[Daily article] September 30: Thunderbirds (TV series) Published On

Thunderbirds is a mid-1960s British science-fiction television series
created by Gerry Anderson (pictured) and Sylvia Anderson, produced by
their company AP Films and distributed by ITC. It was their fifth series
to be filmed using a hybrid technique known as "Supermarionation", which
combined scale-model special effects sequences with scenes featuring
marionette puppet characters. Two series were made, totalling 32
episodes. Set in the mid-2060s, Thunderbirds follows the adventures of
International Rescue, a secret organisation founded by ex-astronaut Jeff
Tracy. Their advanced rescue machines are led by the Thunderbirds, a
fleet of five vehicles piloted by Jeff's adult sons. The series
premiered on the ITV network on 30 September 1965 and has since been
broadcast in at least 66 other countries. Widely considered the
Andersons' most popular and commercially successful series, it has
received particular praise for its effects and music. It was followed by
two feature-length film sequels in the 1960s and a live-action film
adaptation in 2004. A computer-animated remake, Thunderbirds Are Go,
premiered on ITV in 2015.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunderbirds_(TV_series)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

737:

Muslim conquest of Transoxiana: Turgesh tribes attacked the
exposed Umayyad baggage train, which had been sent ahead of the main
force, and captured it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Baggage>

1399:

Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, deposed Richard II to
become Henry IV of England, merging the Duchy of Lancaster with the
crown.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England>

1882:

The Vulcan Street Plant, the first hydroelectric central
station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North
America, went on line in Appleton, Wisconsin, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Street_Plant>

1965:

Members of the 30 September Movement attempted a coup against
the Indonesian government, which was crushed by the military under
Suharto, leading to a mass anti-communist purge with over 500,000 people
killed over the following months.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366>

2005:

The Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten published controversial
editorial cartoons depicting Muhammad, sparking protests across the
Muslim world by many who viewed them as Islamophobic and blasphemous.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

censure:
1. To criticize harshly.
2. To formally rebuke.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/censure>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Love is the ark appointed for the righteous, Which annuls the
danger and provides a way of escape. Sell your cleverness and buy
bewilderment. Cleverness is mere opinion, bewilderment intuition.
 
--Rumi
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rumi>

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[Daily article] September 29: Choiseul pigeon Published On

The Choiseul pigeon (Microgoura meeki) is an extinct species that was
endemic to the island of Choiseul in the Solomon Islands. Its closest
living relative is believed to be the thick-billed ground pigeon, and
some authors have suggested that the Choiseul pigeon may be a link
between that species and the crowned pigeons. The adult pigeon was
largely blue-grey, with an orange belly and a distinctive slate-blue
crest. The bird's head sported a blue frontal shield surrounded by black
feathers and a bicoloured beak. It was described as having a beautiful
rising and falling whistling call. It is believed to have been a
terrestrial species that laid a single egg in an unlined depression in
the ground. It roosted in pairs or small groups of three or four in
small shrubs and was reportedly very tame, allowing hunters to pick it
up off its roost. The indigenous peoples reported that the species was
driven to extinction by feral cats, as the pigeon had never previously
confronted a carnivorous mammal on Choiseul. The last unconfirmed report
of a Choiseul pigeon was in the early 1940s.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choiseul_pigeon>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1774:

The publication of The Sorrows of Young Werther raised the 24
-year-old Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to international fame.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther>

1940:

Two Avro Ansons of No. 2 Service Flying Training School RAAF
collided in mid-air over Brocklesby, New South Wales, Australia, remain
locked together after colliding, and landed safely (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Brocklesby_mid-air_collision>

1957:

An explosion at the Soviet nuclear reprocessing plant Mayak
released 74 to 1850 PBq of radioactive material.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyshtym_disaster>

1962:

Alouette 1, Canada's first satellite, and the first satellite
constructed by a country other than the Soviet Union or the United
States, was launched.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alouette_1>

2005:

John Roberts became the 17th Chief Justice of the United
States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ex delicto:
(law) Of a legal obligation: arising from a delict or tort, or some
other wrongful act.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ex_delicto>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I will shew thee that which is noted in the scripture of truth:
and there is none that holdeth with me in these things, but Michael your
prince.  
--Book of Daniel
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel>

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[Daily article] September 28: Halo: Reach Published On

Halo: Reach is a first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie,
published by Microsoft Game Studios, and released on September 14, 2010,
for the Xbox 360 video game console. Players control Noble Six, a member
of an elite supersoldier squad, when the human world known as Reach is
attacked in the year 2552 by the alien Covenant. Developed after the
2007 release of Halo 3, the game is a prequel to the original Halo game
trilogy. Reach‍ '​s music was composed by longtime Halo composers
Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori, who aimed for a more somber
sound to match the story. Reach was announced at the Electronic
Entertainment Expo 2009 in Los Angeles. It grossed $200 million on its
launch day, setting a new record for the franchise. The game sold well
in most territories, moving more than three million units its first
month in North America. Critical reception was positive, and generally
praised the game's graphics and sound, but the plot and characters were
less positively received.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo:_Reach>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

William the Conqueror and his fleet of around 600 ships landed
at Pevensey, Sussex, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England>

1542:

Portuguese explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, the first
European to travel along the coast of California, landed at what is now
the city of San Diego.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo>

1891:

Railway workers in Montevideo founded the Central Uruguay
Railway Cricket Club, which later changed its name to Peñarol, now
Uruguay's most successful football club.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C3%B1arol>

1963:

Whaam!, now considered one of Roy Lichtenstein's most important
works, debuted at an exhibition held at the Leo Castelli Gallery, New
York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaam!>

1996:

Former President of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah was
tortured and murdered by the Taliban.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pleonasm:
1. (uncountable, rhetoric) Redundancy in wording.
2. (countable) A phrase involving pleonasm, that is, a phrase in which one
or more words are redundant as their meaning is expressed elsewhere in
the phrase.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pleonasm>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I am not bothered by the fact that I am unknown. I am bothered
when I do not know others.  
--Confucius (孔子 · Kongzi)
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Confucius>

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[Daily article] September 27: Stockton and Darlington Railway Published On

The Stockton and Darlington Railway operated in north-east England from
1825 to 1863. The world's first public railway to use steam locomotives,
its first line connected coal mines near Shildon with Stockton-on-Tees
and Darlington, and was officially opened on 27 September 1825. The
movement of coal to ships became a lucrative business, and the line was
soon extended to a new port and town at Middlesbrough. Passengers were
carried in coaches drawn by horses until carriages hauled by steam
locomotives were introduced in 1833. The company suffered severe
financial difficulties at the end of the 1840s and was nearly taken over
by the York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway, before profiting from the
discovery of iron ore in Cleveland. The company was taken over by the
North Eastern Railway in 1863, transferring 200 route miles (320 km) of
line and about 160 locomotives, but continued to operate independently
as the Darlington Section until 1876. Much of the original route is now
served by the Tees Valley Line, operated by Northern Rail. The railway's
opening in 1825 was seen as proof of the effectiveness of steam
railways, and its anniversary was celebrated in 1875, 1925 and 1975.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1422:

The Treaty of Melno was signed, establishing the
Prussian–Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for
about 500 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno>

1822:

In a letter to the Paris Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-
Lettres, Jean-François Champollion announced his initial successes in
deciphering the Rosetta Stone.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion>

1875:

The Ellen Southard wrecked in a storm at Liverpool, England;
the United States Congress subsequently awarded 27 gold Lifesaving
Medals to the lifeboat men who rescued her crew.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Southard>

1908:

The first production of the Ford Model T automobile was built
at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T>

1983:

Software developer Richard Stallman announced plans for the
Unix-like GNU operating system, the first free software developed by the
GNU Project.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

stile:
1. A set of steps surmounting a fence or wall, or a narrow gate or
contrived passage through a fence or wall, which in either case allows
people but not livestock to pass.
2. A vertical component of a panel or frame, such as that of a door or
window. […]
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stile>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If ye love wealth better than liberty, the tranquility of
servitude than the animated contest of freedom — go home from us in
peace. We ask not your counsels or arms. Crouch down and lick the hands
which feed you. May your chains sit lightly upon you, and may posterity
forget that you were our countrymen!  
--Samuel Adams
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams>

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[Daily article] September 26: Three-dollar piece Published On

The three-dollar piece was a gold coin produced by the United States
Bureau of the Mint from 1854 to 1889. Designed by Mint Chief Engraver
James B. Longacre, the obverse ("heads" side) bears a representation of
Lady Liberty wearing a headdress of a Native American princess, and the
reverse displays a wreath of corn, wheat, cotton, and tobacco. Longacre
sought to make it as different as possible from the quarter eagle ($2.50
piece), striking it on a thinner planchet and using a distinctive
design. Although over 100,000 were struck in the first year, the coin
saw little use. It circulated somewhat on the West Coast, where gold and
silver were used to the exclusion of paper money, but what little place
it had in commerce in the East was lost in the economic disruption of
the Civil War, and was never regained. The piece was last struck in
1889, and Congress ended the series the following year. Although many
dates were struck in small numbers, the rarest was produced at the San
Francisco Mint in 1870 (1870-S); only one such coin is known with
certainty to exist.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dollar_piece>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1087:

William II, son of William the Conqueror, was crowned King of
England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England>

1687:

The Parthenon in Athens was partially destroyed during an armed
conflict between the Venetians under Francesco Morosini and Ottoman
forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthenon>

1917:

First World War: The Battle of Polygon Wood, part of the Third
Battle of Ypres, began near Ypres, Belgium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Polygon_Wood>

1983:

Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov averted a possible
worldwide nuclear war by deliberately certifying what otherwise appeared
to be an impending attack by the United States as a false alarm.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Soviet_nuclear_false_alarm_incident>

2010:

Scottish aid worker Linda Norgrove and three Afghan colleagues
were kidnapped by members of the Taliban in the Kunar Province of
eastern Afghanistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Linda_Norgrove>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

heave:
1. (transitive) To lift with difficulty; to raise with some effort; to lift
(a heavy thing). […]
2. (intransitive) To make an effort to vomit; to retch.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heave>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Do I dare Disturb the universe? In a minute there is time For
decisions and revisions which a minute will reverse.  
--T. S. Eliot
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/T._S._Eliot>

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[Daily article] September 25: Serpens Published On

Serpens is a constellation of the northern hemisphere, representing a
serpent. One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century
astronomer Ptolemy, it remains one of the 88 modern constellations
defined by the International Astronomical Union. It is unique among the
modern constellations in being split into two non-contiguous parts, the
head (Serpens Caput) to the west and the tail (Serpens Cauda) to the
east. Between these two halves lies the constellation of Ophiuchus, the
"Serpent-Bearer", with the body of the serpent passing behind Ophiuchus.
The brightest star in Serpens is the red giant star Alpha Serpentis,
with an apparent magnitude of 2.63. The Eagle Nebula and its associated
cluster (pictured) are located in Serpens, as is the nearby star-forming
region Westerhout 40. Extragalactic objects in Serpens include Seyfert's
Sextet, one of the densest galaxy clusters known; Arp 220, the
prototypical ultraluminous infrared galaxy; and Hoag's Object, the most
famed of the rare ring galaxies.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpens>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

275:

After the assassination of Aurelian, Tacitus was chosen by the
Senate to succeed him as Roman emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Tacitus>

1790:

Peking opera (performer pictured) was born when the Four Great
Anhui Troupes introduced Anhui opera to Beijing in honor of the Qianlong
Emperor's eightieth birthday.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_opera>

1911:

An explosion of badly degraded propellant charges on board the
French battleship Liberté detonated the forward ammunition magazines
and destroyed the ship.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Libert%C3%A9>

1964:

Unrest and frustration amongst many indigenous Mozambican
populations against Portuguese rule erupted in a war for independence
that lasted ten years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence>

1983:

In one of the largest prison escapes in British history, 38
Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners hijacked a prison meals
lorry and smashed their way out of HM Prison Maze in County Antrim,
Northern Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dichotomy:
1. A separation or division into two; a distinction that results in such a
division. […]
2. (astronomy) A phase of the moon when it appears half lit and half dark,
as at the quadratures. […]
3. (biology) A fork (bifurcation) in a stem or vein.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dichotomy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The past is never dead. It's not even past.  
--William Faulkner
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Faulkner>

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[Daily article] September 24: Pride and Prejudice (1995 TV serial) Published On

Pride and Prejudice is a six-episode 1995 British television drama,
adapted by Andrew Davies from Jane Austen's 1813 novel of the same name.
Jennifer Ehle and Colin Firth starred as Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy.
Produced by Sue Birtwistle and directed by Simon Langton, the serial was
a BBC production with additional funding from the American A&E; Network.
BBC One originally broadcast the 55-minute episodes from 24 September to
29 October. The A&E; Network aired the serial in double episodes on
three consecutive nights beginning 14 January 1996. Critically acclaimed
and a popular success, Pride and Prejudice was honoured with several
awards, including a BAFTA Television Award for Jennifer Ehle for "Best
Actress" and an Emmy for "Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume
Design for a Miniseries or a Special". The role of Mr Darcy elevated
Colin Firth to stardom. The New York Times called the adaptation "a
witty mix of love stories and social conniving, cleverly wrapped in the
ambitions and illusions of a provincial gentry".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice_(1995_TV_serial)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

622:

Muhammad and his followers completed their Hijra from Mecca to
Medina to escape religious persecution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(Islam)>

1180:

The Byzantine Empire was weakened by the death of Emperor
Manuel I Komnenos (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos>

1890:

Wilford Woodruff, President of the Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter-day Saints, wrote the first draft of a manifesto which officially
disavowed the continuing practice of plural marriage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_Manifesto>

1957:

Barcelona's Camp Nou, currently the largest stadium in Europe
with a seating capacity of 99,354, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Nou>

1975:

Dougal Haston and Doug Scott on the Southwest Face expedition
became the first people to reach the summit of Mount Everest by any of
its faces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_British_Mount_Everest_Southwest_Face_expedition>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

alas:
A type of depression which occurs in Yakutia, formed by the subsidence
of permafrost.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alas>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Papa Hegel he say that all we learn from history is that we learn
nothing from history. I know people who can't even learn from what
happened this morning. Hegel must have been taking the long view.
 
--John Brunner
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Brunner>

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[Daily article] September 23: Actions along the Matanikau Published On

The Actions along the Matanikau were the two most prominent engagements
across the Matanikau River in Guadalcanal during World War II. In the
first of these separate but related actions (23–27 September 1942),
elements of three U.S. Marine battalions attacked Japanese troop
concentrations around the river. The attack was intended to destroy any
Japanese forces in the area and to disrupt their attempts to stage
attacks on the Marine's defenses at Lunga Point by denying their use of
Point Cruz peninsula, the village of Kokumbona, and a series of ridges
and ravines stretching inland from the coast. The Japanese repulsed this
attack. In the second action (6–9 October), a larger force of Marines
crossed the river and inflicted heavy casualties on an infantry
regiment. This forced the Japanese to retreat from their positions east
of the Matanikau and hindered their preparations for a planned major
offensive on the U.S. Lunga defenses set for later in October.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actions_along_the_Matanikau>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1459:

Yorkist forces led by Richard Neville defeated Lancastrian
troops at the Battle of Blore Heath in Staffordshire, England, a major
battle of the Wars of the Roses.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Blore_Heath>

1568:

Anglo–Spanish War: At San Juan de Ulúa (in modern Veracruz,
Mexico), Spanish naval forces forced English privateers to halt their
illegal trade.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)>

1875:

Billy the Kid was arrested for the first time after stealing
clothes from a laundryman, beginning his life as an infamous American
outlaw and gunman.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_the_Kid>

1932:

The Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz merged with Al-Hasa and Qatif to
form the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, with Ibn Saud as the first monarch and
Riyadh as the capital city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Saudi_Arabia>

2010:

Teresa Lewis became the first woman to be executed by the US
state of Virginia since 1912, and the first woman in the state to be
executed via lethal injection.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Lewis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

balebos:
1. (Judaism) Master of the house, head of the household, host.
2. (Judaism) House owner, homeowner.
3. (Judaism, by extension) Boss, person in charge (of anything).
4. (Judaism) Important man, bourgeoisie.
5. (Judaism) Layman, congregant, non-clergy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/balebos>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I believe that we are soft creatures in a world with some very
hard edges. It's remarkable that we survive at all, much less do high
deeds or write great music. I think … tension … is a condition of
our existence, and I do my best to depict it.  
--Brian McNaughton
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Brian_McNaughton>

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[Daily article] September 22: Chetro Ketl Published On

Chetro Ketl is an Ancestral Puebloan great house and American
archeological site located in Chaco Culture National Historical Park,
New Mexico. Construction on Chetro Ketl began c. 990 and was largely
complete by 1075. Following the onset of a severe drought, most Chacoans
emigrated from the canyon by 1140. The great house was rediscovered in
1823 by the Spanish governor of New Mexico and explored in 1849 by the
US Army Corps of Engineers. Chaco scholars estimate that it required
more than 500,000 man-hours, 26,000 trees, and 50 million sandstone
blocks to erect Chetro Ketl. The building contained around 400 rooms and
was the largest great house by area in Chaco Canyon, covering nearly 3
acres (1.2 ha). Chetro Ketl's purpose is widely debated, but many
archeologists believe the building was a place of large-scale ceremony
that held an important position within the larger Chacoan system. The
building has deteriorated significantly since its rediscovery in the
early 19th century, and its usefulness as a source of information about
Chacoan culture is slowly diminishing.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetro_Ketl>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1792:

French Revolution: One day after the National Convention voted
to abolish the monarchy, the French First Republic came into being.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic>

1862:

U.S. President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, declaring the freedom of all slaves in Confederate
territory by January 1, 1863.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation>

1922:

After nine days, the Great Fire of Smyrna was extinguished,
having caused tens of thousands of deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Smyrna>

1955:

ITV was founded as the first commercial television network in
the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)>

1965:

The United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a
resolution calling for an unconditional ceasefire in the Indo-Pakistani
War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

nothospecies:
(botany) A hybrid which is formed by direct hybridization of two
species, not other hybrids.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nothospecies>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I urge you to work together in promoting a true, worldwide ethical
mobilization which, beyond all differences of religious or political
convictions, will spread and put into practice a shared ideal of
fraternity and solidarity, especially with regard to the poorest and
those most excluded.  
--Pope Francis
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_Francis>

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[Daily article] September 21: Kareena Kapoor Published On

Kareena Kapoor (born 1980) is an Indian Bollywood actress. She is the
daughter of actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita, and the younger sister of
actress Karisma Kapoor. Her achievements include six Filmfare Awards,
four IIFA Awards, and three Screen Awards. One of Bollywood's highest-
paid actresses, she has played a variety of characters and appeared in a
range of film genres. After making her acting debut in Refugee (2000),
Kapoor established herself as a leading actress in 2001 with her roles
in Aśoka and Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham.... This initial success was
followed by roles in a series of commercial failures. The year 2004
marked a turning point for her when she played a sex worker in Chameli.
She earned wide recognition for her roles in Dev and Omkara, then
starred in Jab We Met (2007). Kapoor achieved further success by
featuring as the female lead in four of India's top-grossing
productions—3 Idiots (2009), Golmaal 3 (2010), Bodyguard (2011), and
Ra.One (2011)—and received praise for her roles in Kurbaan (2009) and
Heroine (2012). Married to actor Saif Ali Khan, Kapoor's off-screen life
is the subject of widespread coverage in India.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1776:

American Revolutionary War: The Great Fire of New York broke
out during British occupation of New York City, destroying up to 1,000
buildings.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_(1776)>

1860:

Second Opium War: Anglo-French forces earned a decisive victory
against Qing dynasty troops in the Battle of Palikao, allowing them to
capture Beijing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palikao>

1937:

J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy children's novel The Hobbit, which
later served as a predecessor to The Lord of the Rings, was first
published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hobbit>

1965:

Portugal outraged the United Kingdom by announcing its
acceptance of a mission in Lisbon independently representing Rhodesia
(or Southern Rhodesia), a British colony.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesian_mission_in_Lisbon>

2013:

Unidentified gunmen began a three-day attack on the upmarket
Westgate shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya, resulting in the deaths of 67
people with at least another 175 wounded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westgate_shopping_mall_attack>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gizzardless:
1. Without a gizzard; without guts or innards.
2. (figuratively) Lacking courage, cowardly.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gizzardless>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The only deadly sin I know is cynicism.  
--Henry L. Stimson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson>

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[Daily article] September 20: Forrest Highway Published On

Forrest Highway is a 95-kilometre-long (59 mi) highway in Western
Australia's Peel and South West regions, extending Perth's Kwinana
Freeway from east of Mandurah down to Bunbury. The highway begins in
Ravenswood, continues around the Peel Inlet to Lake Clifton, and heads
south to finish at Bunbury's Eelup Roundabout. Old Coast Road was the
original Mandurah–Bunbury route, dating back to the 1840s. Since the
1980s the state government has been upgrading the main Perth to Bunbury
route by extending Kwinana Freeway south from Perth, and constructing a
dual carriageway on Old Coast Road north of Bunbury, including bypasses
around Australind, Dawesville, and Mandurah. Construction of the New
Perth Bunbury Highway project, which became Forrest Highway and the
final Kwinana Freeway extension, began in December 2006, and the new
highway was opened on 20 September 2009. Within one year of opening, the
number of road accidents in the area had decreased significantly, but
tourism and businesses in the towns on bypassed routes were also
affected. In June 2014, Forrest Highway was extended south to Bunbury by
renaming much of Old Coast Road as well as Australind Bypass as part of
the highway.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Highway>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1260:

The second of two major Prussian uprisings by the Prussian
tribe of Balts began against the Teutonic Knights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_uprisings>

1498:

A tsunami caused by the Meiō Nankaidō earthquake washed away
the building housing the statue of the Great Buddha at Kōtoku-in in
Kamakura, Japan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dtoku-in>

1906:

The ocean liner RMS Mauretania, the largest and fastest ship in
the world at the time, was launched.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)>

1977:

A series of celestial phenomena of unknown nature was observed
in the western Soviet Union, Finland and Denmark.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon>

2008:

An explosive-laden truck detonated in front of the Marriott
hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 54 people and injuring 266 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad_Marriott_Hotel_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

upper-crust:
(idiomatic, informal) Posh, upper-class; pertaining to the upper crust.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/upper-crust>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  An individual's self-concept is the core of his personality. It
affects every aspect of human behavior: the ability to learn, the
capacity to grow and change. A strong, positive self-image is the best
possible preparation for success in life.  
--Joyce Brothers
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joyce_Brothers>

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[Daily article] September 19: Laevistrombus canarium Published On

Laevistrombus canarium, commonly known as the dog conch, is a species of
edible sea snail, a marine gastropod in the true conch family, found
from India and Sri Lanka to Melanesia, Australia and southern Japan. The
animal has an elongated snout, thin eyestalks with well-developed eyes
and sensory tentacles, and a narrow, strong foot. The burrowing
behaviours and leaping form of locomotion are common among true conchs.
Living on muddy and sandy bottoms, it grazes on algae and detritus. The
easily distinguishable sexes depend on internal fertilization for
spawning. The maximum life span is 2 to 2.5 years. Predators of this
snail include carnivorous gastropods such as cone snails and volutes. It
is also a prey species for vertebrates, including humans, who consume
the soft parts in a wide variety of dishes. The heavy shell is valued as
an ornament, and used as a sinker for fishing nets. Several studies
indicate that populations in some areas may be suffering from
overexploitation.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1356:

Hundred Years' War: English forces led by Edward the Black
Prince decisively won the Battle of Poitiers and captured King Jean II
of France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers>

1846:

Two French shepherd children, Mélanie Calvat and Maximin
Giraud, reported experiencing a Marian apparition on a mountaintop near
La Salette, France, now known as Our Lady of La Salette.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_La_Salette>

1940:

Polish resistance member Witold Pilecki allowed himself to be
captured by German forces and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp
in order to gather intelligence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Pilecki>

1985:

An 8.1 ML earthquake struck Mexico City, killing at least 9,000
people and leaving up to 100,000 homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake>

1995:

The manifesto of "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski was published in The
Washington Post and The New York Times, almost three months after it was
submitted.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

coctile:
1. Made by baking, or exposure to heat.
2. Built of baked bricks.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coctile>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In 1963 the BBC premiered a show about an alien Who traveled
through space and time to combat the powers of evil. … The show has
been running in Britain almost fifty years, With many different actors
in the role of The Doctor. … One thing is consistent though And this
is why the show is so beloved by geeks and nerds — It's all about the
triumph of intellect and romance over brute force and cynicism! … And
if there is any hope for any of us in this giant explosion in which we
inhabit then surely that's it: Intellect and romance triumph over
brute force and cynicism!  
--Craig Ferguson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Craig_Ferguson>

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[Daily article] September 18: Death of Jimi Hendrix Published On

The American musician Jimi Hendrix died in London on September 18, 1970,
aged 27. In the days leading up to his death, he was in poor health,
affected by exhaustion and possibly influenza, and frustrated by his
personal relationships. He spent his last day with Monika Dannemann at
her apartment in Notting Hill. The next morning, she found him
unresponsive, and he was confirmed dead at St Mary Abbot's Hospital. The
post-mortem examination concluded that Hendrix had died of asphyxia
after choking on his vomit while intoxicated with barbiturates;
Dannemann stated that he had taken 18 times his recommended dose of
Vesparax. Finding no evidence of suicide, the coroner recorded his death
as an open verdict. In 1992, Hendrix's former girlfriend Kathy
Etchingham asked the UK authorities to reinvestigate his death; this
second investigation again proved inconclusive when it was closed the
following year. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame describes Hendrix as
"arguably the greatest instrumentalist in the history of rock music".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Jimi_Hendrix>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

324:

Constantine the Great decisively defeated Licinius in the Battle
of Chrysopolis, establishing Constantine's sole control over the Roman
Empire, and ending the Tetrarchy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chrysopolis>

1809:

The second theatre of the Royal Opera House (interior pictured)
in London opened after a fire destroyed the original theatre one year
earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House>

1895:

Daniel David Palmer gave the first chiropractic adjustment to
deaf janitor Harvey Lillard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chiropractic>

1918:

World War I: The Central Powers' defeat in the Battle of Dobro
Pole played a role in the Bulgarian withdrawal from the war and opened
the way for the subsequent liberation of Vardar Macedonia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole>

1998:

The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN), a nonprofit organization that manages the assignment of domain
names and IP addresses in the Internet, was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICANN>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

disinformation:
The dissemination of intentionally false information to deliberately
confuse or mislead.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disinformation>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is more from carelessness about truth than from intentional
lying, that there is so much falsehood in the world.  
--Samuel Johnson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson>

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[Daily article] September 17: Grand Theft Auto V Published On

Grand Theft Auto V is an open world, action-adventure video game
developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was
released on 17 September 2013 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, in
2014 for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, and in 2015 for Microsoft
Windows. The game is the next main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series
after 2008's Grand Theft Auto IV. Set within the fictional state of San
Andreas (based on Southern California), the story follows three
criminals and their efforts to commit heists, with the game's use of
three lead protagonists representing a break from series tradition. In a
single-player or an online multiplayer mode, players can freely roam the
open world of San Andreas, which includes rural environments and the
fictional city of Los Santos (based on Los Angeles). Upon release, Grand
Theft Auto V was critically acclaimed, drawing praise for its open world
design and technical capabilities. It became the fastest-selling
entertainment product in history, earning US$800 million in its first
day and $1 billion in its first three days.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto_V>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1176:

Byzantine–Seljuk wars: The Seljuk Turks prevented the
Byzantines from taking the interior of Anatolia at the Battle of
Myriokephalon in Phrygia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Myriokephalon>

1630:

Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Colony founded the city of
Boston.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston>

1939:

Second World War: The Royal Navy lost its first warship in the
war when German submarine U-29 torpedoed and sank HMS Courageous.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Courageous_(50)>

1948:

Swedish diplomat Folke Bernadotte was assassinated by the
militant Zionist group Lehi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte>

1980:

The Polish trade union Solidarity was founded as the first
independent labor union in a Soviet-bloc country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Solidarity>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pound a beat:
(idiomatic) To walk a regular route.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pound_a_beat>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Now, you're either on the bus or off the bus. If you're on the
bus, and you get left behind, then you'll find it again. If you're off
the bus in the first place — then it won't make a damn.  
--Ken Kesey
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ken_Kesey>

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[Daily article] September 16: A Handful of Dust Published On

A Handful of Dust is a novel by the British writer Evelyn Waugh
(pictured). First published in 1934, it concerns the misfortunes of Tony
Last, a contented but shallow English country squire who, betrayed by
his wife and seeing his illusions shattered one by one, joins an
expedition to the Brazilian jungle. Here he is trapped in a remote
outpost, as the prisoner and plaything of an insane captor, and is
forced to read the novels of Charles Dickens, aloud, in perpetuity.
Waugh incorporated several autobiographical elements into the story,
notably a journey into the South American interior undertaken in
1933–34, and his own recent desertion by his young wife. The book was
immediately popular with the public and has never been out of print; its
literary reputation has grown, and it has been listed among the 20th
century's best novels. Unlike in much of his work, Waugh did not
introduce overt religious themes into A Handful of Dust. He later
explained that he intended the book to demonstrate the futility of
humanist as distinct from religious values.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Handful_of_Dust>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1400:

Owain Glyndŵr (seal pictured) was proclaimed Prince of Wales
and instigated a revolt against the rule of Henry IV of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_Rising>

1776:

American Revolutionary War: On hearing the British troops
sounding their bugles as if it were a fox hunt, the American colonists
held their ground and achieved a victory at the Battle of Harlem Heights
in present-day New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights>

1810:

Miguel Hidalgo, the parish priest in Dolores, Guanajuato,
delivered the Grito de Dolores to his congregation, instigating the
Mexican War of Independence against Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grito_de_Dolores>

1940:

World War II: Italy captured the town of Sidi Barrani, but
their invasion of Egypt progressed no further.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt>

1990:

Construction of the Northern Xinjiang Railway was completed
between Ürümqi and Alashankou, linking the railway lines of China and
Kazakhstan, and adding a sizable portion to the Eurasian Land Bridge.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

bogatyr:
(historical) A medieval Russian heroic warrior, akin to the Western
European knight-errant.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bogatyr>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Faithfulness to the truth of history involves far more than a
research, however patient and scrupulous, into special facts. Such facts
may be detailed with the most minute exactness, and yet the narrative,
taken as a whole, may be unmeaning or untrue. The narrator must seek to
imbue himself with the life and spirit of the time. He must study events
in their bearings near and remote; in the character, habits, and manners
of those who took part in them, he must himself be, as it were, a sharer
or a spectator of the action he describes.  
--Francis Parkman
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Francis_Parkman>

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[Daily article] September 14: Red-winged fairywren Published On

The red-winged fairywren (Malurus elegans) is a perching bird in the
family Maluridae. It is non-migratory, and endemic to the southwestern
corner of Western Australia. The sexes are dimorphic: females, juveniles
and non-breeding males have predominantly grey-brown plumage, but
breeding males adopt brilliant colours, with an iridescent silvery-blue
crown and upper back, red-brown shoulders, a black throat, grey-brown
wings and pale underparts. Though the red-winged fairywren is locally
common, there is evidence of a decline in numbers. Primarily
insectivorous, it forages and lives in the shelter of scrubby vegetation
in temperate wetter forests dominated by the karri (Eucalyptus
diversicolor), remaining close to cover to avoid predators. Like other
fairywrens, it is a cooperative breeding species, with small groups of
birds maintaining and defending small territories year-round. Groups
consist of a socially monogamous pair with several helper birds who
assist in raising the young.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-winged_fairywren>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

786:

Harun al-Rashid became the Abbasid caliph upon the death of his
brother al-Hadi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid>

1752:

In adopting the Gregorian calendar under the terms of the
Calendar (New Style) Act 1750, the British Empire skipped eleven days:
(September 2 was followed directly by September 14).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750>

1914:

HMAS AE1, the Royal Australian Navy's first submarine, was
lost at sea; its wreck has never been found.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAS_AE1>

1975:

Elizabeth Ann Seton became the first native-born citizen of the
United States to be canonized.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton>

2007:

Late-2000s financial crisis: The Northern Rock bank received a
liquidity support facility from the Bank of England, sparking a bank
run—the United Kingdom's first in 150 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rock>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

entrench:
1. (archaeology) To dig or excavate a trench; to trench.
2. (military) To surround or provide with a trench, especially for defense;
to dig in.
3. (figuratively) To establish a substantial position in business,
politics, etc.
4. To invade; to encroach; to infringe or trespass; to enter on, and take
possession of, that which belongs to another; usually followed by on or
upon.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/entrench>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The principal difference between love and hate is that love is an
irradiation, and hate is a concentration. Love makes everything lovely;
hate concentrates itself on the object of its hatred. All the fearful
counterfeits of love — possessiveness, lust, vanity, jealousy — are
closer to hate: they concentrate on the object, guard it, suck it dry.
 
--Sydney J. Harris
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sydney_J._Harris>

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[Daily article] September 13: Broad Ripple Park Carousel Published On

Broad Ripple Park Carousel is an antique carousel in The Children's
Museum of Indianapolis in the U.S. state of Indiana. It was originally
installed in 1917 at an amusement park near the White River where it
remained until the building housing it collapsed in 1956. The ride's
mechanism was destroyed, but the animals were relatively unscathed and
put into storage by the park's owners, the Indianapolis Park District.
The animals were carved by the Dentzel Carousel Company sometime before
1900 and assembled by the William F. Mangels carousel company, which
also supplied the engine powering the ride. Restoration of the animals
began in 1966 and was only finished with the restoration of the entire
carousel in 1977. A 1919 Wurlitzer organ model 146B, a type manufactured
only for carousels, was also installed. As restored, the carousel is 42
feet (13 meters) wide and has a total of 42 animals, including – as
well as the usual horses – goats, giraffes, deer, a lion, and a
tiger. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Ripple_Park_Carousel>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1541:

After three years of exile, John Calvin returned to Geneva to
reform the church under a body of doctrine that came to be known as
Calvinism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism>

1759:

Seven Years' War: British forces defeated the French at the
Battle of the Plains of Abraham near Quebec City, New France, though
General James Wolfe was mortally wounded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham>

1814:

War of 1812: Fort McHenry in Baltimore's Inner Harbor was
attacked by British forces during the Battle of Baltimore, inspiring
Francis Scott Key to write "Defence of Fort McHenry", which later was
used as the lyrics to the United States' national anthem.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Scott_Key>

1933:

Elizabeth McCombs became the first woman elected to the
Parliament of New Zealand.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_McCombs>

1985:

Super Mario Bros., one of the best-selling and most influential
video games of all time, was first released for the NES in Japan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros.>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hardline:
1. (business) A retail product collection consisting primarily of hardware
targeting the do-it-yourself customer.
2. (business) A retail product collection which includes many non-
information goods, such as home appliances, housewares, sporting goods,
in addition to the DIY hardware which is the focus of the first
definition, above.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hardline>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  ZEUS, n. The chief of Grecian gods, adored by the Romans as
Jupiter and by the modern Americans as God, Gold, Mob and Dog. Some
explorers who have touched upon the shores of America, and one who
professes to have penetrated a considerable distance to the interior,
have thought that these four names stand for as many distinct deities,
but in his monumental work on Surviving Faiths, Frumpp insists that the
natives are monotheists, each having no other god than himself, whom he
worships under many sacred names.  
--Ambrose Bierce
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce>

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[Daily article] September 12: The Royal Opera Published On

The Royal Opera is based at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden,
London. Founded in 1946 as the Covent Garden Opera Company, it was known
by that title until 1968. It brought a long annual season and consistent
management to a house that had previously operated under a series of
impresarios. When the company was formed, its policy was to perform all
works in English, but since the late 1950s most operas have been given
in the original language. From the outset, performers have comprised a
mixture of British and Commonwealth singers and international guest
stars. Among the many guest performers have been Maria Callas, Plácido
Domingo, Kirsten Flagstad, Hans Hotter, Birgit Nilsson, Luciano
Pavarotti and Elisabeth Schwarzkopf. Among those who have risen to
international prominence from the ranks of the company are Geraint
Evans, Joan Sutherland, Kiri Te Kanawa and Jon Vickers. The company's
growth from modest beginnings to parity with the world's greatest opera
houses was recognised by the grant of the title "The Royal Opera" in
1968. The company has had six music directors since its inception: Karl
Rankl, Rafael Kubelík, Georg Solti, Colin Davis, Bernard Haitink and
Antonio Pappano.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Opera>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

490 BC:

Greco-Persian Wars: Athenians and their Plataean allies
turned back the first Persian invasion of Greece in the Battle of
Marathon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marathon>

1683:

Great Turkish War: Polish troops led by John III Sobieski
joined forces with a Habsburg army to defeat the Ottoman Empire at the
Battle of Vienna.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna>

1848:

Switzerland became a federal state with the adoption of a new
constitution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland>

1910:

Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8, one of the largest-scale choral
works in the classical concert repertoire, was first performed in
Munich.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Mahler)>

1977:

South African anti-apartheid activist Steve Biko was killed in
police custody.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Biko>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

wedge:
One of the simple machines; a piece of material, such as metal or wood,
thick at one edge and tapered to a thin edge at the other for insertion
in a narrow crevice, used for splitting, tightening, securing, or
levering. […]
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wedge>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Why assume so glibly that the God who presumably created the
universe is still running it? It is certainly perfectly conceivable that
He may have finished it and then turned it over to lesser gods to
operate. In the same way many human institutions are turned over to
grossly inferior men. This is true, for example, of most universities,
and of all great newspapers.  
--H. L. Mencken
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/H._L._Mencken>

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[Daily article] September 11: American Airlines Flight 77 Published On

American Airlines Flight 77 was a daily morning transcontinental flight
from Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia to Los Angeles
International Airport. On September 11, 2001, the flight's Boeing 757
aircraft was hijacked by five men affiliated with al-Qaeda, and
deliberately crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia,
near Washington, D.C., as part of the September 11 attacks. Less than 35
minutes into the flight, the hijackers stormed the cockpit, and Hani
Hanjour, a trained pilot, took over the controls. The six crew members
and the passengers were forced to the rear of the aircraft, where they
relayed information on the hijacking. The hijackers crashed the aircraft
into the western side of the Pentagon at 09:37 EDT, severely damaging
the building and causing a large fire, and at 10:10 a portion of the
Pentagon collapsed. All 64 people on board including the five hijackers
were killed, as well as 125 people in the building. The victims of the
attack are honored in the Pentagon Memorial adjacent to the Pentagon.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1775:

American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold's expedition
departed from Cambridge, Massachusetts, as part of the invasion of
Quebec.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec>

1897:

Gaki Sherocho was captured by the forces of Emperor of Ethiopia
Menelik II, bringing an end to the Kingdom of Kaffa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa>

1945:

The Japanese-run camp at Batu Lintang, Sarawak, in Borneo was
liberated by the Australian 9th Division, averting the planned massacre
of its 2,000-plus Allied POWs and civilian internees by four days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Lintang_camp>

1965:

Indo-Pakistani War: Indian infantry captured the town of Burki
near Lahore, Pakistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Burki>

1992:

The eye of Hurricane Iniki, the most powerful hurricane to
strike the state of Hawaii and the Hawaiian Islands in recorded history,
passed directly over the island of Kauai, killing six people and causing
around US$1.8 billion dollars in damage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Iniki>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rivalrous:
1. Having a relationship of rivalry.
2. (economics, of a good) Which can be consumed by no more than one person
at the same time.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rivalrous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The fundamentalist seeks to bring down a great deal more than
buildings. Such people are against, to offer just a brief list, freedom
of speech, a multi-party political system, universal adult suffrage,
accountable government, Jews, homosexuals, women's rights, pluralism,
secularism, short skirts, dancing, beardlessness, evolution theory, sex.
These are tyrants, not Muslims. … The fundamentalist believes that we
believe in nothing. In his worldview, he has his absolute certainties,
while we are sunk in sybaritic indulgences. To prove him wrong, we must
first know that he is wrong. We must agree on what matters: kissing in
public places, bacon sandwiches, disagreement, cutting-edge fashion,
literature, generosity, water, a more equitable distribution of the
world's resources, movies, music, freedom of thought, beauty, love.
These will be our weapons. Not by making war but by the unafraid way we
choose to live shall we defeat them. How to defeat terrorism? Don't be
terrorized. Don't let fear rule your life.  
--Salman Rushdie
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie>

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[Daily article] September 10: Minas Geraes-class battleship Published On

The two Minas Geraes-class battleships were built during the first
decade of the twentieth century for the Brazilian Navy. Named Minas
Geraes and São Paulo, Brazil's order for these
"dreadnoughts"—powerful warships whose capabilities far outstripped
those of the world's older battleships—initiated a vastly expensive
South American naval arms race. Once in service, Minas Geraes and São
Paulo were only ever used for or against rebellions. Soon after the
ships arrived in Brazil in 1910, their crews revolted against the
continued use of corporal punishment (in this case, whipping or
"lashing") in the navy. In 1922, the government used both warships to
help put down an army rebellion. São Paulo‍ '​s crew mutinied in
1924, but eight years later the ship helped the government break a rebel
blockade. During the Second World War, the obsolete dreadnoughts were
used as harbor defense vessels for ports in northeast Brazil. They were
both sold for scrap after the war, but São Paulo sank without a trace
while under tow.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleship>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1570:

A party of ten Jesuit missionaries landed on the Virginia
Peninsula to establish the short-lived Ajacán Mission.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission>

1897:

A peaceful labor demonstration made up of mostly Polish and
Slovak anthracite coal miners in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, US, was
fired upon by a sheriff's posse in the Lattimer massacre.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattimer_massacre>

1945:

Mike the Headless Chicken was decapitated in a farm in
Colorado; he survived another 18 months as part of sideshows before
choking to death in Phoenix, Arizona.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_the_Headless_Chicken>

1961:

At the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, German driver Wolfgang von
Trips's car collided with another, causing it to become airborne and
crash into a side barrier, killing him and 15 spectators.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Trips>

2000:

Operation Barras successfully freed six British soldiers held
captive for over two weeks and contributed to the end of the Sierra
Leone Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barras>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

set apart:
1. To select (something or someone) for a specific purpose.
2. To distinguish, make obvious the distinction between (two things) or of
(something).
3. Used other than as an idiom: to separate or isolate.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/set_apart>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What I want in my life is to be willing to be dazzled — to cast
aside the weight of facts and maybe even to float a little above this
difficult world.  
--Mary Oliver
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary_Oliver>

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[Daily article] September 9: Balch Creek Published On

Balch Creek is a 3.5-mile (5.6 km) tributary of the Willamette River in
the U.S. state of Oregon. Beginning at the crest of the Tualatin
Mountains, the creek flows generally east down a canyon and through
Forest Park, a large municipal park in Portland. It then enters a pipe
and remains underground until reaching the river. Danford Balch, after
whom the creek is named, settled a land claim along the creek in the
19th century, and was the first person legally hanged in Oregon. Basalt,
mostly covered by silt in the uplands and sediment in the lowlands,
underlies the Balch Creek watershed, which includes the Audubon Society
of Portland nature sanctuary. Mixed conifer forest with a well-developed
understory of shrubs and flowering plants is the natural vegetation.
Sixty-two species of mammals and more than 112 species of birds use
Forest Park. A small population of coastal cutthroat trout resides in
the stream, which in 2005 was the only major water body in Portland that
met state standards for bacteria, temperature, and dissolved oxygen.
Although nature reserves cover much of the upper and middle parts of the
watershed, industrial sites dominate the lower part.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balch_Creek>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

337:

After disposing of all relatives who possibly held a claim to
the throne, Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans jointly became
Roman emperors.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constans>

1488:

Anne became Duchess of Brittany, a central figure in the
struggle for influence that led to the union of Brittany and France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany>

1739:

The Stono Rebellion, at the time the largest slave rebellion in
the Thirteen Colonies of British America, erupted near Charleston, South
Carolina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stono_Rebellion>

1965:

Hurricane Betsy made its second landfall near New Orleans,
Louisiana, US, leaving 76 dead and becoming the first hurricane to cause
over $1 billion (unadjusted) in damage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy>

1990:

Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lankan Army massacred at least
184 Tamil refugees in the Batticaloa District.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Batticaloa_massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

huwasi:
(Hittite mythology) A sacred stone treated as a deity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/huwasi>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There are many evils in this country. The only remedy for every
one of them is freedom for the nation.  
--Kalki Krishnamurthy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kalki_Krishnamurthy>

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[Daily article] September 8: Madonna in the Church Published On

Madonna in the Church is a small oil panel painting by the Early
Netherlandish artist Jan van Eyck. Probably created c. 1438–40, it
shows the Virgin Mary in a Gothic cathedral holding the Child Jesus. She
is presented as Queen of Heaven, wearing a jewel-studded crown and
cradling a playful child who grips the hem of her dress. Light pours
through the windows, illuminating the interior and culminating in two
pools near her feet. Tracery at the rear of the church nave contains
wooden carvings depicting episodes from her life. The work evidences the
new approach and techniques applied to 15th-century oil painting but is
still influenced by medieval, monumental Byzantine depictions of the
Madonna; she is unrealistically large compared to her surroundings. Most
art historians believe the panel began as the left wing of a since-
dismantled diptych; its opposite wing was most likely a votive portrait.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_in_the_Church>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1796:

French Revolutionary Wars: The French defeated Austrian forces
in Bassano, Venetia, present-day Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano>

1831:

The Russian Empire brought the Polish November Uprising to an
end when its troops captured Warsaw after a two-day assault.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1831)>

1935:

US Senator Huey Long was fatally shot in Baton Rouge,
Louisiana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_Long>

1941:

World War II: German forces severed the last land connection to
Leningrad, beginning a 28-month siege that would result in the deaths of
over 1 million of the city's civilians from starvation, making it one of
the most lethal battles in world history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad>

1966:

Queen Elizabeth II opened the Severn Bridge, hailing it as the
dawn of a new economic era for South Wales.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

freakish:
1. Resembling a freak.
2. Strange, unusual, abnormal or bizarre.
3. Capricious, unpredictable.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freakish>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You're sure There's a cure. And you have finally found it. You
think One drink Will shrink you 'til you're underground And living down.
But it's not going to stop. It's not going to stop. It's not going to
stop 'Til you wise up.  
--Magnolia
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Magnolia_(film)>

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[Daily article] September 7: Paterson Clarence Hughes Published On

Caesar Hull, DFC (1914–1940) and Paterson Hughes, DFC (1917–1940)
were Royal Air Force (RAF) flying aces of the Second World War. They
were killed in action in the Battle of Britain on the same day, 7
September 1940. Raised in Southern Rhodesia, South Africa and Swaziland,
Hull joined No. 43 Squadron in Sussex, England in 1935, and took part in
the fighting for Narvik during the Norwegian Campaign in 1940. Hull was
the RAF's first Gloster Gladiator ace and the most successful RAF pilot
of the Norwegian Campaign. He later saw action as a Hawker Hurricane
pilot during the Battle of Britain, in which he was killed while diving
to the aid of an RAF comrade. Hughes was born and raised in Australia
and took a commission with the RAF in 1937. Posted to No. 234 Squadron
following the outbreak of war, he flew Supermarine Spitfires and was
credited with seventeen victories during the Battle of Britain. His
tally made him the highest-scoring Australian of the battle, and among
the three highest-scoring Australians of the war. Hughes is generally
thought to have died after his Spitfire was struck by flying debris from
a German bomber that he had just shot down.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Clarence_Hughes>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1571:

Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, was arrested for his
involvement in a plot to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and replace her
with Mary, Queen of Scots.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridolfi_plot>

1652:

Chinese peasants on Formosa (Taiwan) began a rebellion against
Dutch rule before being suppressed four days later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guo_Huaiyi_Rebellion>

1778:

American Revolutionary War: France invaded the island of
Dominica and captured the British fort there before the latter even knew
that France had entered the war as an ally of the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Dominica>

1940:

Second World War: The German Luftwaffe changed their strategy
in the Battle of Britain and began bombing London and other British
cities and towns for over 50 consecutive nights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz>

1999:

Three weeks after an earthquake struck northwestern Turkey, a
major earthquake struck Athens, causing Greece and Turkey to initiate
"earthquake diplomacy".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Turkish_earthquake_diplomacy>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

interstice:
1. A small opening or space between objects, especially adjacent objects or
objects set closely together, as between cords in a rope or components
of a multiconductor electrical cable or between atoms in a crystal.
2. (figuratively) A fragment of space.
3. An interval of time required by the Roman Catholic Church between the
attainment of different degrees of an order.
4. By extension, a small interval of time free to be spent on activities
other than one's primary goal.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interstice>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Still falls the Rain — Dark as the world of man, black as our
loss — Blind as the nineteen hundred and forty nails Upon the Cross.
 
--Edith Sitwell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edith_Sitwell>

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[Daily article] September 6: Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette Published On

Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette (1757–1834), often called
simply Lafayette, was a French aristocrat and military officer who
fought for the United States in the American Revolutionary War. In 1775,
he became convinced that the American cause was noble. In the United
States, he was made a major general. He was wounded during the Battle of
Brandywine and served with distinction in the Battle of Rhode Island. In
1781, troops in Virginia under his command blocked British forces,
leading to the decisive Siege of Yorktown. Lafayette returned to France
and was elected a member of the Estates-General of 1789. After the
storming of the Bastille, he was made head of the National Guard, and
tried to steer a middle course through the French Revolution. In August
1792, the radical factions ordered his arrest. Fleeing through Belgium,
he was captured by Austrian troops and spent more than five years in
prison. In 1824, President James Monroe invited Lafayette to the United
States, where he met a rapturous reception. During France's July
Revolution of 1830, he supported Louis-Philippe as king, but turned
against him when the monarch became autocratic.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1781:

American Revolutionary War: General Benedict Arnold led British
forces to victory in the Battle of Groton Heights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Groton_Heights>

1930:

Argentine President Hipólito Yrigoyen was deposed in a
military coup by José Félix Uriburu.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen>

1955:

A Turkish mob attacked ethnic Greeks in Istanbul, killing at
least 13 people and damaging more than 5,000 Greek-owned homes and
businesses.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom>

1995:

Baltimore Oriole shortstop Cal Ripken, Jr. played his 2131st
consecutive major league baseball game, breaking the 56-year old record
set by New York Yankee first baseman Lou Gehrig.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Ripken,_Jr.>

2000:

The Millennium Summit, a meeting of world leaders to discuss
the role of the United Nations at the turn of the 21st century, opened
in New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Summit>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Attic:
1. Relating to Athenian culture or architecture.
2. Marked by the qualities that were characteristic of the Athenians;
classical; refined.
3. Relating to that dialect of Ancient Greek.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Attic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When the government violates the people's rights, insurrection
is, for the people and for each portion of the people, the most sacred
of the rights and the most indispensable of duties.  
--Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette>

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[Daily article] September 5: Tom Simpson Published On

Tom Simpson (1937–1967) was one of Britain's most successful
professional cyclists. He began his career track cycling, specializing
in pursuit races. In this discipline he won a bronze medal at the 1956
Summer Olympics and a silver at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth
Games. In 1959 Simpson moved to France and turned professional in road
racing. In the 1962 Tour de France he became the first British rider to
wear the yellow jersey. In 1965 he became Britain's first world road
race champion. He won three Monument classic races: the 1961 Tour of
Flanders, the 1964 Milan–San Remo and the 1965 Giro di Lombardia. At
the 1967 Tour de France, he collapsed and died during the ascent of Mont
Ventoux. He was 29 years old. The post-mortem examination found that he
had mixed amphetamines and alcohol. He was known to have taken
performance-enhancing drugs during his career, when no doping controls
existed. Despite this, he is held in high esteem by many cyclists for
his character and will to win.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Simpson>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

917:

Liu Yan declared himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han
state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu (present-day
Guangzhou).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Yan_(emperor)>

1697:

War of the Grand Alliance: A French warship captured York
Factory, a trading post of the Hudson's Bay Company in present-day
Manitoba, Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hudson%27s_Bay>

1914:

World War I: The First Battle of the Marne began with French
forces engaging the advancing German army at the Marne River near Paris.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne>

1945:

Cold War: Soviet cipher clerk Igor Gouzenko defected to Canada
with over 100 documents on Soviet espionage activities and sleeper
agents.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Gouzenko>

1975:

Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a devotee of Charles Manson,
attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynette_Fromme>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

thebacon:
Dihydrocodeinone enol acetate, a semisynthetic opioid that is similar to
hydrocodone and manufactured from thebaine.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thebacon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Before we can build a stable civilization worthy of humanity as a
whole, it is necessary that each historical civilization should become
conscious of its limitations and it's unworthiness to become the ideal
civilization of the world.  
--Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan>

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[Daily article] September 4: Hemmema Published On

A hemmema was a type of warship built for the Swedish archipelago fleet
and the Russian Baltic Navy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.
It was designed by Swedish naval architect Fredrik Henrik af Chapman in
collaboration with Augustin Ehrensvärd, commander of the archipelago
fleet. The hemmema was a specialized vessel for use in the shallow
waters and narrow passages that surround the thousands of islands and
islets extending from the Swedish capital of Stockholm into the Gulf of
Finland. It replaced the galley as a coastal warship since it had better
crew accommodations, was more seaworthy and heavily outgunned even the
largest galleys. It could be propelled by either sails or oars but was
still smaller and more maneuverable than most sailing warships, which
made it suitable for operations in the confined waters. The 12 hemmemas
that were built served on both sides of the Russo-Swedish War of
1788–90 and the Finnish War of 1808–09.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemmema>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

476:

Germanic leader Odoacer captured Ravenna, the capital of the
Western Roman Empire, and deposed Emperor Romulus Augustus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odoacer>

1781:

Los Angeles (downtown pictured) was founded as El Pueblo de
Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles de Porciúncula by 44 Spanish
settlers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles>

1843:

Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies married Pedro II of Brazil
at a state ceremony.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teresa_Cristina_of_the_Two_Sicilies>

1912:

The Albanian Revolt of 1912 came to an end when the Ottoman
government agreed to meet the rebels' demands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Revolt_of_1912>

1998:

Larry Page and Sergey Brin founded Google in Menlo Park,
California, to promote the web search engine that they developed as
Stanford University students.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

lineament:
1. Any distinctive shape or line, etc.
2. A distinctive feature that characterizes something, especially the parts
of the face of an individual.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lineament>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Spirituality means waking up. Most people, even though they don't
know it, are asleep. They're born asleep, they live asleep, they marry
in their sleep, they breed children in their sleep, they die in their
sleep without ever waking up. They never understand the loveliness and
the beauty of this thing that we call human existence. You know — all
mystics — Catholic, Christian, non-Christian, no matter what their
theology, no matter what their religion — are unanimous on one thing:
that all is well, all is well. Though everything is a mess, all is well.
Strange paradox, to be sure. But, tragically, most people never get to
see that all is well because they are asleep. They are having a
nightmare.  
--Anthony de Mello
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anthony_de_Mello>

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