[Daily article] June 30: Fantastic Novels Published On

Fantastic Novels was an American science fiction and fantasy pulp
magazine published by the Munsey Company of New York from 1940 to 1941,
and by Popular Publications from 1948 to 1951. It was launched as a
bimonthly companion magazine to Famous Fantastic Mysteries in response
to heavy demand for book-length reprints of stories from pulp magazines
such as Amazing Stories and Argosy. It ran science fiction and fantasy
classics from earlier decades, including novels by A. Merritt, George
Allan England, Victor Rousseau and others, and occasionally published
reprints of more recent work, such as Earth's Last Citadel by Henry
Kuttner and C. L. Moore. There were five issues in the magazine's first
incarnation and another twenty in the revived version from Popular
Publications, along with seventeen Canadian and two British reprints.
Mary Gnaedinger edited both series; her interest in reprinting Merritt's
work helped make him one of the better-known fantasy writers of the era.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_Novels>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1559:

During a jousting match, Gabriel Montgomery of the Garde
Écossaise mortally wounded King Henry II of France, piercing him in the
eye with his lance.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France>

1859:

French acrobat Charles Blondin crossed Niagara Gorge on a
tightrope, turning him into one of the world's most famous tightrope
walkers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Blondin>

1894:

London's Tower Bridge, a combined bascule and suspension bridge
over the River Thames, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridge>

1987:

The Royal Canadian Mint introduced the Canadian one-dollar
coin, commonly known as the Loonie.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loonie>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

miserabilist:
One who is unhappy, or extols being miserable as a virtue; a philosopher
of pessimism.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/miserabilist>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Evil grows and bears fruit, which is understandable, because it
has logic and probability on its side and also, of course, strength. The
resistance of tiny kernels of good, to which no one grants the power of
causing far-reaching consequences, is entirely mysterious, however. Such
seeming nothingness not only lasts but contains within itself enormous
energy which is revealed gradually.  
--Czesław Miłosz
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz>

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[Daily article] June 29: Robin Friday Published On

Robin Friday (1952–1990) was an English football forward who played
for Reading and Cardiff City during the mid-1970s. Born and raised in
Acton in west London, Friday joined Reading in 1974, quickly becoming a
key player and helping Reading win promotion to the Third Division
during the 1975–76 season. Friday won Reading's player of the year
award in both of his full seasons there as their leading goal scorer.
Many contemporaries would later assert that he was good enough to play
for England, but his habit of unsettling opponents through physical
intimidation contributed to a heavily tarnished disciplinary record, and
his personal life was one of heavy smoking, drinking, womanising and
drug abuse. His intensifying drug habit led Reading to sell him to
Cardiff in 1976. Following incidents on and off the field—including
kicking Mark Lawrenson in the face mid-game—Friday retired from
football in 1977. He died in Acton in 1990, aged 38, after suffering a
heart attack. Despite his short career, Friday remains prominent in the
memory of Reading and Cardiff supporters, as a player and a personality.
He has been voted Reading's best ever player three times.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Friday>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1149:

Second Crusade: An army led by Nur ad-Din Zangi destroyed the
forces of Antioch led by Prince Raymond.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Inab>

1444:

Albanians led by Skanderbeg scored a resounding victory in
their rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Torvioll>

1776:

Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga and Father Francisco Palóu
founded Mission San Francisco de Asís, the oldest surviving building in
San Francisco.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Francisco_de_As%C3%ADs>

1985:

The European Economic Community adopted the Flag of Europe, a
flag previously adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe>

1995:

The Shuttle–Mir Program began when Space Shuttle Atlantis
became the first space shuttle to dock with the Russian space station
Mir.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

enterolith:
A mineral concretion in the intestinal tract.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enterolith>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Confuse not love with the raptures of possession, which bring
the cruelest of sufferings. For, notwithstanding the general opinion,
love does not cause suffering: what causes it is the sense of ownership,
which is love's opposite.  
--Antoine de Saint Exupéry
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint_Exup%C3%A9ry>

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[Daily article] June 28: Edmontosaurus Published On

Edmontosaurus, a genus with the species E. regalis and E. annectens, was
one of the largest duck-billed dinosaurs, up to 12 metres (39 ft) long
and weighing around 4.0 metric tons (4.4 short tons). Widely distributed
across western North America, especially in the coasts and coastal
plains, it was a herbivore with small solid or fleshy crests that could
move on two legs or four, and is thought to have lived in groups. It was
named after Edmonton, Alberta; the first fossils were discovered in
Alberta's Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Abundant fossils have allowed
researchers to study its brain, feeding habits, pathologies, and even
injuries, including in one case from a tyrannosaur attack. Fossils of E.
regalis have been found in rocks that date from 73 million years ago,
while those of E. annectens (reconstruction pictured) are around
66 million years old, both in the Cretaceous Period. Edmontosaurus was
one of the last non-avian dinosaurs, living alongside Triceratops and
Tyrannosaurus shortly before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmontosaurus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1841:

Giselle, a ballet by French composer Adolphe Adam, was first
performed at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique in Paris.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giselle>

1880:

Police captured Australian bank robber and cultural icon Ned
Kelly after a gun battle in Glenrowan, Victoria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Kelly>

1922:

The Irish Civil War began with an assault by the Irish Free
State's National Army on the Four Courts building, which had been
occupied by the Anti-Treaty Irish Republican Army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Civil_War>

1989:

President of Serbia Slobodan Milošević gave a speech in which
he described the possibility of "armed battles" in the future of
Serbia's national development.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazimestan_speech>

2005:

War in Afghanistan: Three U.S. Navy SEALs and 16 American
Special Operations Forces soldiers were killed during a failed counter-
insurgent mission in Kunar Province, Afghanistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Red_Wings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

röck döts:
(informal, humorous) Heavy metal umlauts; umlauts over letters in the
name of a heavy metal band (as in "Motörhead", "Queensrÿche" and
"Mötley Crüe"), added gratuitously for mere stylistic effect.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/r%C3%B6ck_d%C3%B6ts>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A country cannot subsist well without liberty, nor liberty
without virtue.  
--Jean-Jacques Rousseau
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau>

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[Daily article] June 27: Effects of Hurricane Georges in Louisiana Published On

Hurricane Georges hit Louisiana in 1998, doing $30.1 million in damage
and causing three deaths. Attaining a peak intensity of 155 mph
(250 km/h) on September 20, the storm tracked through the Greater
Antilles and later entered the Gulf of Mexico. Half a million residents
in Louisiana evacuated from low-lying areas before the Category 2 storm
made landfall on the 28th in Mississippi. Many homes outside the levee
system were flooded by the storm surge, and 85 fishing camps on the
banks of Lake Pontchartrain were destroyed. An estimated 160,000
residences were left without power; beaches were severely eroded by the
slow-moving storm. Precipitation in Louisiana peaked at 2.98 inches
(75.69 mm) in Bogalusa, and wind gusts reached 82 mph (132 km/h). In
the wake of the hurricane, the Federal Emergency Management Agency
opened 67 shelters across the state, and covered insurance claims
totalling $14,150,532, including from Puerto Rico and Mississippi. The
Clinton administration appropriated $56 million in disaster relief to
regions in Louisiana for recovery from Tropical Storm Frances and
Hurricane Georges.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Georges_in_Louisiana>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

678:

Pope Agatho, later venerated as a saint in both the Roman
Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, began his reign as Pope.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Agatho>

1743:

War of the Austrian Succession: In the last time that a British
monarch personally led his troops into battle, George II and his forces
defeated the French in Dettingen, Bavaria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dettingen>

1899:

A. E. J. Collins scored 628 runs not out, the highest-ever
recorded score in cricket.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._J._Collins>

1905:

The crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin began a mutiny
against their oppressive officers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin>

1952:

The Congress of Guatemala passed Decree 900, redistributing
unused lands of sizes greater than 224 acres (0.9 km2) to local
peasants and having a major effect on the nation's land reform movement.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decree_900>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

philander:
To make love to women; to play the male flirt.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/philander>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I believe it is a sacred duty to encourage ourselves and others;
to hold the tongue from any unhappy word against God's world, because no
man has any right to complain of a universe which God made good, and
which thousands of men have striven to keep good. I believe we should so
act that we may draw nearer and more near the age when no man shall live
at his ease while another suffers. These are the articles of my faith,
and there is yet another on which all depends — to bear this faith
above every tempest which overfloods it, and to make it a principal in
disaster and through affliction. Optimism is the harmony between man's
spirit and of God pronouncing His works good.  
--Helen Keller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Helen_Keller>

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[Daily article] June 26: Stanley Savige Published On

Sir Stanley Savige (1890–1954) was an Australian Army soldier and
officer who served in the First and Second World Wars. He enlisted in
the First Australian Imperial Force in March 1915, and served in the
ranks during the Gallipoli Campaign, where he received a commission. He
earned the Military Cross for bravery in fighting on the Western Front.
In 1918 he joined Dunsterforce, and participated in the Caucasus
Campaign, during which he was instrumental in protecting thousands of
Assyrian refugees. After the war he wrote a book, Stalky's Forlorn Hope,
about his wartime experiences, and played a key role in the
establishment of Legacy Australia, a war widows and orphans benefit
fund. During the Second World War, he commanded the 17th Infantry
Brigade in the North African campaign, the Battle of Greece and the
Syria–Lebanon campaign. His outspoken criticism of professional
soldiers earned him their rancour. He returned to Australia after the
Battle of Greece, but later commanded the 3rd Division in New Guinea in
the Salamaua–Lae campaign. He rose to the rank of lieutenant general,
commanding the II Corps in the Bougainville campaign in the final stages
of the war.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Savige>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1295:

Przemysł II was crowned King of Poland, the first coronation
of a Polish ruler in 219 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II>

1886:

French chemist Henri Moissan reported he was able to
successfully isolate elemental fluorine (liquid fluorine pictured), for
which he later won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine>

1918:

World War I: The 26-day Battle of Belleau Wood near the Marne
River in France ended with American forces finally clearing that forest
of German troops.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Belleau_Wood>

1945:

At a conference in San Francisco, delegates from 50 nations
signed a charter establishing the United Nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations>

1959:

Ingemar Johansson became the only Swedish world champion of
heavyweight boxing by defeating American Floyd Patterson at Yankee
Stadium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingemar_Johansson>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

not dog:
A vegetarian imitation-sausage, or hot dog sandwich made with one.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/not_dog>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To live among friends is the primary essential of happiness.
 
--Lord Kelvin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin>

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[Daily article] June 25: Astatine Published On

Astatine is a very rare radioactive chemical element with the chemical
symbol At and atomic number 85. It occurs on Earth as the decay product
of various heavier elements. All its isotopes are short-lived, with
half-lives of 8.1 hours or less. Elemental astatine has never been
viewed because a mass large enough to be seen by the naked eye would be
immediately vaporized by its radioactive heating. The bulk properties of
astatine are not known with any certainty, but they have been predicted
based on its similarity to the other halogens, the lighter elements
directly above it in the periodic table: fluorine, chlorine, bromine and
especially iodine. It is likely to have a dark or lustrous appearance
and may be a semiconductor or possibly a metal; it will probably have a
higher melting point than iodine. Chemically, several anionic species of
astatine are known and most of its compounds resemble those of iodine.
It also shows some metallic behavior, including the ability to form a
stable monatomic cation in aqueous solution (unlike the lighter
halogens).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astatine>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1658:

Anglo-Spanish War: English colonial forces repelled a Spanish
attack in the largest battle ever fought on Jamaica.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_Nuevo>

1910:

The Firebird, the first major work by Russian composer Igor
Stravinsky, made its premiere in Paris.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Firebird>

1950:

The Korean War began with North Korean forces launching a pre-
dawn raid over the 38th parallel into South Korea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War>

1975:

Citing threats to national security, Indian Prime Minister
Indira Gandhi unilaterally had a state of emergency declared across the
nation that lasted nearly two years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emergency_(India)>

2013:

Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani became the eighth Emir of Qatar,
currently the world's youngest reigning monarch.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamim_bin_Hamad_Al_Thani>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

flense:
To strip the blubber or skin from, as from a whale, seal, etc.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flense>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I applied my reason at every moment. Reason is excellent for
getting food, clothing and shelter. Reason is the very best tool kit.
Nothing beats reason for keeping tigers away. But be excessively
reasonable and you risk throwing out the universe with the bathwater.
 
--Yann Martel
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yann_Martel>

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[Daily article] June 24: L'Arianna Published On

L'Arianna (Ariadne) was the second opera by Claudio Monteverdi, composed
in 1607–08; all the music is lost apart from the extended recitative
known as "Lamento d'Arianna", or "Ariadne's Lament" (pictured). One of
the earliest operas, it was first performed on 28 May 1608, as part of
the musical festivities for a royal wedding at the court of Duke
Vincenzo Gonzaga in Mantua. The libretto was written in eight scenes by
Ottavio Rinuccini, who used Ovid's Heroides and other classical sources
to relate the story of Ariadne's abandonment by Theseus on the island of
Naxos and her subsequent elevation as bride to the god Bacchus.The
composer later said that the effort of creating the opera almost killed
him. The first performance, produced with lavish and innovative special
effects, was highly praised, and the work was equally well received in
Venice when it was revived under the composer's direction in 1640 as the
inaugural work for the Teatro San Moisè. Expressive laments became an
integral feature of Italian opera for much of the 17th century. In
recent years the "Lamento" has become popular as a concert and recital
piece and has been frequently recorded.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Arianna>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1340:

Hundred Years' War: The English fleet commanded by Edward III
almost totally destroyed the French fleet at the Battle of Sluys.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys>

1622:

Dutch–Portuguese War: An outnumbered Portuguese force
repelled a Dutch attack in the Battle of Macau, the only major military
engagement that was fought between two European powers on the Chinese
mainland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Macau>

1812:

Napoleonic Wars: The French Grande Armée under Napoleon
crossed the Neman River, marking the start of their invasion of Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia>

1981:

The Humber Bridge opened, connecting the East Riding of
Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire in England, at the time the longest
single-span suspension bridge.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Bridge>

2010:

Julia Gillard assumed office as the first female Prime Minister
of Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dead tree edition:
(idiomatic, pejorative, humorous) Paper version of a publication that
can be found online.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dead_tree_edition>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Any law that takes hold of a man's daily life cannot prevail
in a community, unless the vast majority of the community are actively
in favor of it. The laws that are the most operative are the laws which
protect life.  
--Henry Ward Beecher
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher>

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[Daily article] June 23: Great Stink Published On

In London's Great Stink of 1858, the smell from untreated human waste
and industrial effluent being pumped onto the banks of the River Thames
was exacerbated by the low levels of the river in the hot summer
weather. The cause was the inadequate and archaic sewerage system, which
poured waste into the river. Victorian doctors still believed in the
miasma theory, that smell transmitted contagious diseases, rather than
microorganisms; three outbreaks of cholera prior to the Great Stink were
blamed on the ongoing problems with the river. Local and national
administrators who had been looking at possible solutions accepted a
proposal from the civil engineer Joseph Bazalgette (pictured) to move
the effluent eastwards along a series of interconnecting sewers that
sloped towards outfalls beyond the metropolitan area. Pumping stations
were built to lift the sewage from lower levels into higher pipes, and
two of the more ornate buildings, Abbey Mills in Stratford and Crossness
on the Erith Marshes, are listed for protection by English Heritage.
Bazalgette's plan introduced three embankments to London in which the
sewers ran—the Victoria, Chelsea and Albert Embankments. The work
ensured that sewage was no longer dumped onto the shores of the Thames
and brought an end to the cholera outbreaks. Although Bazalgette planned
for the sewers to support a city of 4.5 million, the system still
operates into the 21st century, servicing a city that has grown to over
8 million.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Stink>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1280:

Reconquista: Troops of the Emirate of Granada defeated those of
the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of León in the Battle of
Moclín.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mocl%C3%ADn_(1280)>

1858:

Edgardo Mortara, a six-year-old Jewish boy, was seized by papal
authorities and taken to be raised as a Roman Catholic, sparking an
international controversy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo_Mortara>

1894:

Led by French historian Pierre de Coubertin, an international
congress at the Sorbonne in Paris founded the International Olympic
Committee to reinstate the ancient Olympic Games.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin>

1972:

Title IX of the United States Civil Rights Act of 1964 was
amended to prohibit gender discrimination in any educational program
receiving federal funds, which allowed for huge growth in women's sports
for student athletes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_IX>

1985:

A bomb attributed to the Sikh separatist group Babbar Khalsa
destroyed Air India Flight 182 above the Atlantic Ocean, killing all 329
on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India_Flight_182>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unbeknownst:
(followed by to) Without the knowledge of.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unbeknownst>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We have to act now … and not one of us can do it without the
other. Maybe I am a monster … I don't think I would know if I were
one. I'm not what you are, and not what you intended. So there may be no
way to make you trust me. … But we need to go.  
--Avengers: Age of Ultron
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Avengers:_Age_of_Ultron>

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[Daily article] June 22: M-theory Published On

In physics, M-theory is a unification of what were originally thought to
be five distinct versions of superstring theory. The possibility of such
a theory was first conjectured by Edward Witten (pictured) at a string
theory conference at the University of Southern California in 1995,
initiating a flurry of research activity known as the second superstring
revolution. Work by several physicists showed that the original five
theories could be related by transformations called S-duality and
T-duality. Witten's conjecture drew on these dualities and on a field
theory called eleven-dimensional supergravity. Some physicists believe
that a complete formulation of M-theory could provide a framework for
developing a unified theory of all the fundamental forces of nature.
Current directions of research in the theory include matrix theory and
gauge/gravity duality. According to Witten, the M in M-theory can stand
for "magic", "mystery", or "membrane" according to taste, and the true
meaning of the title should be decided when a more fundamental
formulation of the theory is known.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1633:

Galileo Galilei was forced to recant his heliocentric view of
the Solar System by the Roman Inquisition, after which, as legend has
it, he muttered under his breath, "And yet it moves".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_affair>

1813:

War of 1812: After learning of American plans for a forthcoming
surprise attack, Laura Secord set out on a 30 km (19 mi) journey from
Queenston, Ontario, Upper Canada, on foot to warn Lieutenant James
FitzGibbon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Secord>

1911:

George V and Mary of Teck were crowned King and Queen of the
United Kingdom at Westminster Abbey in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck>

1969:

The surface of the Cuyahoga River in Ohio, US, caught on fire,
helping to spur the environmental movement.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_River>

2002:

An earthquake measuring 6.5 Mw struck a region of northwestern
Iran, killing at least 261 people and injuring 1,300 others, and
eventually causing widespread public anger due to the slow official
response.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bou%27in-Zahra_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

avocation:
1. A hobby or recreational or leisure pursuit.
2. Pursuits; duties; affairs which occupy one's time; usual employment;
vocation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/avocation>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The entire cosmos is made out of one and the same world-stuff,
operated by the same energy as we ourselves. "Mind" and "matter" appears
as two aspects of our unitary mind-bodies. There is no separate
supernatural realm: all phenomena are part of one natural process of
evolution. There is no basic cleavage between science and religion; they
are both organs of evolving humanity.  
--Julian Huxley
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Julian_Huxley>

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[Daily article] June 21: HMS Nairana (1917) Published On

HMS Nairana was a passenger ferry that was requisitioned by the Royal
Navy as a seaplane carrier in 1917. She was laid down in 1914 as TSS
Nairana for the Australian shipping line Huddart Parker, but
construction was temporarily suspended after the outbreak of the First
World War. The ship was converted to operate wheeled aircraft from her
forward flying-off deck as well as floatplanes that were lowered into
the water. She saw service during the war with the Grand Fleet, and in
1918–19 supported the British intervention in the Russian Civil War.
Nairana was returned to her former owners in 1921 and refitted in her
original planned configuration, then spent the next several decades
ferrying passengers and cargo across Bass Strait between Tasmania and
Melbourne, where she was nearly capsized twice by rogue waves. Nairana
was the only Bass Strait ferry not requisitioned for military service in
the Second World War, and so became the sole passenger ship with service
to Tasmania during the conflict. She was laid up in 1948, wrecked in a
storm three years later, and scrapped onsite in 1953–54.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Nairana_(1917)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

217 BC:

Second Punic War: The Carthaginians under Hannibal executed
one of the largest military ambushes in history when they overwhelmingly
defeated the Romans.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene>

1826:

Greek War of Independence: A combined Egyptian and Ottoman army
began their invasion of the Mani Peninsula, but they were initially held
off by the Maniots at the fortifications of Vergas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Egyptian_invasion_of_Mani>

1898:

In a bloodless event during the Spanish–American War, the
United States captured Guam from Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capture_of_Guam>

1919:

Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttled the German High Seas Fleet
in Scapa Flow to prevent the ships from being seized and divided amongst
the Allied Powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuttling_of_the_German_fleet_in_Scapa_Flow>

1948:

The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, the world's
first stored-program computer, ran its first computer program.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Small-Scale_Experimental_Machine>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

angst:
1. A feeling of acute but vague anxiety or apprehension often accompanied
by depression, especially philosophical anxiety.
2. More commonly, painful sadness or emotional turmoil, as teen angst.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/angst>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  One of the fundamental points about religious humility is you
say you don't know about the ultimate judgment. It's beyond your
judgment. And if you equate God's judgment with your judgment, you have
a wrong religion.  
--Reinhold Niebuhr
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr>

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[Daily article] June 20: God of War: Betrayal Published On

God of War: Betrayal is a two-dimensional side-scrolling action-
adventure mobile game released for the Java Platform, Micro Edition in
2007. Loosely based on Greek mythology, it is the third installment in
the God of War series, and the fifth chronologically. The player
controls Kratos, who became the new God of War after killing the former,
Ares. Kratos is framed for the murder of Argos and pursues the true
assassin across Greece, resulting in a confrontation with Olympian
messenger Ceryx. The gameplay relies on simplified combo-based combat
and features quick time events, puzzles and platforming elements.
Developed by Javaground and Sony Online Entertainment's Los Angeles
division and published by Sony Pictures Digital, it was praised for
maintaining the high standards of the series in its gameplay, art style,
and graphics, and received awards for "Wireless Game of the Month" (June
2007) and "Best Platform Game" (wireless) of 2007 from IGN.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_of_War:_Betrayal>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

451:

Flavius Aetius, with the help of Roman foederati, defeated
Attila in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, and halted the invasion
of Gaul by the Huns and their allies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Catalaunian_Plains>

1789:

French Revolution: Meeting in a tennis court near the Palace of
Versailles, members of France's Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath,
pledging not to separate until a new constitution was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath>

1819:

Arriving in Liverpool, the SS Savannah became the first
steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Savannah>

1943:

Rioting between blacks and whites began on Belle Isle, Detroit,
Michigan, and continued for three days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1943>

1960:

The Mali Federation gained independence from France, but lasted
only two months before dividing into Senegal and Mali.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_Federation>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

demagogue:
(pejorative) An orator or leader who gains favor by pandering to or
exciting the passions and prejudices of the audience.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/demagogue>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I may not always love you But long as there are stars above you
You never need to doubt it I'll make you so sure about it God only knows
what I'd be without you…  
--Brian Wilson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Brian_Wilson>

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[Daily article] June 19: 2005 United States Grand Prix Published On

The 2005 United States Grand Prix was the ninth race and only American
race of the 2005 Formula One season. Held at the Indianapolis Motor
Speedway, it was won by Ferrari's Michael Schumacher (pictured). In the
days before the race, several Michelin tyres suffered failures on the
speedway's resurfaced track. Michelin advised its seven customer teams
(representing 14 cars in the race) that without a reduction in speed in
the last turn of the speedway, the tyres provided for the race would
only be safe for 10 laps—but Formula One rules in 2005 prohibited tyre
changes during the race. Unable to come to a compromise with the sport's
governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile, the
Michelin teams decided not to participate. They completed the parade lap
to avoid sanctions, but retired to the pits before the race started;
only the six cars from teams using Bridgestone tyres (Ferrari, Jordan
and Minardi) competed. The race generated negative publicity for the
sport, especially in the US, a market in which Formula One had struggled
to establish itself over the preceding 20 years.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_States_Grand_Prix>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1269:

Louis IX of France imposed a fine of ten livres of silver on
Jews found in public without a yellow badge.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_badge>

1816:

The Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, rival fur-
trading companies, engaged in a violent confrontation in present-day
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks>

1944:

World War II: The navies of the United States and Imperial
Japan engaged each other off the Mariana Islands in the Philippine Sea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea>

1987:

Basque separatist group ETA detonated a car bomb at the
Hipercor shopping centre in Barcelona, killing 21 people and injuring 45
others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Hipercor_bombing>

2010:

The royal wedding between Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden,
and Daniel Westling (both pictured) took place in Stockholm Cathedral.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Victoria,_Crown_Princess_of_Sweden,_and_Daniel_Westling>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

salad dodger:
(informal) An overweight person.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/salad_dodger>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is a strong argument for democracy that governments regulated
by principles of accountability, respect for public opinion and the
supremacy of just laws are more likely than an all-powerful ruler or
ruling class, uninhibited by the need to honour the will of the people,
to observe the traditional duties of Buddhist kingship. Traditional
values serve both to justify and to decipher popular expectations of
democratic government.  
--Aung San Suu Kyi
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi>

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[Daily article] June 18: Blue's Clues Published On

Blue's Clues is an American children's television series that premiered
on Nickelodeon in 1996. Hosted first by Steve Burns (pictured) and then
by Donovan Patton, and produced by Angela Santomero, Todd Kessler and
Traci Paige Johnson, the show follows an animated blue-spotted dog named
Blue as she plays a game with the host and viewers, inviting their
involvement. A product of extensive research in child development and
early-childhood education, Blue's Clues was the first cutout animation
series for preschoolers, and resembles a storybook in its use of primary
colors and its simple construction paper shapes of familiar objects with
varied colors and textures. It became the highest-rated show for
preschoolers on American commercial television, and has been syndicated
in 120 countries and translated into 15 languages. Regional versions of
the show, featuring local hosts, have been produced in other countries.
A live production of Blue's Clues toured the U.S. starting in 1999, and
a spin-off called Blue's Room appeared on Nickelodeon in 2004.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%27s_Clues>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

618:

Li Yuan became Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries
of the Tang dynasty in China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty>

1815:

War of the Seventh Coalition: Napoleon Bonaparte fought and
lost his final battle, the Battle of Waterloo in present-day Belgium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo>

1858:

Charles Darwin received a manuscript by fellow naturalist
Alfred Russel Wallace on natural selection, which prompted Darwin to
publish his theory of evolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publication_of_Darwin%27s_theory>

1972:

British European Airways Flight 548 crashed near the town of
Staines less than three minutes after departing from London Heathrow
Airport, killing all 118 people aboard, at the time the worst air
disaster in the UK.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_European_Airways_Flight_548>

1982:

The body of Italian banker Roberto Calvi, known as "God's
Banker" due to his close association with the Vatican, was found hanging
from scaffolding beneath London's Blackfriars Bridge.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Calvi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chiaroscuro:
An artistic technique developed during the Renaissance, referring to the
use of exaggerated light contrasts in order to create the illusion of
volume.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chiaroscuro>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  "Kindness" covers all of my political beliefs. No need to
spell them out. I believe that if, at the end, according to our
abilities, we have done something to make others a little happier, and
something to make ourselves a little happier, that is about the best we
can do. To make others less happy is a crime. To make ourselves unhappy
is where all crime starts. We must try to contribute joy to the world.
That is true no matter what our problems, our health, our circumstances.
We must try. I didn't always know this and am happy I lived long enough
to find it out.  
--Roger Ebert
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert>

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[Daily article] June 17: AMX-30E Published On

The AMX-30E was a Spanish battle tank based on the French AMX-30.
Although the Spanish government originally sought to procure the German
Leopard 1, the lower-cost AMX-30, which could be manufactured in Spain,
was ultimately awarded the contract. The first 19 tanks were acquired
from France in 1970, while another 180 were assembled in Spain by Santa
Bárbara Sistemas for the Spanish Army between 1974 and 1983. The tank
was to supplement Spain's fleet of American M47 and M48 Patton tanks,
reducing the army's reliance on American equipment. It was Spain's first
mass-produced tank, leading to the development of the Lince tank project
in 1985 and the Leopard 2E in late 2003. In the late 1980s, 150 of the
AMX-30E tanks were modernized to improve the vehicle's automotive
characteristics; another 149 received only upgraded transmissions. Part
of the fleet was replaced in the late 1990s by the German Leopard 2A4,
and the rest by Centauro wheeled anti-tank vehicles in the early 21st
century.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMX-30E>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1462:

Forces led by Vlad III Dracula of Wallachia attacked an Ottoman
camp at night in an attempt to assassinate Mehmed II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Attack>

1775:

American Revolutionary War: British forces took Bunker Hill
outside of Boston, Massachusetts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill>

1900:

Boxer Rebellion: Allied naval forces captured the Taku Forts
after a brief but bloody battle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dagu_Forts_(1900)>

1985:

On board Space Shuttle Discovery, Sultan bin Salman Al Saud
became the first Arab, the first Muslim, and the first astronaut of
royal blood to fly in outer space.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan_bin_Salman_Al_Saud>

1991:

The Parliament of South Africa repealed the Population
Registration Act, which required that each inhabitant of South Africa be
classified and registered by race as part of the system of apartheid.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_Registration_Act,_1950>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

postilion:
A rider mounted on the near, leading horse pulling a carriage who guides
the team.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/postilion>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Coercion never produces harmony. How harmonious are people who
are being forced to act against their will? Most likely, those who are
coerced will resent those who benefit from the coercion. This sets group
against group; it doesn't bring them together.  
--Harry Browne
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harry_Browne>

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[Daily article] June 16: Augustinian theodicy Published On

The Augustinian theodicy, like other theodicies, is an argument
reconciling an omnipotent, benevolent God with the presence of evil.
Named after the early Christian theologian and philosopher Augustine of
Hippo (pictured in a 16th-century painting), the argument asserts that
evil exists not in itself but as a corruption of goodness, requiring the
abuse of free will. The 20th-century philosopher John Hick classified
similar theodicies by Thomas Aquinas, John Calvin, and others as
Augustinian for their shared beliefs that God is perfect and guiltless,
that he created the world out of nothing, and that evil is a punishment
for original sin. Augustine's argument was criticised by his
contemporary Fortunatus, a Manichaean, who contended that God must be
implicated in evil, and by 18th-century theologian Francesco Antonio
Zaccaria, who said the argument neglected human suffering. Hick regarded
evil as something necessary for moral development, and process
theologians have argued that God is not responsible for evil because he
is not omnipotent. Scientific consensus regarding the beginning of the
world and the development of life runs contrary to some aspects of the
Augustinian theodicy.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1487:

Lancastrian forces defeated Yorkist supporters at the Battle of
Stoke Field in East Stoke, Nottinghamshire, England, the final battle of
the Wars of the Roses.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field>

1815:

Napoleonic Wars: French Marshal Michel Ney earned a strategic
victory against the Anglo-Dutch army in the Battle of Quatre Bras.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras>

1883:

Over 180 out of 1,100 children died in the Victoria Hall
disaster in Sunderland, England, when they stampeded down the stairs to
collect gifts from the entertainers after the end of a variety show.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Hall_disaster>

1904:

Irish author James Joyce began his relationship with Nora
Barnacle, and subsequently used the date to set the actions for his 1922
novel Ulysses.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce>

1961:

Pioneering Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev defected from
the Soviet Union at Paris–Le Bourget Airport with the help of French
police and a Parisian socialite friend.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Nureyev>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

abeyance:
1. (law) Expectancy; condition of being undetermined; undetermined
ownership.
2. Suspension; temporary suppression.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abeyance>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  As we, or mother Dana, weave and unweave our bodies, Stephen
said, from day to day, their molecules shuttled to and fro, so does the
artist weave and unweave his image.  
--Ulysses
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ulysses>

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June 15: Panama–Pacific commemorative coins Published On

The five Panama–Pacific commemorative coins ($50 piece pictured) were
produced in connection with the 1915 Panama–Pacific International
Exposition in San Francisco. Struck at that city's mint, the issue
included round and octagonal $50 pieces. Excepting modern bullion coins,
these two gold pieces are the highest denomination ever issued and the
largest coins ever struck by the United States Mint. The octagonal $50
piece is the only non-round U.S. coin ever issued. In January 1915,
Congress passed legislation for a silver half dollar, as well as a gold
dollar, a quarter eagle ($2.50 piece), and the two $50 pieces. The Mint
had already consulted artists, but Treasury Secretary William G. McAdoo
initially rejected all their designs. Two of them persevered, Robert I.
Aitken for the $50 pieces and Charles Keck for the gold dollar, and
their submissions were used. The half dollar and quarter eagle were
designed by Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber, possibly with the
participation of his longtime assistant, George T. Morgan. The coins did
not sell well, and many of each denomination were returned for melting.
Only a few hundred of each of the $50 pieces were distributed, making
them the lowest-mintage commemorative coins. They catalog for up to
$200,000, depending on condition.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_commemorative_coins>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

763 BC:

The Eclipse of Bur-Sagale was observed in Assyria, the
earliest solar eclipse mentioned in historical sources that has been
successfully identified.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_eclipse>

1815:

The Duchess of Richmond held a ball in Brussels, Belgium, that
was described as "the most famous ball in history".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchess_of_Richmond%27s_ball>

1859:

The shooting of a pig in the San Juan Islands led to the so-
called Pig War over the border between the United States and British
North America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_War>

1978:

King Hussein of Jordan married American Lisa Halaby, who became
known as Queen Noor of Jordan (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Noor_of_Jordan>

1991:

The eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines deposited
large amounts of particulate into the atmosphere, enough to lower global
temperatures by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

encapsulate:
1. To cover something as if in a capsule.
2. To epitomize something by expressing it as a brief summary.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/encapsulate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is our will, and we firmly enjoin, that the English Church be
free, and that the men in our kingdom have and hold all the aforesaid
liberties, rights, and concessions, well and peaceably, freely and
quietly, fully and wholly, for themselves and their heirs, of us and our
heirs, in all respects and in all places for ever, as is aforesaid. An
oath, moreover, has been taken, as well on our part as on the part of
the barons, that all these conditions aforesaid shall be kept in good
faith and without evil intent. Given under our hand — the abovenamed
and many others being witnesses — in the meadow which is called
Runnymede, between Windsor and Staines, on the fifteenth day of June, in
the seventeenth year of our reign.  
--Magna Carta
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Magna_Carta>

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[Daily article] June 14: Money in the Bank (2011) Published On

The 2011 Money in the Bank event was the seventh of thirteen
professional wrestling pay-per-view events held by WWE that year, and
the second installment in the annual Money in the Bank series. It took
place on July 17 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois, and
featured six matches, including two Money in the Bank ladder matches.
Alberto Del Rio won the match for wrestlers from the Raw brand to earn a
WWE Championship match at a time of his choosing within the next year,
while Daniel Bryan won the match for wrestlers from the SmackDown brand
for the same opportunity for the World Heavyweight Championship. In the
World Heavyweight Championship match also held at the event, Christian
defeated Randy Orton by disqualification and became the new champion
according to the match rules. The main event featured John Cena
defending his WWE Championship against CM Punk (pictured), who won and
became the new champion. Money in the Bank was broadcast globally to
195,000 pay-per-view customers (compared to 165,000 for the previous
year), and received positive reviews, with the main event receiving the
most praise.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_in_the_Bank_(2011)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1645:

English Civil War: In the Battle of Naseby, the main army of
King Charles I was defeated by the Parliamentarian New Model Army under
Sir Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naseby>

1775:

The United States Army was founded as the Continental Army by
an act of the Continental Congress.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army>

1822:

In a paper presented to the Royal Astronomical Society, English
mathematician Charles Babbage proposed a difference engine, an
automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial
functions.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine>

1940:

The Soviet Union issued an ultimatum to Lithuania, demanding
that the Red Army be allowed to enter the country and form a new pro-
Soviet government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Soviet_ultimatum_to_Lithuania>

1985:

The Schengen Agreement, a treaty to abolish systematic border
controls between participating European countries, was signed between
five of the ten member states of the European Economic Community.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schengen_Agreement>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vexillology:
The study of flags.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vexillology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What makes saintliness in my view, as distinguished from
ordinary goodness, is a certain quality of magnanimity and greatness of
soul that brings life within the circle of the heroic.  
--Harriet Beecher Stowe
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe>

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[Daily article] June 13: Drowning Girl Published On

Drowning Girl is a 1963 pop art painting with oil and synthetic polymer
paint on canvas by Roy Lichtenstein (pictured). Utilizing the
conventions of comic book art, a thought bubble conveys the thoughts of
the figure, while Ben-Day dots echo the effect of the mechanized
printing process. Part of the Museum of Modern Art's permanent
collection since 1971, the painting is considered among Lichtenstein's
most significant works, perhaps on a par with Whaam!, his acclaimed 1963
diptych. Drowning Girl has been described as a "masterpiece of
melodrama", and is one of the artist's earliest images depicting women
in tragic situations, a theme to which he often returned in the mid-
1960s. The painting shows a teary-eyed woman on a turbulent sea,
declaring that she would rather sink in the ocean than call Brad.
(Several Lichtenstein works contain text referring to an absent "Brad".)
The narrative element highlights the clichéd melodrama, while its
graphics reiterate Lichtenstein's theme of painterly work depicting
mechanized reproduction. The work is derived from a 1962 DC Comics
panel, while also borrowing from Hokusai's The Great Wave off Kanagawa
and from works by modernist artists Jean Arp and Joan Miró.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowning_Girl>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

313:

The Edict of Milan, an agreement between Constantine the Great
and Licinius to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire,
was posted in Nicomedia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan>

1886:

King Ludwig II of Bavaria was found dead in Lake Starnberg near
Munich under mysterious circumstances.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria>

1952:

Soviet warplanes shot down a Swedish military Douglas DC-3A-360
Skytrain carrying out signals intelligence gathering operations, which
was followed by the shootdown of a Catalina flying boat searching for
the Skytrain three days later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalina_affair>

1971:

The New York Times began to publish the Pentagon Papers, a
7,000-page top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the
nation's political and military involvement in the Vietnam War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentagon_Papers>

2010:

The Japanese Hayabusa (model pictured) space mission became the
first to return samples of an asteroid (25143 Itokawa) to Earth for
analysis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayabusa>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

soundly:
In a thorough manner; in manner free of defect or deficiency.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/soundly>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Trouble shared is trouble halved.  
--Dorothy L. Sayers
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dorothy_L._Sayers>

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[Daily article] June 12: Ian Craig Published On

Ian Craig (1935–2014) was a cricketer who represented Australia in 11
Tests between 1953 and 1958. A teenage prodigy, he made his first-class
debut for New South Wales in 1952 at the age of 16, and soon earned
comparisons to the great batsman Don Bradman, but was never as
successful in his later career. Craig was, and remains, the youngest
Australian cricketer to score a first-class double century (against the
touring South Africa national cricket team), to represent his country in
a Test match, and to tour England (in the 1953 Ashes tour). For the
1957–58 tour of South Africa, Craig was appointed as Australian
captain, the youngest man ever to hold the position, and led the team to
an unexpected 3–0 victory despite his poor personal batting form. He
missed the 1958–59 season with hepatitis, and could not regain his
Test place when he returned the following season. Work commitments
forced him to retire from first-class cricket at 26. In later life,
Craig was the managing director of the Australian subsidiary of the
British pharmaceutical firm Boots, but continued his involvement with
cricket as a board member of the New South Wales Cricket Association,
trustee of the Sydney Cricket Ground Trust, and chairman of the Bradman
Museum.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Craig>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1381:

The first mass protest in the Peasants' Revolt began in
Blackheath, England, caused by political and socioeconomic tensions due
to the Black Death and high taxes as a result of the Hundred Years' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt>

1899:

The New Richmond tornado killed 117 people and injured 125
others in the northern Great Plains of the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1899_New_Richmond_tornado>

1942:

On her thirteenth birthday, Anne Frank began keeping her diary
during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diary_of_a_Young_Girl>

1987:

Cold War: During a speech at Berlin's Brandenburg Gate by the
Berlin Wall, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenged Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall!"
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tear_down_this_wall!>

2001:

Robert Edward Dyer was sentenced to 16 years' imprisonment for
conducting a six-month long letter bomb campaign against the British
supermarket chain Tesco.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco_bomb_campaign>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

make shift:
(dated) To contrive; to invent a way of surmounting a difficulty.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/make_shift>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A true friend is someone who is there for you when he'd rather
be anywhere else.  
--Len Wein
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Len_Wein>

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[Daily article] June 11: Underground Electric Railways Company of London Published On

The Underground Electric Railways Company of London (route map
pictured), known operationally as The Underground for much of its
existence, was established in 1902. It was the holding company for three
deep-level tubes (underground railway lines) opened in London during
1906 and 1907: the Bakerloo, Hampstead and Piccadilly tubes. It was also
the parent company of the District Railway and a precursor of today's
London Underground. The company struggled financially in its first years
and narrowly avoided bankruptcy in 1908. Acquisitions before World War I
gave the company control of most of the underground railways in London
and large bus and tram fleets, the profits from which subsidised the
financially weaker railways. After the war, new railway lines were
extended outward from London to stimulate passenger numbers. In the
1920s, competition from small unregulated bus operators reduced the
profitability of the road transport operations. The company's directors
sought government regulation, leading to the establishment of the London
Passenger Transport Board in 1933, which absorbed the company and all of
the other bus, tram and underground railway services in the London
Passenger Transport Area.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Electric_Railways_Company_of_London>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1594:

In the Philippines, Philip II of Spain recognized the right to
govern of the Principalía, the local nobles and chieftains who had
converted to Roman Catholicism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa>

1776:

The Second Continental Congress appointed Thomas Jefferson,
John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston
to the Committee of Five to draft a declaration of independence for
Britain's Thirteen Colonies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_of_Five>

1917:

Alexander was crowned King of Greece, succeeding his father
Constantine, who had abdicated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_of_Greece>

1955:

More than 80 people were killed after cars driven by Pierre
Levegh and Lance Macklin collided during the 23rd running of the 24
Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955_Le_Mans_disaster>

2008:

Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper apologised to the First
Nations for past governments' policies of forced assimilation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

piece together:
1. To physically assemble (or reassemble) from fragments or pieces.
2. (figuratively) To reconstruct an event or goal from incomplete or flawed
elements.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/piece_together>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  True happiness Consists not in the multitude of friends, But in
the worth and choice.  
--Ben Jonson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson>

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[Daily article] June 10: Battle of Labuan Published On

The Battle of Labuan was fought between Allied and Japanese forces in
June 1945 during World War II on the island of Labuan, in preparation
for the Australian invasion of North Borneo. Following weeks of air
attacks and a short naval bombardment, the 24th Brigade landed on Labuan
on 10 June and quickly captured the island's harbour and main airfield.
The greatly outnumbered Japanese garrison was concentrated in a
fortified position, and offered little resistance to the landing. The
initial attempts to penetrate the Japanese position were not successful,
and the area was subjected to a heavy bombardment. A Japanese raiding
force attacked Allied positions on 21 June, but was defeated. Later that
day, Australian forces overwhelmed the Japanese position, and by mid-
July, Australian patrols had killed or captured the remaining Japanese
troops on the island. A total of 389 Japanese personnel were killed on
Labuan and 11 were captured; Australian casualties included 34 killed.
After securing the island, the Allies developed Labuan into a
significant base and provided assistance to thousands of civilians who
had been rendered homeless by the pre-invasion bombardment. Following
the war, a major Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery was
established on Labuan.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1829:

In rowing, Oxford defeated Cambridge in the first Boat Race
(2002 race pictured) held on the Thames in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_Race>

1865:

Richard Wagner's revolutionary Tristan und Isolde received its
premiere in Munich.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde>

1925:

The United Church of Canada, the country's largest Protestant
church, held its inaugural service in Toronto's Mutual Street Arena.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada>

1957:

Led by John Diefenbaker, the Progressive Conservative Party won
a plurality of the seats in the Canadian House of Commons in the federal
election, bringing an end to 22 years of Liberal Party rule.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_federal_election,_1957>

2008:

War in Afghanistan: An airstrike by the United States resulted
in the deaths of eleven paramilitary troops of the Pakistan Army
Frontier Corps and eight Taliban fighters in Pakistan's tribal areas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gora_Prai_airstrike>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

white whale:
1. A cetacean, Delphinapterus leucas.
2. (figuratively) An obsession; monomania.
3. (trading cards) A printing plate, for a sports card, that is then issued
as a collectible itself.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/white_whale>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Writers are greatly respected. The intelligent public is
wonderfully patient with them, continues to read them, and endures
disappointment after disappointment, waiting to hear from art what it
does not hear from theology, philosophy, social theory, and what it
cannot hear from pure science. Out of the struggle at the center has
come an immense, painful longing for a broader, more flexible, fuller,
more coherent, more comprehensive account of what we human beings are,
who we are, and what this life is for.  
--Saul Bellow
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Saul_Bellow>

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[Daily article] June 9: Carl Nielsen Published On

Carl Nielsen (1865–1931) was a Danish musician, conductor and
violinist, widely recognized as his country's greatest composer. Brought
up by poor, musically talented parents, he attended the Royal
Conservatory in Copenhagen from 1884 through 1886, and premiered his Op
1, Suite for Strings at the age of 23. The following year, he began a
16-year stint as a second violinist in the Royal Danish Orchestra under
the conductor Johan Svendsen, and later taught at the Royal Danish
Academy of Music from 1916 until his death. While his symphonies,
concertos and choral music are now internationally acclaimed, Nielsen's
career and personal life were marked by many difficulties, often
reflected in his music. The works he composed between 1897 and 1904 are
sometimes ascribed to his "psychological" period, resulting mainly from
a turbulent marriage with the sculptor Anne Marie Brodersen. Nielsen is
especially noted for his six symphonies, his Wind Quintet and his
concertos for violin, flute and clarinet. For many years, he appeared on
the Danish hundred-kroner banknote. The Carl Nielsen Museum in Odense
documents his life and that of his wife. Many performances of his works
are scheduled in 2015, the 150th anniversary of his birth.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Nielsen>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

411 BC:

Wealthy Athenians overthrew the democratic government of
ancient Athens and replaced it with a short-lived oligarchy known as
"The Four Hundred".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_coup_of_411_BC>

1772:

In an act of defiance against the Navigation Acts, American
patriots led by Abraham Whipple attacked and burned the British schooner
Gaspee.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspee_Affair>

1862:

American Civil War: Confederate General Stonewall Jackson
concluded his successful Shenandoah Valley Campaign with a victory in
the Battle of Port Republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign>

1928:

Australian aviator Charles Kingsford Smith and his crew landed
their Southern Cross aircraft in Brisbane, completing the first ever
trans-Pacific flight from the United States mainland to Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Kingsford_Smith>

1965:

The Viet Cong commenced combat with the Army of the Republic of
Vietnam in the Battle of Dong Xoai, one of the largest battles in the
Vietnam War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dong_Xoai>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

caisson:
1. (military) A two-wheeled, horse-drawn military vehicle used to carry
ammunition.
2. (engineering) A watertight retaining structure used in the construction
of bridges.
3. (architecture) A sunken panel used as decoration for a ceiling or a
vault; a coffer.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caisson>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Be the poor silly ass And you'll always travel first class. Give
'em quips, give 'em fun, And they'll pay to say you're A–1. If you
become a farmer, you've the weather to buck. If become a gambler you'll
be struck with your luck. But jack you'll never lack if you can quack
like a duck. Be a clown, be a clown, be a clown.  
--Cole Porter
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cole_Porter>

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[Daily article] June 8: Waterfalls in Ricketts Glen State Park Published On

There are 24 named waterfalls in Ricketts Glen State Park along Kitchen
Creek as it flows in three steep, narrow valleys, or glens, in the U.S.
state of Pennsylvania. They range in height from 9 feet (2.7 m) to the
94-foot (29 m) Ganoga Falls (see video). The park is named for R. Bruce
Ricketts, a colonel in the American Civil War who owned over
80,000 acres (32,000 ha) in the area in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries and spared the old growth forests in the glens from
clearcutting. The park, which opened in 1944, is administered by the
state's Bureau of State Parks. Nearly all of the waterfalls are visible
from the Falls Trail built by Ricketts, which the state park rebuilt in
the 1940s and late 1990s. The trail has been called "the most
magnificent hike in the state" and one of "the top hikes in the East".
The waterfalls are on the section of Kitchen Creek that flows down the
Allegheny Front, a steep escarpment between the Allegheny Plateau to the
north and the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians to the south. The waterfalls
are the result of increased flow in Kitchen Creek from glaciers
enlarging its drainage basin during the last Ice Age.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterfalls_in_Ricketts_Glen_State_Park>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1783:

Iceland's Laki craters began an eight-month eruption,
triggering major famine and massive fluorine poisoning.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laki>

1887:

German-American statistician Herman Hollerith received a patent
for his punch card tabulator.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card>

1949:

Nineteen Eighty-Four, a dystopian political novel by English
writer George Orwell about life under the fictional totalitarian
government of Oceania, was first published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four>

1995:

Danish-Greenlandic programmer Rasmus Lerdorf released the first
version of the scripting language PHP, which is now used as the server-
side language on nearly 40% of all web sites.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP>

2009:

Two American journalists, having been arrested for illegal
entry into North Korea, were sentenced to 12 years hard labor before
being pardoned two months later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_imprisonment_of_American_journalists_by_North_Korea>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

oneironaut:
A person who explores dream worlds, usually associated with lucid
dreaming.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oneironaut>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Human beings betray their worst failings when they marvel to
find that a world ruler is neither foolishly indolent, presumptuous, nor
cruel.  
--Marguerite Yourcenar
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marguerite_Yourcenar>

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[Daily article] June 7: Flight Unlimited Published On

Flight Unlimited is a 1995 flight simulator video game developed and
published by Looking Glass Technologies. It allows the player to pilot
reproductions of five aircraft and to perform aerobatic stunts. A
virtual instructor teaches basic and advanced flight techniques, such as
Immelmann turns (diagram pictured) and Lomcevak tumbles. The first self-
published game released by Looking Glass, Flight Unlimited was intended
to establish the company as a major video game publisher and to compete
with the Microsoft Flight Simulator franchise. Project leader Seamus
Blackley, a particle physicist formerly of Fermilab, used real-time
computational fluid dynamics calculations to code a simulated atmosphere
for Flight Unlimited. Previous flight simulators had often used wind
tunnel data to determine a plane's motion, which precluded complex
maneuvers. The game was a commercial and critical success that spawned
three sequels: Flight Unlimited II (1997), Flight Unlimited III (1999)
and Jane's Attack Squadron (2002). Soon after Flight
Unlimited‍ '​s completion, Blackley was fired from Looking Glass;
he went on to design Jurassic Park: Trespasser for Dreamworks
Interactive, and later spearheaded development of the Xbox at Microsoft.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Unlimited>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1494:

Ferdinand II of Aragon and John II of Portugal signed the
Treaty of Tordesillas, dividing the Americas and Africa between their
two countries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas>

1788:

Citizens of Grenoble threw roof tiles onto royal soldiers, an
event sometimes credited as the beginning of the French Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles>

1892:

Homer Plessy, an "octoroon" from New Orleans, was arrested for
refusing to leave the "whites-only" car on a train.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Plessy>

1965:

The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut that a
Connecticut law that prohibited the use of contraceptives violated the
"right to marital privacy".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut>

1975:

The inaugural Cricket World Cup (trophy pictured), the premier
international championship of men's One Day International cricket, began
in England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

trendite:
(slang) A person given to following trends.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/trendite>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  As you get older, you find that often the wheat, disentangling
itself from the chaff, comes out to meet you.  
--Gwendolyn Brooks
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks>

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[Daily article] June 6: Tommy Amaker Published On

Tommy Amaker (born 1965) is the head coach of the Harvard Crimson men's
basketball team, playing in the American NCAA Division I. As point guard
for Duke under Mike Krzyzewski, he was an All-American player, earning
the first NABC Defensive Player of the Year award. He was a Duke
assistant coach for nine seasons (including for the 1990–91 and
1991–92 National Champion teams). He coached Seton Hall to postseason
tournaments in each of his four seasons there, and won the 2004 National
Invitation Tournament coaching the Michigan Wolverines. As Harvard men's
basketball coach, Amaker was the first coach to lead the Crimson to
victory over a ranked opponent. The 2010–11 team became the first
Harvard team to earn a share of the Ivy League championship, and the
2011–12 team became the first to appear in the Associated Press and
Coaches Polls. Amaker's 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14 and 2014–15
teams repeated as Ivy League champions. The 2012–13 team gave Harvard
its first NCAA tournament victory, and the 2013–14 team posted a
record 27 wins.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Amaker>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1674:

Shivaji, who led a resistance to free the Maratha from the
Sultanate of Bijapur and the Mughal Empire, was crowned the first
Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji>

1882:

The Shewa kingdom made big strides towards gaining supremacy
over the Ethiopian Empire by defeating the Gojjam and gaining control of
territories south of the Gibe River.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Embabo>

1894:

Colorado Governor Davis Hanson Waite ordered his state militia
to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners'
strike.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cripple_Creek_miners%27_strike_of_1894>

1971:

Hughes Airwest Flight 706 collided with a U.S. Marine Corps
F-4B Phantom II near Duarte, California, killing all people on both
aircraft.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Airwest_Flight_706>

1985:

The remains of Josef Mengele, a Nazi physician notorious for
human experiments done on Auschwitz inmates, were discovered in Embu das
Artes, Brazil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Mengele>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

enfranchise:
To grant the franchise to an entity, generally meaning to grant the
privilege of voting to a person.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enfranchise>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  After having won a scepter, few are so generous as to disdain
the pleasures of ruling.  
--Pierre Corneille
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pierre_Corneille>

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