[Daily article] July 31: AI Mk. IV radar Published On

Airborne Interception radar, Mark IV, was the first successful air-to-
air radar system, used in Britain's Bristol Beaufighter heavy fighters
by early 1941 in the Second World War. Early development of the Mk. IV
was prompted by a 1936 memo from the inventor Henry Tizard to Robert
Watt, director of the radar research efforts, who agreed to allow
physicist Taffy Bowen to form a team to study the problem of air
interception. The team had a test bed system in flights later that year,
but progress was delayed for four years by emergency relocations, three
abandoned production designs, and Bowen's increasingly adversarial
relationship with Watt's replacement, Albert Percival Rowe. The Mk. IV
had many limitations, including displays that were difficult to
interpret, a maximum range that decreased with the aircraft's altitude,
and a minimum range that was barely close enough to allow the pilot to
see the target. Nevertheless, the Mk. IV played a role in the Royal Air
Force's increasingly effective response to The Blitz, the
Luftwaffe‍‍ '​‍s night bombing campaign. The Mk. VIII largely
relegated the Mk. IV to second-line duties by 1943.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Mk._IV_radar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1201:

John Komnenos the Fat briefly seized the throne of the
Byzantine Empire from Alexios III Angelos, but he was soon caught and
executed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Komnenos_the_Fat>

1703:

English writer Daniel Defoe was placed in a pillory for
seditious libel after publishing a pamphlet politically satirising the
High Church Tories.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Defoe>

1777:

The Second Continental Congress passed a resolution allowing
French nobleman Marquis de Lafayette to enter the American revolutionary
forces as a Major General.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette>

1975:

The Troubles: In a botched paramilitary attack, three members
of the popular Miami Showband and two Ulster Volunteer Force gunmen were
killed in County Down, Northern Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings>

1991:

The Soviet Union and the United States signed the bilateral
START I treaty (signing pictured), the largest and most complex arms
control treaty in history, which eventually removed 80% of all strategic
nuclear weapons then in existence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/START_I>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

coppice:
A grove of small growth; a thicket of brushwood; a wood cut at certain
times for fuel or other purposes, typically managed to promote growth
and ensure a reliable supply of timber.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coppice>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We do not need magic to transform our world. We carry all the
power we need inside ourselves already. We have the power to imagine
better.  
--J. K. Rowling
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling>

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[Daily article] July 30: Cley Marshes Published On

Cley Marshes is a nature reserve on the North Sea coast of England just
outside the village of Cley next the Sea, Norfolk. A reserve since 1926,
it is the oldest of the reserves belonging to the Norfolk Wildlife
Trust. Cley Marshes protects an area of reed beds, freshwater marsh,
pools and wet meadows, and has been designated as a Site of Special
Scientific Interest due to the large flocks of birds it attracts. The
reserve is important for some scarce breeding species, such as pied
avocets on the islands, and western marsh harriers, Eurasian bitterns
and bearded reedlings in the reeds, and is a major migration stopoff and
wintering site. There are also several nationally or locally scarce
invertebrates and plants specialised for this coastal habitat. The
reserve has an environmentally friendly visitor centre and five bird
hides, and attracts large numbers of visitors, contributing
significantly to the economy of Cley village. Despite centuries of
embanking to reclaim land and protect the village, the marshes have been
flooded many times; the southward march of the coastal shingle bank and
encroachment by the sea make it inevitable that the reserve will
eventually be lost.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cley_Marshes>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1656:

Led by King Charles X Gustav, the armies of Sweden and
Brandenburg defeated the forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
near Warsaw.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1656)>

1865:

Off the coast of Crescent City, California, US, the steamship
Brother Jonathan, carrying a large shipment of gold coins that would not
be retrieved until 1996, struck an uncharted rock and sank, killing 225
people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_(steamer)>

1912:

Japan's Emperor Meiji died and was succeeded by his son
Yoshihito, who is now known as the Emperor Taishō.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D>

1975:

American labor union leader Jimmy Hoffa mysteriously
disappeared after last being seen outside a restaurant near Detroit.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Hoffa>

2006:

Lebanon War: The Israeli Air Force attacked a three-story
building near the South Lebanese village of Qana, killing at least 28
civilians, including 16 children.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qana_airstrike>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chiropterologist:
Someone who studies bats (the flying mammal).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chiropterologist>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You were playing in the snow You were banging on the doors You
climbed up on the roof Roof of the world … We found your footprints in
the snow We brushed them all away… You're the wild man.  
--Kate Bush
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kate_Bush>

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[Daily article] July 29: Eusèbe Jaojoby Published On

Eusèbe Jaojoby (born 29 July 1955) is a composer and singer of salegy,
a musical style of northwestern Madagascar. As one of the originators of
salegy and its variants malessa and baoenjy, he is credited with
transforming the genre from an obscure regional musical tradition into
one of national and international popularity. In 1972 Jaojoby started
performing with bands that were experimentally blending American soul
and funk with northwestern Malagasy musical traditions. He produced four
singles with The Players before the band broke up in 1979. He rose to
national prominence with his 1988 hit "Samy Mandeha Samy Mitady",
recorded his first full-length album in 1992, and went on to release
eight more full-length albums and tour extensively along with his wife
and adult children. He was Madagascar's Artist of the Year in 1998 and
1999 and the UN Population Fund's Goodwill Ambassador in 1999.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eus%C3%A8be_Jaojoby>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1148:

The Siege of Damascus ended in a decisive crusader defeat,
leading to the disintegration of the Second Crusade.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)>

1836:

The Arc de Triomphe in Paris, commemorating those who fought
and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars,
was formally inaugurated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe>

1950:

Korean War: U.S. Army 7th Cavalry Regiment troops concluded
four days of shootings of civilians, sparked by fears that columns of
refugees might contain North Korean spies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Gun_Ri_Massacre>

1981:

A worldwide television audience of over 700 million people
watched the wedding of Prince Charles and Diana Spencer at St Paul's
Cathedral in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales,_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer>

2010:

An overloaded passenger ferry capsized on the Kasai River in
Bandundu Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo, resulting in at
least 80 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasai_River_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

shipwrecky:
1. Characteristic of a shipwreck.
2. (figuratively) Weak, feeble; shaky.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shipwrecky>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

      Is it not a pity, Guivric, that this Kalki will not
come in our day, and that we shall never behold his complete glory? I
cry a lament for that Kalki who will someday bring back to their
appointed places high faith and very ardent loves and hatreds; and who
will see to it that human passions are in never so poor a way to find
expressions in adequate speech and action. Ohé, I cry a loud lament for
Kalki! The little silver effigies which his postulants fashion and adore
are well enough: but Kalki is a horse of another color.  
--James Branch Cabell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell>

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[Daily article] July 28: Operation Camargue Published On

Operation Camargue (1953) was one of the largest operations by the
French Far East Expeditionary Corps and the Vietnamese National Army in
the First Indochina War. French armored platoons, airborne units and
troops, delivered by landing craft to the coast of modern-day central
Vietnam, attempted to sweep forces of the communist Viet Minh from the
critical Route One. On 28 July the first wave reached an inland canal
without major incident, but French armored forces began to suffer a
series of ambushes as they passed through small villages. Reinforced by
paratroopers, the French and their Vietnamese allies tried to tighten a
net around the defending Viet Minh guerillas, but most escaped, along
with their arms caches. The French concluded that ensnaring operations
were impossible in the dense jungle, which slowed down troops so that
enemy forces could anticipate their movements, and they withdrew from
the operation by late summer. Viet Minh Regiment 95 re-infiltrated Route
One and resumed ambushes of French convoys, retrieving weapons caches
missed by the French forces. The regiment continued to operate in the
area as late as 1962, fighting the South Vietnamese Army.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Camargue>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1821:

Peruvian War of Independence: Argentine general José de San
Martín declared the independence of Peru from Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn>

1866:

At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream became the first and youngest
female artist to receive a commission from the United States government
for a statue—that of Abraham Lincoln in the U.S. Capitol rotunda.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Ream>

1935:

The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bomber aircraft, which
dropped more bombs than any other U.S. aircraft in World War II, made
its first flight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress>

1995:

Two followers of Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) were convicted
for the attempted assassination of the United States Attorney for the
District of Oregon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Rajneeshee_assassination_plot>

2005:

The Provisional Irish Republican Army announced an end to its
armed campaign to overthrow British rule in Northern Ireland to create a
United Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

doula:
A support person, usually female, who may not have medical or midwifery
training, who provides emotional assistance to a mother or pregnant
couple before, during or after childbirth.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/doula>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I want to say this one thing, it's been almost an obsession with
me, all I keep thinking of is this line from a musical comedy... and the
song he loved most came at the very end of this record, the last side of
Camelot, sad Camelot... "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a
spot, for one brief shining moment that was known as Camelot."  
--Jacqueline Kennedy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis>

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[Daily article] July 27: Myotis escalerai Published On

.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myotis_escalerai_Cabrera.png>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1694:

A Royal Charter was granted to the Bank of England as the
English Government's banker.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_England>

1794:

The National Convention ordered the arrest and execution of
Reign of Terror leader Maximilien Robespierre after he encouraged the
execution of more than 17,000 "enemies of the French Revolution".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction>

1921:

University of Toronto researchers led by Frederick Banting
proved that the hormone insulin regulates blood sugar.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin>

1940:

Bugs Bunny debuted in the animated cartoon A Wild Hare.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugs_Bunny>

1990:

Members of Jamaat al Muslimeen attempted to overthrow the
government of Trinidad and Tobago by taking hostages at the Red House
including Prime Minister A. N. R. Robinson, before surrendering six days
later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

portend:
1. (transitive) To serve as a warning or omen.
2. (transitive) To signify; to denote.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/portend>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I wonder, by my troth, what thou and I Did, till we loved? Were
we not weaned till then? But sucked on country pleasures, childishly? Or
snorted we in the Seven Sleepers' den? 'Twas so; but this, all
pleasures fancies be. If ever any beauty I did see, Which I desired, and
got, 'twas but a dream of thee. And now good-morrow to our waking
souls, Which watch not one another out of fear; For love, all love of
other sights controls, And makes one little room an everywhere.  
--John Donne
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Donne>

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[Daily article] July 26: 2013 Atlantic hurricane season Published On

The 2013 Atlantic hurricane season was the first since 1968 with no
hurricanes of Category 2 or higher. The first storm of the season,
Tropical Storm Andrea, developed on June 5, and the last, unnamed,
dissipated on December 7. Humberto and Ingrid were the only two
hurricanes, the lowest seasonal total since 1982. Andrea killed four
people after making landfall in Florida and moving up the U.S. East
Coast. In early July, Tropical Storm Chantal moved through the Leeward
Islands, causing one fatality, but minimal damage overall. Tropical
storms Dorian and Erin and Hurricane Humberto brought only squally
weather to the Cape Verde Islands. Mexico, where Hurricane Ingrid,
Tropical Depression Eight, and tropical storms Barry and Fernand all
made landfall, was the hardest hit; Ingrid alone caused at least
23 deaths and $1.5 billion worth of damage. In early October, Tropical
Storm Karen brought showers and gusty winds to the central U.S. Gulf
Coast. All major forecasting agencies had predicted an above-average
season, but an unexpected weakening of the Gulf Stream and other
thermohaline currents prolonged the spring weather pattern over the
Atlantic Ocean, suppressing tropical storm formation.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Atlantic_hurricane_season>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

811:

Bulgarian forces led by Khan Krum defeated the Byzantines at the
Battle of Pliska, annihilating almost the whole army and killing
Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska>

1759:

French and Indian War: Rather than defend Fort Carillon near
present-day Ticonderoga, New York, from an approaching 11,000-man
British force, French Brigadier General François-Charles de Bourlamaque
withdrew his troops and attempted to blow the fort up.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ticonderoga_(1759)>

1882:

Richard Wagner's opera Parsifal, loosely based on Wolfram von
Eschenbach's epic poem Parzival about Arthurian knight Percival and his
quest for the Holy Grail, officially premiered at the Festspielhaus in
Bayreuth, Bavaria (present-day Germany).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsifal>

1945:

The Labour Party won the United Kingdom general election of
July 5 by a landslide, replacing Winston Churchill as Prime Minister
with Clement Attlee.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_general_election,_1945>

1990:

U.S. President George H. W. Bush signed into law the Americans
with Disabilities Act, a wide-ranging civil rights law that prohibits,
under certain circumstances, discrimination based on disability.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lethargy:
A condition of extreme drowsiness or apathy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lethargy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  This whole creation is essentially subjective, and the dream is
the theater where the dreamer is at once scene, actor, prompter, stage
manager, author, audience, and critic.  
--Carl Jung
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carl_Jung>

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[Daily article] July 25: Elliott Fitch Shepard Published On

Elliott Fitch Shepard (1833–1893) was a New York lawyer, the owner of
the Mail and Express newspaper, and a founder of three banks as well as
the New York State Bar Association. He was born in Jamestown, New York,
one of three sons of the president of a banknote-engraving company.
During the American Civil War, Shepard earned the rank of colonel and
was a Union Army recruiter. After attending the City University of New
York, he practiced law for about 25 years. One of his residences,
Woodlea, and the church he founded nearby, Scarborough Presbyterian, are
contributing properties in the historic district of Scarborough-on-
Hudson in the village of Briarcliff Manor. Woodlea, one of the largest
privately owned houses in the United States at the time, is now part of
Sleepy Hollow Country Club. Shepard was married to Margaret Louisa
Vanderbilt, granddaughter of philanthropist, business magnate, and
family patriarch Cornelius Vanderbilt. Deeply religious, Shepard became
the controlling stockholder of the Fifth Avenue Stage Company so he
could force it to close on Sundays.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Fitch_Shepard>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1139:

Prince Afonso Henriques led Portuguese troops to victory over
the Almoravid Moors at the Battle of Ourique.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ourique>

1609:

During a hurricane, the crew of the English sailing ship Sea
Venture grounded her on the reefs of Bermuda, which is widely believed
to have inspired Shakepeare's The Tempest.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_Venture>

1898:

Spanish–American War: After over two months of sea-based
bombardment, the United States invaded Puerto Rico.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign>

1957:

More than a year after obtaining independence from France,
Tunisia abolished its monarchy, the Husainid Dynasty, and became a
republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia>

2007:

Pratibha Patil was sworn in as the first female President of
India.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratibha_Patil>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

eviscerate:
1. (transitive) To disembowel, to remove the viscera.
2. (transitive) To destroy or make ineffectual or meaningless.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eviscerate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The autonomous individual, striving to realize himself and prove
his worth, has created all that is great in literature, art, music,
science and technology. The autonomous individual, also, when he can
neither realize himself nor justify his existence by his own efforts, is
a breeding call of frustration, and the seed of the convulsions which
shake our world to its foundations.  
--Eric Hoffer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eric_Hoffer>

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[Daily article] July 24: M-28 Business (Ishpeming–Negaunee, Michigan) Published On

Business M-28 is a 4.8-mile (7.7 km) state trunkline highway in the
U.S. state of Michigan serving as a business route for U.S. Highway 41
and M-28. It runs through the downtown districts of the historic iron-
mining communities Ishpeming and Negaunee. The trunkline was originally
a section of these roads until a northerly bypass was built in 1937.
M-35 also ran through downtown Negaunee along a section of the highway
until the 1960s. A rerouting in 1999 moved the trunkline designation
along Lakeshore Drive in Ishpeming, and a streetscape project rebuilt
the road in Negaunee in 2005. In Negaunee, the highway passes Jackson
Park, where iron ore was first discovered in what became the Marquette
Iron Range. The nearby Jackson Mine was added to the National Register
of Historic Places in 1971. Between 1850 and 1900, half the nation's
supply of iron ore came from this region.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-28_Business_(Ishpeming%E2%80%93Negaunee,_Michigan)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1411:

Forces of Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles, and Alexander
Stewart, Earl of Mar, fought at the Battle of Harlaw near Inverurie,
Scotland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harlaw>

1783:

The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and the Russian Empire signed the
Treaty of Georgievsk, establishing Georgia as a protectorate of Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk>

1915:

The passenger ship SS Eastland rolled over while tied to a dock
in the Chicago River, killing 844 passengers and crew, the largest loss
of life disaster from a single shipwreck on the Great Lakes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Eastland>

1959:

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. Vice President
Richard Nixon held an impromptu debate at the opening of the American
National Exhibition at Sokolniki Park in Moscow.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_Debate>

2009:

The MV Arctic Sea, reportedly carrying timber, was allegedly
boarded by hijackers off the coast of Sweden, but much speculation
remains as to the actual cargo and events.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Arctic_Sea>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sagacity:
The quality of being sage, wise, or able to make good decisions; wisdom.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sagacity>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The more one does and sees and feels, the more one is able to
do, and the more genuine may be one's appreciation of fundamental things
like home, and love, and understanding companionship.  
--Amelia Earhart
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Amelia_Earhart>

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[Daily article] July 23: Capcom Five Published On

The Capcom Five is a set of five video games released between 2003 and
2005 by Capcom for the Nintendo GameCube, all overseen by Resident Evil
creator Shinji Mikami. Nintendo and Capcom had enjoyed a close
relationship during the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Nintendo
eras, and the announcement of the five new games was initially seen as
an important show of third-party developer support for the GameCube.
P.N.03, a futuristic third-person shooter, Viewtiful Joe, a side-
scrolling action-platformer, Dead Phoenix, a shoot 'em up, and Resident
Evil 4, a survival horror third-person shooter, were developed by
Capcom's Production Studio 4; Killer7, an action-adventure game with
first-person shooter elements, was developed by Grasshopper Manufacture.
Viewtiful Joe and Killer7 sold modestly, the former in spite of critical
acclaim and the latter owing to polarized reviews, but Killer7 gained a
significant cult following, effectively launching the career of creator
Suda51. Resident Evil 4 was the runaway success of the five, though its
GameCube sales were undercut by the announcement of a Sony PlayStation 2
version, in an early sign of Nintendo's failure to attract and hold
third-party support during the GameCube era.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capcom_Five>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1829:

William Austin Burt was awarded a patent for the typographer,
the first practical typewriting machine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographer_(typewriter)>

1914:

Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum to allow
them to investigate the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, that
Serbia would ultimately reject, leading to World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis>

1940:

US Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles issued a declaration
that the US would not recognize the Soviet Union's annexation of the
Baltic states.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welles_Declaration>

1995:

Hale–Bopp, one of the most widely observed comets of the
twentieth century, was discovered by two independent observers, Alan
Hale and Thomas Bopp, at a great distance from the Sun.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp>

2012:

A solar storm of similar intensity to the Carrington Event,
which caused one of the largest geomagnetic storms ever recorded,
erupted from the Sun and missed the Earth by a small margin.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_storm_of_2012>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

levity:
1. Lightness of manner or speech, frivolity.
2. The state or quality of being light, buoyancy.
3. (countable) A lighthearted or frivolous act.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/levity>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Everything written with vitality expresses that vitality: there
are no dull subjects, only dull minds. All men who read escape from
something else into what lies behind the printed page; the quality of
the dream may be argued, but its release has become a functional
necessity. All men must escape at times from the deadly rhythm of their
private thoughts. It is part of the process of life among thinking
beings.  
--Raymond Chandler
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Raymond_Chandler>

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[Daily article] July 22: 68th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment Published On

The 68th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment served in the Union Army
during the American Civil War. The men were recruited mostly from
Manhattan, but some came from New Jersey, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.
Most were German immigrants, and many of the officers had served in the
armies of Austria, Prussia, and other German states. Organized in July
1861, three months after the outbreak of war, they were initially
assigned to the defense of Washington, D.C., with the Army of the
Potomac, and later fought at the Battle of Cross Keys in the Shenandoah
Valley. They found themselves in the thick of the fighting at Second
Bull Run, and were routed by Confederate forces at Chancellorsville. At
Gettysburg, they saw battle on two of the three days and took heavy
losses. The regiment was then transferred to the west and participated
in the Chattanooga campaign. They assisted in the Union victories at
Wauhatchie and Missionary Ridge, and marched to relieve the siege of
Knoxville. They spent the last year of the war on occupation duty in
Tennessee and Georgia, before being disbanded in November 1865.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1793:

Two days after becoming the first recorded person to complete a
transcontinental crossing of North America north of Mexico, Scottish
explorer Alexander Mackenzie reached the westernmost point of his
journey and inscribed his name on a rock (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)>

1802:

Gia Long conquered Hanoi and unified modern-day Vietnam, which
had experienced centuries of feudal warfare.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gia_Long>

1944:

In opposition to the Polish government-in-exile, the Polish
Committee of National Liberation published its manifesto, calling for
radical reforms, a continuation of fighting in World War II against Nazi
Germany, nationalisation of industry, and a "decent border in the West".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Committee_of_National_Liberation>

1975:

Stanley Forman took the photo Fire Escape Collapse, which would
receive the Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography and the title of
World Press Photo of the Year.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Escape_Collapse>

2005:

London metropolitan police killed Jean Charles de Menezes, a
Brazilian immigrant, after misidentifying him as being involved in the
previous day's failed bombing attempts on the city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jean_Charles_de_Menezes>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

roundelay:
(music) A poem or song having a line or phrase repeated at regular
intervals.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roundelay>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  He brings man's freedom in his hands, Not as a coin that may be
spent or lost But as a living fire within the heart, Never quite
quenched — because he brings to all, The thought, the wish, the dream
of brotherhood, Never and never to be wholly lost, The water and the
bread of the oppressed, The stay and succor of the resolute, The harness
of the valiant and the brave, The new word that has changed the shaken
world. And, though he die, his word shall grow like wheat And every time
a child is born, In pain and love and freedom hardly won, Born and gone
forth to help and aid mankind, There will be women with a right to say
"Gloria, gloria in excelsis deo! A child is born!"  
--Stephen Vincent Benét
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stephen_Vincent_Ben%C3%A9t>

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[Daily article] July 21: The Basement Tapes Published On

The Basement Tapes (1975) is an album recorded by Bob Dylan and the Band
(pictured), the sixteenth studio album for Dylan. After the Band (then
known as the Hawks) backed Dylan during his world tour of 1965–66,
four of them moved to be near Dylan in Woodstock, New York, to
collaborate with him on music and film projects. They recorded more than
100 tracks together in 1967, including original compositions,
contemporary covers and traditional material. The world tour had
controversially mixed folk and rock; Dylan's new style moved away from
rock, and from the urban sensibilities and extended narratives of his
most recent albums, Highway 61 Revisited and Blonde On Blonde. The new
songs covered a range of genres, with lyrics expressing humor,
alienation, betrayal, and a quest for salvation. Many of the songs
circulated widely in unofficial form before the album's release, and for
some critics, they mounted a major stylistic challenge to rock music in
the late sixties. When released in 1975, the album included sixteen
songs taped by Dylan and the Band in 1967 and eight songs recorded
solely by the Band since then. Critically acclaimed upon release, The
Basement Tapes reached number seven on the Billboard 200 album chart.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basement_Tapes>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

356 BC:

The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of
the Ancient World, was destroyed in an act of arson by a man named
Herostratus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis>

1831:

In Brussels, Leopold I was inaugurated as the first King of the
Belgians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium>

1865:

In one of the few recorded instances of a "quick draw" gun duel
in the American Old West, Wild Bill Hickok shot and killed Davis Tutt
over a poker debt.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok_%E2%80%93_Davis_Tutt_shootout>

1925:

American high school biology teacher John T. Scopes was found
guilty of violating Tennessee's Butler Act by teaching evolution in
class.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopes_Trial>

1995:

The Chinese People's Liberation Army began firing missiles into
the waters north of Taiwan, starting the Third Taiwan Strait Crisis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mither:
1. (intransitive, Northern England) To make an unnecessary fuss, moan,
bother.
2. (transitive) To pester or irritate someone. Usually directed at
children.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mither>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I don't think that God sent us prophets and books to fight about
these books and these prophets. But they were telling us, actually, how
to live together. If we ignore those teachings — whichever faith …
you profess, then I think we'll be finding ourselves in an even deeper
mess.  
--Cat Stevens (Yusuf Islam)
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cat_Stevens>

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[Daily article] July 20: Telopea oreades Published On

Telopea oreades, commonly known as the Gippsland waratah, is a large
shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae. Native to southeastern
Australia, it is found in wet sclerophyll forest and rainforest on rich
acidic soils high in organic matter. No subspecies are recognised,
though an isolated population hybridises extensively with the Braidwood
waratah (T. mongaensis). Reaching a height of up to 19 metres
(65 ft), T. oreades grows with a single trunk and erect habit. It has
dark green leaves with prominent veins that are 11–28 centimetres
(4.3–11 in) long and 1.5–6 cm (0.6–2.4 in) wide. The red flower
heads, or inflorescences, composed of up to 60 individual flowers,
appear in late spring. In the garden, T. oreades grows in soils with
good drainage and ample moisture in partly shaded or sunny positions.
Several commercially available cultivars that are hybrid forms with
T. speciosissima have been developed. The timber is hard and has been
used for making furniture and tool handles.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telopea_oreades>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1592:

During the first Japanese invasion of Korea, Japanese forces
led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi captured Pyongyang, although they were
ultimately unable to hold it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)>

1807:

French brothers Claude and Nicéphore Niépce received a patent
for their Pyréolophore, one of the world's first internal combustion
engines.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9olophore>

1940:

The Arroyo Seco Parkway, one of the first freeways built in the
United States, opened to traffic, connecting downtown Los Angeles with
Pasadena, California.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_Parkway>

1982:

Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated two
bombs in Hyde Park and Regent's Park in London, killing eleven people
and wounding over 50 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings>

2005:

The Civil Marriage Act received its Royal Assent, legalizing
same-sex marriage in Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Marriage_Act>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

punctilious:
1. Strictly attentive to detail; meticulous or fastidious, particularly to
codes or conventions.
2. Precise or scrupulous; finicky or nitpicky.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/punctilious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Continued work and application form my soul's nourishment. So
soon as I commenced to rest and relax I should cease to live. … There
is no lighter burden, nor more agreeable, than a pen. Other pleasures
fail us or wound us while they charm, but the pen we take up rejoicing
and lay down with satisfaction, for it has the power to advantage not
only its lord and master, but many others as well, even though they be
far away — sometimes, indeed, though they be not born for thousands of
years to come.  
--Petrarch
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Petrarch>

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[Daily article] July 19: The Coral Island Published On

The Coral Island (1858) is a novel written by Scottish author R. M.
Ballantyne. One of the first works of juvenile fiction to feature
exclusively juvenile heroes, the story relates the adventures of three
boys marooned on a South Pacific island, the only survivors of a
shipwreck. A typical Robinsonade – a genre inspired by Daniel Defoe's
Robinson Crusoe – and one of the most popular of its type, the book
first went on sale in late 1857 and has never been out of print. Among
the novel's major themes are 19th-century British imperialism in the
South Pacific, the civilising effect of Christianity, and the importance
of hierarchy and leadership. It was the inspiration for William
Golding's dystopian novel Lord of the Flies (1954), which inverted the
morality of The Coral Island. The novel was considered a classic for
primary school children of the early 20th century in Britain, and in the
United States it was a staple of suggested reading lists for high-school
students. Modern critics consider The Coral Island to feature a dated
imperialist view of the world. It was adapted into a four-part
children's television drama broadcast by ITV in 2000.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coral_Island>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

998:

Arab–Byzantine wars: After an initial Byzantine victory in the
Battle of Apamea a lone Kurdish rider managed to kill Byzantine
commander Damian Dalassenos, allowing Fatimid troops to turn the tide of
the battle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Apamea>

1545:

The English warship Mary Rose sank just outside Portsmouth
during the Battle of the Solent; it was not rediscovered until 1971.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Rose>

1848:

The two-day Women's Rights Convention, the first women's rights
and feminist convention held in the United States, opened in Seneca
Falls, New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention>

1947:

Burmese nationalist Aung San and six members of his newly
formed cabinet were assassinated during a cabinet meeting.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_San>

1997:

The Provisional Irish Republican Army permanently resumed its
ceasefire to end its 25-year campaign against British rule in Northern
Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign_1969%E2%80%9397>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

reliquary:
A container to hold or display religious relics.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reliquary>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Life is no straight and easy corridor along which we travel free
and unhampered, but a maze of passages, through which we must seek our
way, lost and confused, now and again checked in a blind alley. But
always, if we have faith, a door will open for us, not perhaps one that
we ourselves would ever have thought of, but one that will ultimately
prove good for us.  
--A. J. Cronin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A._J._Cronin>

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[Daily article] July 18: Red Skelton Published On

Red Skelton (1913–1997) was an American entertainer known for his
national radio and television acts. He began developing his comedic and
pantomime skills at age 10 in a traveling medicine show. Over the next
decade he worked on a showboat, in the burlesque circuit, and in
vaudeville. In 1938 he became the host of radio's Avalon Time, and got
his own radio show in 1941, The Raleigh Cigarette Program, which debuted
many of his comedy characters. Though he regularly appeared on radio and
film, Skelton was most eager to work in television. The Red Skelton Show
premiered in 1951, and continued on a variety of networks and under
several names until 1971. Afterwards, he focused on painting, and
probably earned more from sales of lithographs of his works than from
his entire television career. He received many accolades, including two
stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and induction into the Television
and National Radio Halls of Fame.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Skelton>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1290:

Edward I issued an edict expelling all Jews from England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Expulsion>

1841:

Pedro II, the last Emperor of Brazil, having reigned in
minority since 1831, was acclaimed, crowned and consecrated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil>

1870:

The First Vatican Council declared that the Pope is infallible
when he solemnly declares a dogmatic teaching on faith as being
contained in divine revelation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_infallibility>

1995:

After a long period of dormancy, the Soufrière Hills volcano
began a still-ongoing eruption, devastating the island of Montserrat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufri%C3%A8re_Hills>

2005:

Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and U.S. President George
W. Bush announced the India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement, a
bilateral treaty on civil nuclear cooperation between their two
countries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

disinter:
1. To take out of the grave or tomb; to unbury; to exhume; to dig up.
2. To bring out, as from a grave or hiding place; to bring from obscurity
into view.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disinter>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  No one is born hating another person because of the colour of
his skin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate,
and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love
comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.  
--Nelson Mandela
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela>

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[Daily article] July 17: Scottish National Antarctic Expedition Published On

The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902–04) established the
first manned meteorological station in Antarctic territory, discovered
new land east of the Weddell Sea, and returned with a trove of
biological and geological specimens aboard the Scotia (pictured). It was
led by William Speirs Bruce, then Britain's most experienced polar
scientist, who had spent most of the 1890s on expeditions to the
Antarctic and Arctic regions. After his application to add a second ship
to Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition had been dismissed as
"mischievous rivalry" by the president of the Royal Geographical
Society, he used private sponsors to fund an independent expedition.
Bruce never received formal recognition from the British Government for
his work, and never again led an Antarctic expedition, although he made
regular Arctic trips. The expedition's members were denied the
prestigious Polar Medal despite vigorous lobbying. His focus on serious
scientific exploration rather than territorial discoveries was out of
fashion with his times, and his achievements soon faded from public
awareness, unlike those of the polar adventurers Scott, Shackleton and
Amundsen. The expedition's Orcadas weather station has been in
continuous operation since 1903 on Laurie Island in the South Orkneys.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Antarctic_Expedition>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1771:

Dene men, acting as guides to Samuel Hearne on his exploration
of the Coppermine River in present-day Nunavut, Canada, massacred a
group of about 20 Copper Inuit.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Falls_Massacre>

1863:

The New Zealand Wars resumed as British forces in New Zealand
led by General Duncan Cameron began their Invasion of the Waikato.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Waikato>

1945:

Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Harry S. Truman (all
three pictured), leaders of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and
the United States respectively, met in Potsdam to decide what should be
done with post-war Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Conference>

1973:

Mohammed Zahir Shah, the last King of Afghanistan, was ousted
in a coup by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan while in Italy undergoing
eye surgery.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah>

2009:

Two suicide bombers detonated themselves at two separate hotels
in Jakarta, Indonesia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Jakarta_bombings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

disconsolate:
1. Cheerless, dreary.
2. Seemingly beyond consolation; inconsolable.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disconsolate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Blessed is He Who made constellations in the skies, and placed
therein a Lamp and a Moon giving light; And it is He Who made the Night
and the Day to follow each other: for such as have the will to celebrate
His praises or to show their gratitude. And the servants of (Allah) Most
Gracious are those who walk on the earth in humility, and when the
ignorant address them, they say, "Peace!"  
--Qur'an
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Qur%27an>

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[Daily article] July 16: Trinity (nuclear test) Published On

Trinity was the code name given to the first test detonation of a
nuclear weapon. J. Robert Oppenheimer, the director of the Los Alamos
Laboratory, took the name from a John Donne poem. It was conducted by
the United States Army on July 16, 1945, as part of the Manhattan
Project on the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range in the Jornada del
Muerto desert. The only structures originally in the vicinity were on
the McDonald Ranch site, which scientists used as a laboratory for
testing bomb components. A base camp was constructed, and there were 425
people present on the weekend of the test. It used a Fat Man bomb of the
same design as the one that would be detonated over Nagasaki. The
complex implosion-type nuclear weapon required a major design effort
from the Los Alamos Laboratory, and testing was required to allay fears
that it would not work. Its detonation (shown on video) produced the
explosive power of about 20 kilotons of TNT (84 terajoules). The test
site is now part of the White Sands Missile Range. It was declared a
National Historic Landmark district in 1965, and listed on the National
Register of Historic Places the following year.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

622:

The epoch of the Islamic calendar occurred, marking the year
that Muhammad began his Hijra from Mecca to Medina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calendar>

1769:

Spanish friar Junípero Serra founded Mission San Diego de
Alcalá, the first Franciscan mission in the Alta California region of
New Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_San_Diego_de_Alcal%C3%A1>

1950:

Korean War: A Korean People's Army unit massacred twenty-one
U.S. Army prisoners of war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain%E2%80%93Medic_massacre>

1965:

South Vietnamese Colonel Phạm Ngọc Thảo—an undetected
communist spy—was hunted down and killed after being sentenced to
death in absentia for a February 1965 coup attempt against Nguyễn
Khánh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o>

2013:

At least 23 students died and dozens more fell ill at a primary
school in the village of Dharmashati Gandaman in the Saran district of
the Indian state of Bihar after eating a Midday Meal contaminated with
pesticide.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_school_meal_poisoning_incident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

quisling:
(pejorative) A traitor who collaborates with the enemy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quisling>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We knew the world would not be the same. A few people laughed,
a few people cried, most people were silent. I remembered the line from
the Hindu scripture, the Bhagavad-Gita... "Now, I am become Death, the
destroyer of worlds."  
--Robert Oppenheimer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Oppenheimer>

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[Daily article] July 15: Tropical Storm Brenda (1960) Published On

Tropical Storm Brenda (tracking map pictured) was the second named storm
of the 1960 Atlantic hurricane season. It developed in the northeastern
Gulf of Mexico on July 28, and became a tropical storm after moving
ashore over the Florida Peninsula. Accelerating northeast along the U.S.
East Coast, it peaked north of Wilmington, North Carolina, as a moderate
storm with winds of 60 mph (97 km/h). After crossing the Mid-Atlantic
States and New England, it dissipated on July 31 over southern Canada.
The storm inflicted moderate damage in Florida, the worst since
Hurricane Easy of 1950, and dropped heavy rainfall as far north as New
York City. Total damage was estimated at $5 million, and at least one
traffic-related death was blamed on the cyclone. Brenda was the last
tropical cyclone to hit the U.S. mainland before the devastating
Hurricane Donna, which killed at least 364 and did close to a billion
dollars in damage (in 1960 dollars).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Brenda_(1960)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1815:

Aboard HMS Bellerophon, Napoleon surrendered to Royal Navy
Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland to finally end the Napoleonic Wars.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bellerophon_(1786)>

1870:

Manitoba and the Northwest Territories were established
following the transfer of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory
from the Hudson's Bay Company to Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories>

1910:

In his book Clinical Psychiatry, Emil Kraepelin gave a name to
Alzheimer's disease, naming it after his colleague Alois Alzheimer.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease>

1983:

Armenian extremist organization ASALA bombed the Turkish
Airlines check-in counter at Orly Airport as part of its campaign for
the recognition of and reparations for the Armenian Genocide.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orly_Airport_attack>

2009:

Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashed in northwestern Iran,
killing all 168 people aboard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Airlines_Flight_7908>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

effluvium:
A gaseous or vaporous emission, especially a foul-smelling one.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/effluvium>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In every era the attempt must be made anew to wrest tradition
away from a conformism that is about to overpower it. The Messiah comes
not only as the redeemer, he comes as the subduer of Antichrist. Only
that historian will have the gift of fanning the spark of hope in the
past who is firmly convinced that even the dead will not be safe from
the enemy if he wins. And this enemy has not ceased to be victorious.
 
--Walter Benjamin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin>

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[Daily article] July 14: Pluto Published On

Pluto is a dwarf planet orbiting the Sun, with about a sixth of the mass
of the Moon and a third of its volume. Like other Kuiper belt objects,
which are generally outside Neptune's orbit, Pluto is primarily rock and
ice. It has an elongated and highly inclined orbit that takes it from
49 astronomical units (7.4 billion km) away from the Sun down to 30,
closer than Neptune. Light from the Sun takes about 5.5 hours to reach
it at its average distance. Since its discovery in 1930, it had been
considered the ninth planet, but the International Astronomical Union
came up with a new definition for planets in 2006 that excluded Pluto
after many other similar icy objects were found, including Chiron and
Eris. Pluto has five known moons: Charon (about half as wide as Pluto),
Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. On 14 July 2015, a spacecraft is
visiting the dwarf planet and its moons for the first time: the New
Horizons probe is performing a flyby and attempting to take detailed
measurements and images. NASA has invited the general public to suggest
names for surface features that will be discovered on Pluto and Charon.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1223:

Louis VIII became King of France to begin a short three-year
reign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France>

1769:

Spanish soldier Gaspar de Portolà led the first European land
expedition to present-day California.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portol%C3%A0_expedition>

1865:

A seven-man team made the first ascent of the Matterhorn,
marking the end of the golden age of alpinism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent_of_the_Matterhorn>

1950:

In an early battle of the Korean War, North Korean troops began
attacking the headquarters of the American 24th Infantry Division in
Taejon, South Korea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Taejon>

1987:

Over 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain fell in a two-and-a-half-hour
period in Montreal, causing severe flooding and over CA$220 million in
damages.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Flood_of_1987>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hapless:
Very unlucky; ill-fated.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hapless>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Ever'body might be just one big soul, Well it looks that a-way
to me. Everywhere that you look, in the day or night, That's where I'm
a-gonna be, Ma, That's where I'm a-gonna be. Wherever little children
are hungry and cry, Wherever people ain't free. Wherever men are
fightin' for their rights, That's where I'm a-gonna be, Ma. That's where
I'm a-gonna be.  
--Woody Guthrie
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Woody_Guthrie>

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[Daily article] July 13: Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within Published On

Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within is a 2001 American computer-animated
science fiction film directed by Hironobu Sakaguchi (pictured), creator
of the Final Fantasy series of role-playing video games. It was the
first photorealistic computer-animated feature film and remains the most
expensive film inspired by a video game of all time. Featuring the
voices of Ming-Na Wen, Alec Baldwin, Donald Sutherland, James Woods,
Ving Rhames, Peri Gilpin and Steve Buscemi, The Spirits Within follows
scientists Aki Ross (Wen) and Doctor Sid (Sutherland) in their efforts
to free a post-apocalyptic Earth from the Phantoms, a mysterious and
deadly alien race. Square Pictures' staff of 200 rendered the film using
some of the most advanced processing capabilities available at the time,
taking about four years to complete it. The film debuted to mixed
critical reception, but was widely praised for the realism of the
computer-animated characters. It greatly exceeded its original budget,
costing $137 million and recovering only $85 million at the box office.
The film has been called a box office bomb and is blamed for the demise
of Square Pictures.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy:_The_Spirits_Within>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1260:

The Livonian Order suffered its greatest defeat in the 13th
century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Durbe>

1793:

Charlotte Corday assassinated Jean-Paul Marat, a leader in both
the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror, in his bathtub.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Corday>

1941:

The Communist Party of Yugoslavia initiated a general and
popular uprising against Italian occupation forces in Montenegro that
was suppressed within six weeks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro>

1977:

Ethiopia and Somalia went to war over the disputed Ogaden
region in eastern Ethiopia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogaden_War>

2011:

Three coordinated bombings across Mumbai, India, killed 26
victims and injured 130 more.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Mumbai_bombings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

tardigrade:
Sluggish; moving slowly.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tardigrade>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  "What is too silly to be said may be sung" — well, yes; but
what is too subtle to be said, or too deeply felt, or too revealing or
too mysterious — these things can also be sung and can only be sung.
 
--Kenneth Clark
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clark>

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[Daily article] July 12: 1877 Wimbledon Championship Published On

The 1877 Wimbledon Championship, the world's first lawn tennis
tournament, was held in Wimbledon, London, at the renamed All England
Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. The club had introduced lawn tennis in
1875 to compensate for waning interest in croquet, and was organising a
tennis tournament to raise money for lawn maintenance equipment. The
tournament rules were derived from the first standardised rules of
tennis issued by the Marylebone Cricket Club. The Gentlemen's Singles
competition, the only event of the championship, was contested on grass
courts by 22 players. It was held on 9–19 July in front of a crowd of
about 200 people who paid an entry fee of one shilling. Spencer Gore, a
27-year-old rackets player, became the first Wimbledon champion by
defeating William Marshall in three sets that lasted 48 minutes. He
received 12 guineas in prize money and a silver challenge cup, donated
by the sports magazine The Field. The tournament made a profit of £10.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_Wimbledon_Championship>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

927:

Æthelstan, King of England, secured a pledge from
Constantine II of Scotland that the latter would not ally with Viking
kings.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan>

1801:

French Revolutionary Wars: A squadron of British Royal Navy
ships of the line defeated a larger squadron of ships from the Spanish
Navy and French Navy in the Gut of Gibraltar.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Algeciras>

1917:

Vigilantes forcibly deported about 1,300 striking mine workers,
their supporters, and innocent bystanders from Bisbee, Arizona, US, to
New Mexico.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee_Deportation>

1971:

The Australian Aboriginal Flag, one of the official flags of
Australia, was flown for the first time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag>

2005:

Prince Albert II was enthroned as the current reigning monarch
of Monaco.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II,_Prince_of_Monaco>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

inveterate:
1. Old; firmly established by long continuance; of long standing;
obstinately deep-rooted; as, an inveterate disease; an inveterate habit.
2. (of a person) Having habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed;
habitual; as, an inveterate idler or smoker.
3. Malignant; virulent; spiteful.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inveterate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There is more recognition now that things are changing, but not
because there is a political move to do it. It is simply a result of the
information being there. Our survival won't depend on political or
economic systems. It's going to depend on the courage of the
individual to speak the truth, and to speak it lovingly and not
destructively. It's saying what you really know and feel is the truth,
in all directions. Our greatest vulnerability lies in the amount of
misinformation and misconditioning of humanity. I've found the
educations systems are full of it. You have to examine each word and ask
yourself, "Is that the right word for that?" — the integrity and the
courage of the individual to speak his own truth and not to go along
with the crowd, yet not making others seem ignorant. After a while, if
enough human beings are doing it, then everybody will start going in the
right direction.  
--Buckminster Fuller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller>

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[Daily article] July 11: SMS Königsberg (1905) Published On

SMS Königsberg ("His Majesty's Ship Königsberg") was the lead ship of
her class of light cruisers built by the German Imperial Navy. Named for
the capital of East Prussia, she was laid down and launched in 1905 and
completed the next year. The ship was armed with a main battery of ten
10.5-centimeter (4.1 in) guns and had a top speed of 24.1 knots
(44.6 km/h; 27.7 mph). Königsberg served with the High Seas Fleet's
reconnaissance force, and frequently escorted Kaiser Wilhelm II's yacht
on visits to foreign countries. A planned two-year deployment to German
East Africa was interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. The cruiser
attempted to raid British and French commercial traffic, but only
destroyed one merchant ship during her career. In September 1914, she
surprised and sank the British protected cruiser HMS Pegasus in the
Battle of Zanzibar, then retreated into the Rufiji River to repair her
engines. British cruisers located her and set up a blockade. On 11 July
1915, two monitors got close enough to cause severe damage, and her crew
scuttled the ship.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1905)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1405:

Marking the start of Ming China's treasure voyages, Admiral
Zheng He's expeditionary fleet set sail towards foreign regions on the
South China Sea and Indian Ocean.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_voyages>

1804:

U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr mortally wounded former U.S.
Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton during a duel in Weehawken, New
Jersey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel>

1882:

Anglo-Egyptian War: British naval forces began their
bombardment of Alexandria against Urabi forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombardment_of_Alexandria>

1940:

French World War I hero Philippe Pétain became Chief of State
of Vichy France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain>

1995:

Bosnian Genocide: Bosnian Serb forces began the Srebrenica
massacre in the region of Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina, eventually
killing an estimated total of 8,000 Bosniaks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gaggle:
1. A group of geese when they are on the ground or on the water.
2. Any group or gathering of related things; bunch.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gaggle>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Before you can be an internationalist you have first to be a
naturalist and feel the ground under you making a whole circle. It is
easier for a man to be loyal to his club than to his planet; the bylaws
are shorter, and he is personally acquainted with the other members. A
club, moreover, or a nation, has a most attractive offer to make: it
offers the right to be exclusive. There are not many of us who are
physically constituted to resist this strange delight, this nourishing
privilege. It is at the bottom of all fraternities, societies, orders.
It is at the bottom of most trouble. The planet holds out no such
inducement, The planet is everybody's. All it offers is the grass, the
sky, the water, the ineluctable dream of peace and fruition.  
--E. B. White
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/E._B._White>

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[Daily article] July 10: Chelsea Bridge Published On

Chelsea Bridge spans the River Thames in west London, connecting Chelsea
on the north bank to Battersea. The first bridge on the site, Victoria
Bridge, was proposed in the 1840s as part of the Battersea Park
development of marshlands on the south bank. Work on the nearby Chelsea
Embankment delayed the opening of this suspension bridge until 1857.
Although well received architecturally, as a toll bridge it was
unpopular and faced competition from the newly built Albert Bridge. It
was acquired in 1877 by the Metropolitan Board of Works, which abolished
the tolls. Victoria Bridge, narrow and structurally unsound, was renamed
Chelsea Bridge to avoid embarrassment to the Royal Family if it
collapsed. After population growth and the introduction of the
automobile, the bridge was demolished, and replaced in 1937 by the
current structure, the first self-anchored suspension bridge in Britain.
During the early 1950s it became popular with motorcyclists, who staged
regular races across it. The bridge is floodlit from below at night,
when the towers and cables are illuminated by 936 feet (285 m) of
light-emitting diodes. In 2008 it achieved Grade II listed status.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_Bridge>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1460:

War of the Roses: King Henry VI of England was captured by
Yorkists at the Battle of Northampton.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)>

1800:

Lord Wellesley, Governor-General of the British Raj, founded
Fort William College in Fort William, India, to promote Bengali, Hindi
and other vernaculars of the subcontinent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_William_College>

1925:

Indian mystic and spiritual master Meher Baba began his silence
until his death in 1969, only communicating by means of an alphabet
board or by unique hand gestures.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meher_Baba>

1941:

The Holocaust: A group of non-Jewish ethnic Poles from around
the nearby area murdered hundreds of Jewish residents of Jedwabne in
occupied Poland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom>

1962:

Telstar, the world's first active, direct relay communications
satellite, was launched by NASA aboard a Delta rocket from Cape
Canaveral.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstar>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

badinage:
Playful raillery; banter.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/badinage>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A single ray of light from a distant star falling upon the eye
of a tyrant in bygone times may have altered the course of his life, may
have changed the destiny of nations, may have transformed the surface of
the globe, so intricate, so inconceivably complex are the processes in
Nature. In no way can we get such an overwhelming idea of the grandeur
of Nature than when we consider, that in accordance with the law of the
conservation of energy, throughout the Infinite, the forces are in a
perfect balance, and hence the energy of a single thought may determine
the motion of a universe.  
--Nikola Tesla
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla>

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[Daily article] July 9: Corn crake Published On

The corn crake (Crex crex) is a bird in the rail family. It breeds in
Europe and Asia, and migrates to Africa for the northern hemisphere's
winter. It is a medium-sized crake with buff- or grey-streaked brownish-
black upperparts, chestnut markings on the wings, and blue-grey
underparts with rust-coloured and white bars on the flanks and
undertail. The male's call is a loud krek krek, from which the
scientific name is derived. The breeding habitat is grassland,
particularly hayfields; the female builds a nest of grass leaves in a
hollow in the ground and lays 6–14 cream-coloured eggs that hatch in
19 or 20 days. The bird is in steep decline across much of its former
breeding range because modern farming practices often destroy nests
before breeding is finished. It is omnivorous but mainly feeds on
invertebrates, the occasional small frog or mammal, and some seeds.
Natural threats include feral and introduced mammals, large birds, and
various parasites and diseases. Although numbers have declined steeply
in western Europe, the bird is classed as a species of least concern
because of its huge range and large populations in Russia, Kazakhstan
and western China.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_crake>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

869:

An earthquake and subsequent tsunami struck the area around
Sendai, Japan, leaving sand deposits up to 4 km (2.5 mi) inland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/869_Sanriku_earthquake>

1572:

Nineteen Catholic friars and clerics were hanged in Gorkum
during the 16th-century religious wars in the Low Countries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum>

1790:

Russo-Swedish War: During the Second Battle of Svensksund in
the Baltic Sea, the Swedish Navy captured one third of the Russian
fleet.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Svensksund>

1900:

Queen Victoria gave her Royal Assent to an Act of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom, ratifying the Constitution of
Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia>

1922:

Johnny Weissmuller swam the 100-meter freestyle in 58.6
seconds, breaking a world swimming record and the "minute barrier."
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Weissmuller>

1995:

Sri Lankan Civil War: After having advised civilians to take
shelter in places of worship, the Sri Lanka Air Force bombed a church in
Navaly, killing at least 125 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaly_church_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

penitent:
1. Feeling pain or sorrow on account of sins or offenses; repentant;
contrite; sincerely affected by a sense of guilt, and resolved on
amendment of life.
2. Doing penance.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/penitent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Verily God is able to convert light into fire whenever
He pleaseth; surely He is potent over all things. And were He to declare
a person whom ye regard alien to the truth as being akin thereto, err
not by questioning His decision in your fancies, for He Who is the
Sovereign Truth createth things through the power of His behest. Verily
God transmuteth fire into light as He willeth, and indeed potent is He
over all things.  
--The Báb
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b>

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[Daily article] July 8: Radiocarbon dating Published On

Radiocarbon dating is used to determine the age of carbon-bearing
material by measuring its radiocarbon, the radioactive isotope carbon-14
(with six protons and eight neutrons). Invented by Willard Libby in the
late 1940s, the method soon became a standard tool for archaeologists.
Radiocarbon is constantly created in the atmosphere, when cosmic rays
create free neutrons that hit nitrogen. Plants take in carbon, including
radiocarbon, through photosynthesis, and after an animal or plant dies,
it stops exchanging carbon with its environment. Half of the radiocarbon
decays every 5,730 years; the oldest dates that can be reliably measured
by radiocarbon dating are around 50,000 years ago. Atmospheric
radiocarbon was reduced starting in the late 19th century by fossil
fuels, which contain little detectable radiocarbon, but nuclear weapons
testing reversed that trend, almost doubling it by 1963. Accelerator
mass spectrometry has become the method of choice for radiocarbon
dating; it can be used with samples as small as plant grains. Libby
received the Nobel Prize for his work in 1960.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1663:

King Charles II of England granted John Clarke the Rhode Island
Royal Charter, described by one historian as "the grandest instrument of
human liberty ever constructed."
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Royal_Charter>

1709:

Great Northern War: Peter I of Russia defeated Charles XII of
Sweden in Poltava, effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in
Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava>

1808:

Joseph Bonaparte approved the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter
intended as the basis for his rule as King of Spain during the
Peninsular War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne_Statute>

1947:

After various news agencies reported the capture of a "flying
disc" by U.S. Army Air Force personnel in Roswell, New Mexico, the
military stated that what was actually recovered was debris from an
experimental high-altitude surveillance weather balloon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell_UFO_incident>

2011:

Space Shuttle Atlantis was launched in STS-135, the final
mission of the U.S. Space Shuttle program.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STS-135>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

maw:
1. The upper digestive tract (where food enters the body), especially the
mouth and jaws of a ravenous creature.
2. Any great, insatiable or perilous opening.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/maw>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Bring me your children hither. … Unto this twain, man-child
and womanchild, I give the passion of this element; This seed of
longing, substance of this love; This power, this purity, this
annihilation. Let their hands light the altar of the world. 'T is yours
forever. I have brought it home!  
--William Vaughn Moody
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Vaughn_Moody>

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[Daily article] July 7: Ringo Starr Published On

Ringo Starr (born 1940) is an English drummer, singer, songwriter, and
actor best known as the drummer for the Beatles. As a child he was twice
afflicted by life-threatening illnesses requiring prolonged
hospitalisations. He cofounded his first band in 1957, the Eddie Clayton
Skiffle Group, and then achieved moderate success with Rory Storm and
the Hurricanes. He joined the Beatles in 1962, replacing Pete Best. He
sang lead vocals for "With a Little Help from My Friends" and "Yellow
Submarine". Starr played key roles in the Beatles' films and appeared in
numerous others. After the band's break-up in 1970, he released "It
Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" and "Back Off Boogaloo", followed by the
1973 top ten album Ringo. He narrated the first two seasons of the
children's television series Thomas & Friends. Since 1989, he has
successfully toured with twelve variations of Ringo Starr & His All-
Starr Band. In 2011 Rolling Stone readers named Starr the fifth-greatest
drummer of all time. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
as a Beatle in 1988 and for his solo career in 2015.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1456:

Twenty-five years after her death, Joan of Arc was declared
innocent of heresy in a posthumous retrial.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrial_of_Joan_of_Arc>

1834:

In New York City, four nights of rioting against abolitionists
began, fueled by rumors that they were encouraging miscegenation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-abolitionist_riots_(1834)>

1915:

Sinhalese army officer Henry Pedris was wrongly executed by
British authorities for allegedly inciting race riots, hastening the Sri
Lankan independence movement.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Pedris>

1994:

Troops from the former North Yemen captured Aden, ending the
Yemeni civil war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(1994)>

2005:

Suicide bombers killed 52 people in a series of four explosions
on London's public transport system (emergency responders pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sanguinary:
1. Attended with bloodshed.
2. Eager to shed blood; bloodthirsty.
3. Consisting of, covered with or similar in appearance to blood.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sanguinary>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There was so much to grok, so little to grok from.  
--Stranger in a Strange Land
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land>

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