star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Simpson>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1713:

With no living male heirs, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI
issued the Pragmatic Sanction to ensure one of his daughters would
inherit the Habsburg lands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor>

1809:

War of the Fifth Coalition: The French won a hard-fought
victory over Austria in Lower Bavaria when their opponents withdrew from
the field of battle that evening.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen>

1927:

American actress Mae West was sentenced to ten days in jail for
"corrupting the morals of youth" for her play Sex.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_West>

1960:

Students in South Korea held a nationwide pro-democracy protest
against President Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_Revolution>

1995:

A car bomb destroyed much of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal
Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, killing 168 people and injuring
over 800 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

debauch:
1. (transitive) To morally corrupt (someone); to seduce.
2. (transitive) To debase (something); to lower the value of (something).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/debauch>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to
April's breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood, And
fired the shot heard round the world. The foe long since in silence
slept; Alike the conqueror silent sleeps; And Time the ruined bridge has
swept Down the dark stream which seaward creeps.  
--Ralph Waldo Emerson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson>

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[Daily article] April 18: Hurricane Erika (1997) Published On

Hurricane Erika was the strongest and longest-lasting tropical cyclone
in the 1997 Atlantic hurricane season. It developed from a tropical wave
on September 3 and moved west-northwestward across the tropical Atlantic
Ocean. Passing just north of the Lesser Antilles, it carried a cloud of
volcanic ash to Antigua from the eruption of the Soufrière Hills
Volcano on Montserrat. Strong waves from the hurricane produced beach
erosion and coastal flooding in northern Puerto Rico, and caused the
death of two surfers. Moderate wind gusts in the northern Leeward
Islands and Puerto Rico left thousands of residents without power, and
did $10 million in damage in the U.S. Caribbean territories. The
hurricane was pushed to the north by an approaching trough, then quickly
strengthened to become the only major hurricane of the season, with
maximum sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h). It weakened as it
passed over cooler waters, and finally became an extratropical cyclone
after passing near the Azores archipelago. The months of August and
September produced only this one Atlantic tropical cyclone; that had not
happened since 1929.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Erika_(1997)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1506:

Construction of the current St. Peter's Basilica (interior
pictured) in Vatican City, to replace the old basilica built in the 4th
century, began.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica>

1775:

American Revolutionary War: Colonists Paul Revere, William
Dawes, and Samuel Prescott began a "midnight ride" from Boston to
Lexington to warn residents about the impending arrival of British
troops.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Revere>

1847:

Mexican–American War: Winfield Scott's United States troops
out-flanked and drove Santa Anna's larger Mexican army from a strong
defensive position in the Battle of Cerro Gordo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo>

1938:

Superman, created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, made his
debut in Action Comics #1, the first true superhero comic book.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Comics_1>

1996:

Israeli forces shelled Qana, Lebanon, during Operation Grapes
of Wrath, killing more than 100 civilians and injuring more than 110
others at a UN compound.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_shelling_of_Qana>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

oubliette:
A dungeon only accessible by a trapdoor at the top.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oubliette>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Among the many strange servilities mistaken for pieties, one
of the least lovely is that which hopes to flatter God by despising the
world, and vilifying human nature.  
--George Henry Lewes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Henry_Lewes>

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[Daily article] April 17: Aldwych tube station Published On

Aldwych tube station is a closed station on the London Underground, in
the City of Westminster in central London. The station building, near
the junction of Strand and Surrey Street, opened in 1907 as the only
other station on the Piccadilly line's short branch from Holborn.
Suffering from low passenger numbers, the station and branch were
considered for closure several times. Service was offered only during
weekday peak hours from 1962 and finally discontinued altogether in
1994, when the cost of replacing the lifts was considered too high
compared to the income generated. Disused parts of the station and the
running tunnels were used to shelter artworks from the National Gallery
during the First World War, and from the British Museum during the
Second World War. The station has long been popular as a filming
location, appearing as itself and as other London Underground stations.
In recognition of its historical significance, it is a Grade II listed
building.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldwych_tube_station>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1080:

On the death of his brother Harald III, Canute IV, who later
became the first Dane to be canonized, became King of Denmark.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canute_IV_of_Denmark>

1907:

Brazil became the third country in the world to start
construction on a dreadnought battleship, sparking a vastly expensive
South American naval arms race.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race>

1951:

The Peak District was designated the first national park in the
United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_District>

1975:

The Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot captured Phnom Penh, ending the
Cambodian Civil War, and established Democratic Kampuchea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War>

2013:

An ammonium nitrate explosion occurred at a fertilizer company
facility in West, Texas, US, killing 15 people and injuring 160 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Fertilizer_Company_explosion>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

kasha:
A porridge made from boiled buckwheat groats, or sometimes from other
cereal groats.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kasha>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  "Passive resistance," said Ferdinand Lassalle, with an
obtuseness thoroughly German, "is the resistance which does not resist."
Never was there a greater mistake. It is the only resistance which in
these days of military discipline resists with any result. There is not
a tyrant in the civilized world today who would not do anything in his
power to precipitate a bloody revolution rather than see himself
confronted by any large fraction of his subjects determined not to obey.
An insurrection is easily quelled; but no army is willing or able to
train its guns on inoffensive people who do not even gather in the
streets but stay at home and stand back on their rights. Neither the
ballot nor the bayonet is to play any great part in the coming struggle;
passive resistance is the instrument by which the revolutionary force is
destined to secure in the last great conflict the people's rights
forever.  
--Benjamin Tucker
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker>

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[Daily article] April 16: Vernon Sturdee Published On

Sir Vernon Sturdee (1890–1966) was an Australian Army officer. During
the First World War he participated in the landing at Gallipoli and the
fighting on the Western Front. Promotion was stagnant between the wars,
and he remained at his wartime rank of lieutenant colonel until 1935. He
had little faith in the strategy of basing a fleet at Singapore, and
warned that the Army would have to face a well-equipped Japan. As Chief
of the General Staff during the Second World War, he conducted a doomed
defence of the islands to the north of Australia against the Japanese.
He later commanded the First Army in New Guinea in 1944–45, directing
the fighting at Aitape and on New Britain and Bougainville. He was
charged with destroying the enemy without committing his troops to
battles that were beyond their strength. When the war ended, he took the
surrender of Japanese forces at Rabaul. He succeeded Sir Thomas Blamey
as Commander in Chief of the Australian Military Forces in December
1945, and was Chief of the General Staff again from 1946 to 1950. During
this time, he had to demobilise the wartime Army while fielding and
supporting part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Sturdee>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1520:

Citizens of Toledo, Castile, who were opposed to the rule of
the foreign-born Charles V, rose up in revolt when the royal government
attempted to unseat radical city councilors.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros>

1847:

New Zealand Wars: A minor Māori chief was accidentally shot by
a junior British Army officer in the Petre settlement of New Zealand's
North Island, triggering the Wanganui Campaign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanganui_Campaign>

1912:

American Harriet Quimby became the first woman to fly across
the English Channel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Quimby>

1945:

World War II: Nearly one million Soviet soldiers began the
Battle of the Seelow Heights against the "Gates of Berlin".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Seelow_Heights>

2007:

In one of the deadliest shooting incidents in United States
history, a gunman killed 32 people and wounded over 20 more before
committing suicide at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University in Blacksburg, Virginia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

heir apparent:
(usually monarchy) Someone who will definitely inherit, assuming he
survives the one from whom he is inheriting.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heir_apparent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The gods conform scrupulously to the sentiments of their
worshippers: they have reasons for so doing. Pay attention to this. …
The Emperor Julian's morals were almost those of St. Gregory Nazianzen.
There is nothing in this but what is natural and usual. The
transformations undergone by morals and ideas are never sudden. The
greatest changes in social life are wrought imperceptibly, and are only
seen from afar. Christianity did not secure a foothold until such time
as the condition of morals accommodated itself to it, and as
Christianity itself had become adjusted to the condition of morals. It
was unable to substitute itself for paganism until such time as paganism
came to resemble it, and itself came to resemble paganism.
 
--Anatole France
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anatole_France>

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[Daily article] April 15: Andrew Johnson Published On

Andrew Johnson (1808–1875) was the 17th President of the United
States, serving from 1865 to 1869. Johnson was elected to the House of
Representatives in 1843, became Governor of Tennessee in 1853, and was
elected to the Senate in 1857, where he sought passage of the Homestead
Bill. As Southern states, including Tennessee, seceded to form the
Confederacy, Johnson remained firmly with the Union. As a War Democrat
in 1864, he was a logical choice as running mate for President Abraham
Lincoln, who wished to send a message of national unity. Johnson was
sworn in as vice president in March 1865; six weeks later, the
assassination of Lincoln made him president. Johnson directed the
seceded states to hold conventions and elections to re-form their civil
governments. When Congress passed bills for a more severe
Reconstruction, he vetoed them, but Congress overrode him, setting a
pattern for the remainder of his presidency. When he tried to dismiss
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton in possible violation of the Tenure of
Office Act, he was impeached by the House of Representatives, and
narrowly avoided removal from office. Although his ranking has
fluctuated over time, he is generally considered among the worst
American presidents.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1071:

Norman forces, under the command of Robert Guiscard, conquered
the city of Bari, the capital of the Catepanate of Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bari>

1638:

A rebellion by Catholic Japanese peasants in Shimabara over
increased taxes was put down by the Tokugawa shogunate, resulting in
greater enforcement of the policy of national seclusion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion>

1912:

The passenger liner RMS Titanic sank about two hours and forty
minutes after colliding with an iceberg, killing more than 1,500 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic>

1986:

U.S. armed forces began bombing Libya to try to reduce that
country's ability to support international terrorism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_United_States_bombing_of_Libya>

1995:

At a GATT ministerial meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco,
representatives of 124 countries and the European Communities signed an
agreement to establish the World Trade Organization.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organization>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

eschatology:
1. (countable) System of doctrines concerning final matters, such as death.
2. (uncountable) The study of the end times — the end of the world,
notably in Christian theology the second coming of Christ, the
Apocalypse or the Last Judgment.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eschatology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Why does the eye see a thing more clearly in dreams than with
the imagination being awake?  
--Leonardo da Vinci
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci>

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[Daily article] April 14: Taiko Published On

Taiko drums, a broad range of Japanese percussion instruments, were
introduced to Japan through Korean and Chinese cultural influence as
early as the 6th century, and a mythological origin is mentioned in the
Nihon Shoki, the second oldest book of Japanese classical history. They
have seen use in Japan for communication, theatre, religious ceremonies,
and festival and concert performances. In feudal warfare, taiko drums
were used to summon troops, call out orders and set a marching pace. In
modern times, they have played a role in social movements for minorities
within and outside Japan. Taiko performances can vary in their rhythms,
forms, stick grips, clothing, and instrumentation. Ensembles typically
use different types of barrel-shaped nagadō-daiko drums, as well as the
smaller shime-daiko. Many groups accompany their drums with vocals,
strings, and woodwind instruments. The popular ensemble style called
kumi-daiko was developed in 1951 through the work of Daihachi Oguchi,
and has continued with groups such as Kodo. Kumi-daiko performance
groups are active in Japan, the U.S., Australia, Canada, and Brazil.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiko>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

193:

Septimius Severus seized the throne of the Roman Empire after
the death of Pertinax during the Year of the Five Emperors.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus>

966:

After his marriage to the Christian Dobrawa of Bohemia, the
pagan ruler of the Polans, Mieszko I, converted to Christianity, an
event considered to be the founding of the Polish state.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty>

1865:

Actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth fatally
shot U.S. President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington,
D.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln>

1935:

A massive dust storm swept across Oklahoma and northern Texas,
removing an estimated 300,000 short tons (270,000 t) of topsoil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sunday_(storm)>

1999:

A storm dropped an estimated 500,000 tonnes of hailstones in
Sydney and along the east coast of New South Wales, causing about A$2.3
billion in damages, the costliest natural disaster in Australian
insurance history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Sydney_hailstorm>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hapax legomenon:
A word occurring only once in a given corpus.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hapax_legomenon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I agree with Freydis that, for various reasons, nobody ever,
quite, knew Manuel well. The hero of "The Silver Stallion" is, thus, no
person, but an idea, — an idea presented at the moment of its
conception... I mean, of course, the idea that Manuel, who was yesterday
the physical Redeemer of Poictesme, will by and by return as his
people's spiritual Redeemer.  
--James Branch Cabell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell>

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[Daily article] April 13: Casino Royale (novel) Published On

Casino Royale (1953) is a James Bond novel, the first of twelve
featuring the British secret agent by Ian Fleming. At a casino in
Royale-les-Eaux, Bond beats Le Chiffre, the treasurer of a French trade
union and a member of the Russian secret service, in a high-stakes
baccarat game; Bond wins 80 million francs belonging to SMERSH, the
Soviet counterintelligence agency. He is supported by Vesper Lynd, a
member of his own service, as well as Felix Leiter of the CIA and René
Mathis of the French Deuxième Bureau. Fleming took plot elements from
his wartime experiences in the Naval Intelligence Division and based
some characters on people he met during the war; the character of Bond
also reflected many of Fleming's personal tastes. Looking for
distraction in advance of his forthcoming wedding, Fleming wrote the
draft in early 1952 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica. The book was
given broadly positive reviews by critics at the time and sold out in
less than a month after its UK release, although US sales upon release a
year later were much slower. The story has been adapted several times,
including in a daily comic strip and twice on film, a 1967 adaptation
starring David Niven and a 2006 version starring Daniel Craig.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Royale_(novel)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1742:

Messiah, an oratorio by baroque composer George Frideric
Handel, premiered in Dublin.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Handel)>

1829:

The Roman Catholic Relief Act was granted Royal Assent,
removing the most substantial restrictions on Catholics in the United
Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829>

1919:

British Indian Army troops massacred hundreds of unarmed men,
women and children who were attending a peaceful gathering at the
Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab, India.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre>

1945:

World War II: Soviet and Bulgarian forces captured Vienna in
German-occupied Austria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Offensive>

2009 - Twenty-three people died in a homeless hostel fire in Kamień
Pomorski, Poland, the country's deadliest fire since 1980.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie%C5%84_Pomorski_homeless_hostel_fire>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pink slime:
1. (paper manufacture) An undesirable pink-colored microbial mass occurring
in the slurry used in making paper.
2. (informal) A meat byproduct produced from otherwise unusable material
such as skin and connective tissue, spinal bones, and digestive tissue
by heating and then mixing with ammonia in a centrifuge to produce a
food additive.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pink_slime>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I am for freedom of religion, & against all maneuvres to bring
about a legal ascendancy of one sect over another, for freedom of the
press, and against all violations of the Constitution to silence by
force and not by reason the complaints or criticisms, just or unjust, of
our citizens against the conduct of their agents.  
--Thomas Jefferson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson>

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[Daily article] April 12: Gemini (2002 Tamil film) Published On

Gemini is a 2002 Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by
Saran. The film features Vikram (pictured) in the title role of a small-
time criminal and aspiring crime boss who, after falling in love, gives
up his life of crime; Kiran Rathod plays his love interest. Murali stars
as Singaperumal, a police officer who inspires and guides Gemini. Based
on gang wars in Chennai, the film delves into the lives of outlaws and
the roles the police and society play in their rehabilitation and
acceptance. Shot mainly at the AVM Studios in Chennai, the film was
released in 2002 to praise from critics for Vikram's performance, but
not for Saran's script. Made at an estimated cost of 40 million
(US$630,000), the film earned 210 million (US$3.3 million) at the box
office and became the highest-grossing Tamil film of the year. The
film's success, largely attributed to the popularity of one of its
songs, "O Podu", resurrected the Tamil film industry, which was
experiencing difficulties after a series of box office failures. The
film won three Filmfare Awards, three ITFA Awards and four Cinema
Express Awards. Later that same year, Saran remade the film in Telugu.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_(2002_Tamil_film)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

627:

King Edwin of Northumbria (stained glass depiction pictured) was
converted to Christianity by Bishop Paulinus of York, who had previously
saved his life.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria>

1204:

Alexios V Doukas fled Constantinople as forces under Boniface
the Marquess of Montferrat and Enrico Dandolo the Doge of Venice entered
and sacked the Byzantine capital, effectively ending the Fourth Crusade.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)>

1782:

American Revolutionary War: The Royal Navy defeated a combined
French–Spanish fleet in the Battle of the Saintes, forcing the latter
to abandon a planned invasion of Jamaica.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes>

1910:

SMS Zrínyi, one of the last pre-dreadnoughts built by the
Austro-Hungarian Navy, was launched.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Zr%C3%ADnyi>

1990:

Jim Gary became the only sculptor to present a solo show at the
Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History in
Washington, D.C., featuring his trademark dinosaur sculptures made of
automobile parts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Gary>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ungulate:
Having hooves.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ungulate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Religion is another name for the realization of Truth. It
consists in becoming and being one with the Supreme Being. Doctrines and
dogmas are only details of a secondary nature.  
--Swami Narayanananda
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Swami_Narayanananda>

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[Daily article] April 11: The Boat Race 2012 Published On

The 158th Boat Race, an annual side-by-side rowing race between crews
from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames,
took place on 7 April 2012. Despite Cambridge having the heavier crew,
Oxford (pictured after the race) were pre-race favourites after a
successful preparation period, including a victory over Leander.
Cambridge won the toss and chose to start on the Surrey side of the
river. Partway through, with the boats level, the race was temporarily
halted to avoid injury to a protester, Trenton Oldfield, who swam in
front of the two crews. After the race was restarted, one of the Oxford
crew suffered irreparable damage to his blade following a clash of oars
with the Cambridge boat, ending Oxford's chances of victory. The race
was eventually won by Cambridge by four-and-a-quarter lengths, in a
consolidated time of 17 minutes 23 seconds. Immediately after completing
the race, a member of the Oxford crew collapsed, but later recovered.
Oldfield was later jailed for six months for causing a public nuisance,
and as a result of the disruption, security for subsequent Boat Races
was increased.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_Race_2012>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1544:

Italian War of 1542–46: French and Spanish forces fought a
massive pitched battle in the Piedmont region of Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole>

1888:

The Concertgebouw concert hall in Amsterdam was inaugurated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertgebouw>

1921:

Emir Abdullah established the first centralized government in
the recently created British protectorate of Transjordan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan>

1945:

World War II: American forces liberated the Buchenwald
concentration camp near Weimar, Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp>

1963:

Pope John XXIII issued Pacem in terris ("Peace on Earth"), the
first papal encyclical addressed to "all men of good will", rather than
only to Catholics.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacem_in_terris>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

covenstead:
1. (Wicca) A permanent circle or temple used to meet for rituals and to
store religious items, often a mundane location.
2. (Wicca) A Wiccan congregation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/covenstead>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If I should ever die, God forbid, let this be my epitaph: THE
ONLY PROOF HE NEEDED FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD WAS MUSIC.  
--Kurt Vonnegut
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut>

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[Daily article] April 10: Sale, Greater Manchester Published On

Sale (Town Hall pictured) is a town in Trafford, Greater Manchester,
England. Historically in Cheshire, it is on the south bank of the River
Mersey, 5.2 miles (8.4 km) southwest of Manchester. In 2001, it had a
population of 55,000. Evidence of Stone Age, Roman, and Anglo-Saxon
activity has been discovered locally. By the 17th century, Sale had a
cottage industry manufacturing garthweb, the woven material from which
horses' saddle girths were made. The Bridgewater Canal reached the town
in 1765, stimulating Sale's urbanisation. The arrival of the railway in
1849 triggered Sale's growth as a commuter town for Manchester, leading
to an influx of middle-class residents; by the end of the 19th century
the town's population had more than tripled. Sale's urban growth
resulted in a merger with neighbouring Ashton upon Mersey, following the
Local Government Act 1929. The increase in population led to the
granting of a charter in 1935, giving Sale honorific borough status.
Since then, Sale has continued to thrive as a commuter town, supported
by its proximity to the M60 motorway and the Manchester Metrolink
network. Sale Sharks rugby union and Sale Harriers athletics club were
founded in Sale, although both have now relocated elsewhere.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale,_Greater_Manchester>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1815:

Mount Tambora in Indonesia began one of the most violent
volcanic eruptions in recorded history, killing at least 71,000 people,
and affecting worldwide temperatures for the next two years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tambora>

1858:

Big Ben, the bell in the Palace of Westminster's clock tower in
London, was cast after the original bell had cracked during testing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ben>

1941:

World War II: The Independent State of Croatia was established,
with Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić as head of the puppet government of
the Axis powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87>

1959:

Crown Prince Akihito, the future Emperor of Japan, wedded
Michiko, the first commoner to marry into the Japanese Imperial Family.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Michiko>

2009:

Fijian President Ratu Josefa Iloilo announced that he had
suspended the constitution and assumed all governance in the country
after it was ruled that the government of Prime Minister Frank
Bainimarama was illegal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Fijian_constitutional_crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

popliteal:
(anatomy) Of the area behind the knee.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/popliteal>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A young man who had been troubling society with impalpable
doctrines of a new civilization which he called "the Kingdom of Heaven"
had been put out of the way; and I can imagine that believer in material
power murmuring as he went homeward, "it will all blow over now." Yes.
The wind from the Kingdom of Heaven has blown over the world, and shall
blow for centuries yet.  
--Æ
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_William_Russell>

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[Daily article] April 9: Ulysses S. Grant Published On

Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885) was the 18th President of the United
States (1869–77). He graduated from the U.S. Military Academy at West
Point and retired after serving in the Mexican–American War. When the
Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U.S. Army and won major
victories at Shiloh and Vicksburg, and in the Chattanooga Campaign.
After promotion to Commanding General, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in
a series of bloody battles in Virginia in 1864, trapping Lee's army in
the siege of Petersburg. Lee's surrender to Grant at Appomattox on April
9, 1865, ended the war. After the war, he implemented Congressional
Reconstruction. Elected president in 1868, Grant led the Republicans in
their effort to remove the vestiges of Confederate nationalism, protect
African American citizenship, and support economic prosperity
nationwide. In foreign policy, Grant sought to increase American trade
and influence, while remaining at peace with the world. His presidency
has often come under criticism for tolerating corruption and, in his
second term, leading the nation into an economic depression. After an
unsuccessful attempt at nomination for a third term in 1880, he
completed his memoirs, garnering critical acclaim and financial success.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1918:

World War I: Aníbal Milhais's actions during the Battle of the
Lys made him the only person to be awarded Portugal's highest military
honour, the Order of the Tower and Sword, directly on the battlefield.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)>

1939:

After being denied permission to perform at Constitution Hall
by the Daughters of the American Revolution, African American singer
Marian Anderson gave an open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln
Memorial in Washington, D.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Anderson>

1940:

During the German invasion of Norway, Vidkun Quisling seized
control of the government in a Nazi-backed coup d'état.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling>

1967:

The first Boeing 737 took its maiden flight, eventually
becoming the most ordered and produced commercial passenger jet airliner
in the world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_737>

2005:

Charles, Prince of Wales, married his long-time mistress
Camilla Parker Bowles.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales,_and_Camilla_Parker_Bowles>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unheralded:
Without prior warning; unexpected or unannounced.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unheralded>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  He that has patience may compass anything.  
--François Rabelais
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais>

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[Daily article] April 8: Fanny Bullock Workman Published On

Fanny Bullock Workman (1859–1925) was an American geographer,
cartographer, explorer, travel writer, and mountaineer, notably in the
Himalaya. She was one of the first female professional mountaineers; she
not only explored but also wrote about her adventures. She set several
women's altitude records, published eight travel books with her husband,
and championed women's rights and women's suffrage. Educated in the
finest schools available to women, she was introduced to climbing in New
Hampshire. She married William Hunter Workman, and traveled the world
with him. The couple had two children, but left them in schools and with
nurses. Workman saw herself as a New Woman who could equal any man. The
Workmans wrote books about each trip and Workman frequently commented on
the state of the lives of women that she saw. They explored several
glaciers and conquered several mountains of the Himalaya, eventually
reaching 23,000 feet (7,000 m), a women's altitude record at the time.
Workman became the first woman to lecture at the Sorbonne and the second
to speak at the Royal Geographical Society. She received many medals of
honor and was recognized as one of the foremost climbers of her day.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanny_Bullock_Workman>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1341:

Italian scholar and poet Petrarch took the title poet laureate
at a ceremony in Rome.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrarch>

1740:

War of the Austrian Succession: The Royal Navy captured the
Spanish ship of the line Princesa and mustered her into British service.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Princess_(1740)>

1820:

A Greek peasant discovered a statue of a woman with its arms
missing—the Venus de Milo (pictured)—on the Aegean island of Milos.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_de_Milo>

1968:

BOAC Flight 712 suffered an engine fire shortly after take-off
from London Heathrow Airport, leading to deaths of five people on board,
including flight attendant Barbara Jane Harrison, who was later awarded
a posthumous George Cross for her heroism during the accident.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Jane_Harrison>

2013:

Two Sunni Muslim Islamic extremist groups, the Islamic State of
Iraq and the Al-Nusra Front, merged to become the Islamic State of Iraq
and the Levant, also known as ISIS.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cross swords:
(idiomatic) To quarrel or argue with someone, to have a dispute with
someone.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cross_swords>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If we only have love We will never bow down We'll be tall as the
pines Neither heroes nor clowns. If we only have love Then we'll only be
men And we'll drink from the Grail To be born once again. Then with
nothing at all But the little we are We'll have conquered all time All
space, the sun, and the stars!  
--Jacques Brel
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jacques_Brel>

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[Daily article] April 7: I Never Liked You Published On

I Never Liked You is a graphic novel by Canadian cartoonist Chester
Brown (pictured). The story first ran between 1991 and 1993 in Brown's
comic book Yummy Fur, and was published in book form in 1994. It deals
with the teenage Brown's introversion and difficulty talking to others,
especially members of the opposite sex—including his mother, to whom
he is unable to express affection even as she lies dying in the
hospital. The story has minimal dialogue and is sparsely narrated. The
drawings are amongst the simplest in Brown's body of work—some pages
consist only of a single small panel. The uncomplicated artwork of his
friend and fellow Toronto cartoonist Seth inspired him to simplify his
own. I Never Liked You was the last work of Brown's early
autobiographical period. The book appeared amid an early-1990s trend in
autobiographical alternative comics, and Brown was one of a prominent
trio of Toronto-based autobiographical cartoonists, with Seth and Joe
Matt. It was well received, and its influence can be found in the work
of cartoonists such as Jeffrey Brown, Ariel Schrag and Anders Nilsen.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Never_Liked_You>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1767:

Troops of the Burmese Konbaung Dynasty sacked the Siamese city
of Ayutthaya to end the Burmese–Siamese War, bringing the four-
century-old Ayutthaya Kingdom to an end.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%9367)>

1805:

German composer Ludwig van Beethoven premiered his Third
Symphony, at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)>

1940:

Educator Booker T. Washington became the first African American
to be featured on a U.S. postage stamp.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington>

1955:

Aware that he was slowing down both physically and mentally in
his old age, Winston Churchill retired as Prime Minister of the United
Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill>

1995:

First Chechen War: Russian paramilitary troops began a massacre
of at least 250 civilians in Samashki, Chechnya.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samashki_massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lollapalooza:
(informal) An outstanding, extreme, or outrageous example of its kind.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lollapalooza>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  My heart leaps up when I behold A rainbow in the sky: So was it
when my life began; So is it now I am a man; So be it when I shall grow
old, Or let me die!  
--William Wordsworth
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Wordsworth>

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[Daily article] April 6: Sonic X Published On

Sonic X is a Japanese anime television series created by TMS
Entertainment and based on Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog video game series.
Sonic X initially ran for 52 episodes, broadcast in Japan from April 6,
2003 to March 28, 2004; a further 26 were aired elsewhere from 2005 to
2006. The show's American localization was done by 4Kids Entertainment.
The plot follows a boy named Chris and a group of anthropomorphic
animals from another planet, including Sonic, Tails, Amy, and Cream, who
repeatedly scuffle with Dr. Eggman and his robots over the Chaos
Emeralds. The final story arc sees the friends return with Chris to
their world, where they meet a plant-like creature named Cosmo and fight
an army of robots called the Metarex in outer space. Sonic X received
mixed reviews; writers criticized its localization and some characters,
but were more generous toward its story and aesthetics. Merchandise
included an edutainment game for the Leapster, a trading card game, and
a comic book series. The phrase "gotta go fast", the title of the show's
North American theme song, has been a Sonic catchphrase for over a
decade.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_X>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1652:

Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck established the first permanent
European settlement in South Africa at what eventually became known as
Cape Town.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town>

1793:

French Revolution: The Committee of Public Safety was
established, and would become the de facto executive government during
the forthcoming Reign of Terror.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety>

1945:

Second World War: The Battle of Slater's Knoll on Bougainville
Island concluded with a decisive victory for the Australian Army's 7th
Brigade.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Slater%27s_Knoll>

1979:

The first of the 1979 Nepalese student protests broke out,
which forced the monarchy to concede to holding a referendum on the
possibility of a multiparty system in the country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_Nepalese_student_protests>

2006:

Lithuanian President Rolandas Paksas became the first European
head of state to be removed from office by impeachment.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lek:
(biology) An aggregation of male animals for the purposes of courtship
and display.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lek>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Speak kindly to the erring; Thou yet may'st lead them back,
With holy words and tones of love, From misery's thorny track. Forget
not thou hast often sinned. And sinful yet must be; Deal gently with the
erring one, As God hath dealt with thee.  
--Julia Abigail Fletcher Carney
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Julia_Abigail_Fletcher_Carney>

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[Daily article] April 5: Robert Burnell Published On

Robert Burnell (c. 1239 – 1292) was an English bishop who served as
Lord Chancellor of England from 1274 to 1292. A native of Shropshire, he
served as a minor royal official before entering into the service of
Prince Edward, the future King Edward I of England. When Edward went on
the Eighth Crusade in 1270, Burnell stayed in England to secure the
prince's interests. He served as regent after the death of King Henry
III of England while Edward was still on crusade. He was twice elected
Archbishop of Canterbury, but his personal life—which included a long-
term mistress who was rumoured to have borne him four sons—prevented
his confirmation by the papacy. In 1275 Burnell was elected Bishop of
Bath and Wells, after Edward had appointed him Lord Chancellor in 1274.
He was behind the efforts of the royal officials to enforce royal rights
during his term of office as chancellor, including the implementation of
the quo warranto procedures. He also helped with the legislative and
legal reforms of Edward's reign. During Burnell's tenure the
chancellor's office and records became fixed in London rather than
travelling with the king. He went abroad on diplomatic missions for
Edward, and for a time governed Gascony.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burnell>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1609:

Forces of the Japanese feudal domain of Satsuma captured the
castle on Ryukyu Island, beginning the process that turned the Ryukyu
Kingdom into a vassal state under Satsuma.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Ryukyu>

1722:

Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen became the first European to
land on Easter Island.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Island>

1847:

Britain's first civic public park, Birkenhead Park in
Birkenhead, Merseyside, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead_Park>

1942:

Second World War: Carrier-based aircraft of the Imperial
Japanese Navy conducted the Easter Sunday Raid on Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
and the British Eastern Fleet in an attempt to drive the Commonwealth
naval force from the Indian Ocean.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid>

1992:

Bosnian War: Unidentified gunmen killed two people while firing
upon a large crowd of anti-war protesters in Sarajevo, marking the start
of the four-year-long Siege of Sarajevo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

reptilianness:
The quality of the embodiment of reptile characteristics.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reptilianness>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Not from without us, only from within, Comes or can ever come
upon us light Whereby the soul keeps ever truth in sight.  
--Algernon Charles Swinburne
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Algernon_Charles_Swinburne>

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