[Daily article] December 31: Steve Bruce Published On

Steve Bruce (born 1960) is an English football manager, currently for
Hull City, and a former player. A defender, he began his professional
career at Gillingham in 1979, and made over 200 appearances before
transferring to Norwich City five years later. From 1987 to 1996, he
played for Manchester United, winning the Premier League, FA Cup,
Football League Cup and European Cup Winner's Cup. He was the first
English player of the twentieth century to captain a team to the Double.
Bruce began his managerial career with Sheffield United, and briefly
managed Huddersfield Town, Wigan Athletic and Crystal Palace. He joined
Birmingham City in 2001 and twice led them to promotion to the Premier
League during his tenure of nearly six years, but resigned in 2007 to
begin a second spell as manager of Wigan. At the end of the 2008–09
season he resigned to take over as manager of Sunderland, a post he held
until he was dismissed in November 2011. Seven months later, he was
appointed manager of Hull City, and has since led the club to promotion
to the Premier League and the 2014 FA Cup Final.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bruce>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1225:

Lý Chiêu Hoàng, the only empress regnant in the history of
Vietnam, married Trần Thái Tông, making him the first emperor of the
Trần Dynasty at age seven.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_Chi%C3%AAu_Ho%C3%A0ng>

1759:

Arthur Guinness signed a 9,000-year lease at £45 per annum to
the St. James's Gate Brewery in Dublin and began brewing Guinness.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness>

1862:

American Civil War: The Battle of Stones River in Murfreesboro,
Tennessee, began in an engagement where both sides would suffer their
highest casualty rates of the war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River>

1965:

Jean-Bédel Bokassa, leader of the Central African Republic
army, and his military officers began a coup d'état against the
government of President David Dacko.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Sylvestre_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

1999:

Panama took control of the Panama Canal Zone from the United
States, in accordance with the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaties.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

watchnight:
1. (Christianity, historical) A monthly or quarterly religious service
participated in by Methodists which extended past midnight.
2. (Christianity) A religious service involving a review of the year passed
and preparation for the year ahead participated in by Methodists and
members of other Christian denominations which starts late on New Year's
Eve and ends after midnight on New Year's Day; hence, the night that
begins on December 31 and ends on January 1.
3. A religious or spiritual vigil.
4. (West African) A night watchman.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/watchnight>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You study, you learn, but you guard the original naiveté. It has
to be within you, as desire for drink is within the drunkard or love is
within the lover.  
--Henri Matisse
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henri_Matisse>

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[Daily article] December 30: Rashtrakuta dynasty Published On

The Rashtrakuta dynasty ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent
between the sixth and tenth centuries. Early Rashtrakuta inscriptions
show their clans ruling from Manapura, a city somewhere in Central or
West India, and from modern-day Kannauj in Uttar Pradesh and Elichpur in
Maharashtra. This third clan overthrew Kirtivarman II and built an
empire as the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, rising to power in South India
in 753. At the same time the Pala dynasty of Bengal (in eastern India)
and the Prathihara dynasty of Malwa (in the northwest) were gaining
force. Each of these three empires annexed the seat of power at Kannauj
for short periods of time while struggling for the resources of the rich
Gangetic plains. At their peak the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta ruled a
domain stretching from the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in
the north to Cape Comorin in the south. The early kings of this dynasty
were Hindu, while the later kings were strongly influenced by Jainism.
The empire was known for its literary and architectural achievements,
including the Kailasanath Temple at Ellora (pictured) and the Jain
Narayana temple at Pattadakal, both UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1702:

Carolina colonial governor James Moore abandoned the siege
against the Castillo de San Marcos at St. Augustine, Spanish Florida,
and retreated to Charles Town in disgrace.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1702)>

1853:

The United States purchased approximately 29,600 sq mi
(77,000 km2) of land south of the Gila River and west of the Rio Grande
from Mexico for $10 million.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase>

1906:

The All-India Muslim League, a political party in British India
that developed into the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as
a Muslim state on the Indian subcontinent, was founded in Dhaka.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League>

1965:

Ferdinand Marcos, who went on to rule the Philippines for 21
years, took office, beginning his first term as President.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos>

2005:

Tropical Storm Zeta was declared a tropical depression, making
it the record-breaking thirtieth tropical cyclone of the 2005 Atlantic
hurricane season, the most active in recorded history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Zeta>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

arbuscle:
1. (botany) A plant midway in height between a shrub and a tree; a dwarf
tree.
2. (mycology) A branched hypha in some fungi.
3. (mycology) The site at which a symbiotic fungus attaches to the roots of
a plant and exchanges nutrients, etc., with it.
4. (zoology) A clump of feather-like cilia (hairlike structures).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arbuscle>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Every man who is truly a man must learn to be alone in the midst
of all others, and if need be against all others.  
--Romain Rolland
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Romain_Rolland>

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[Daily article] December 29: HMS Warrior (1860) Published On

HMS Warrior was the name ship of a class of two 40-gun steam-powered
armoured frigates built for the Royal Navy in 1859–61. The sister
ships Warrior and HMS Black Prince were the first armour-plated, iron-
hulled warships, and were built in response to France's launching in
1859 of the first ocean-going ironclad warship, the wooden-hulled
Gloire. After a publicity tour of Great Britain in 1863, Warrior had an
active career with the Channel Squadron. The frigate became obsolescent
following the 1871 launching of the mastless and more capable HMS
Devastation, was placed in reserve in 1875, and was paid off in 1883.
After serving as a storeship and depot ship, Warrior was assigned in
1904 to the Royal Navy's torpedo training school. The frigate was
converted into an oil jetty in 1927 and was donated by the Navy to the
Maritime Trust for restoration in 1979. The restoration process took
eight years, during which many of the ship's features and fittings were
either restored or recreated. When this was finished Warrior returned to
Portsmouth as a museum ship. Listed as part of the National Historic
Fleet, the ship has been based in Portsmouth since 1987.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Warrior_(1860)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1170:

Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Becket was slain in his own
cathedral by four knights of Henry II of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Becket>

1890:

The United States Army killed over 150 members of the Great
Sioux Nation at the Wounded Knee Massacre.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre>

1930:

Muhammad Iqbal introduced the two-nation theory outlining a
vision for the creation of an independent state for Muslim-majority
provinces in northwestern British India.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory>

1937:

The Constitution of Ireland, the founding legal document of the
state known today as the Republic of Ireland, came into force.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland>

1997:

In order to prevent the spread of the H5N1 flu virus, the Hong
Kong government slaughtered 1.3 million chickens.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_spread_of_H5N1>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

embrittlement:
The process of being embrittled; loss of flexibility or elasticity of a
material.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/embrittlement>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There should be a sympathy with freedom, a desire to give it
scope, founded not upon visionary ideas, but upon the long experience of
many generations within the shores of this happy isle, that in freedom
you lay the firmest foundations both of loyalty and order; the firmest
foundations for the development of individual character; and the best
provision for the happiness of the nation at large.  
--William Ewart Gladstone
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone>

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[Daily article] December 28: Kingdom Hearts II Published On

Kingdom Hearts II is an action role-playing game developed and published
by Square Enix in 2005 for the PlayStation 2 video game console. The
game is a sequel to the 2002 Disney Interactive and Square
collaboration, Kingdom Hearts, and to Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories.
In this game, the protagonist Sora returns to search for his lost
friends, while Organization XIII from Chain of Memories reappears to
impede his progress. All three games feature a large cast of characters
from Disney films and Final Fantasy games. The game was well-received,
earning year-end awards from numerous video gaming websites. In Japan,
it shipped more than one million copies within a week of its release.
One month after its North American release, it had sold over one million
copies. By March 31, 2007, the game had shipped over 4 million copies
worldwide. A novel and manga series are based on it, as well as an
international version called Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix, re-released in
high definition as Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix for the PlayStation 3.
The game was actor Pat Morita's final voice role before his death in
2005.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_Hearts_II>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1065:

Westminster Abbey in London, built by Edward the Confessor
between 1045 and 1050, was consecrated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey>

1612:

Galileo became the first person to observe the planet Neptune,
although he mistakenly catalogued it as a fixed star.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptune>

1832:

John C. Calhoun became the first Vice President of the United
States to resign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Calhoun>

1908:

A magnitude 7.2 earthquake and subsequent tsunami struck
Messina, Italy, killing more than 100,000 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake>

1935:

Politician Pavel Postyshev revived the New Year tree tradition
in the Soviet Union when Pravda published his letter asking for them to
be installed in schools, children's homes, Young Pioneer Palaces,
children's clubs, children's theaters, and cinema theaters.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavel_Postyshev>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

aptonym:
A proper name that aptly describes the occupation or character of the
person, especially by coincidence.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aptonym>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If people do not believe that mathematics is simple, it is only
because they do not realize how complicated life is.  
--John von Neumann
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann>

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[Daily article] December 27: Kent, Ohio Published On

Kent is the largest city in Portage County in the U.S. state of Ohio. It
is part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area and the larger
Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area. The population was
28,904 in the 2010 Census and slightly higher in the 2014 estimate. Part
of the Connecticut Western Reserve, it was settled in 1805 as a mill
town along the Cuyahoga River and later named Franklin Mills. In the
1830s and 1840s, the village was on the route of the Pennsylvania and
Ohio Canal. Franklin Mills was an active stop on the Underground
Railroad before the Civil War. The city was renamed in 1864 for Marvin
Kent, who secured the maintenance yards of the Atlantic and Great
Western Railroad (depot pictured) for Franklin Mills. Today Kent is a
college town best known as the home of the main campus of Kent State
University, founded in 1910, and as the site of the 1970 Kent State
shootings. While historically a manufacturing center, the city's largest
economic sector is now education. Many Kentites and Kent State alumni
have risen to prominence in business, sports, and the arts.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent,_Ohio>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1657:

Citizens of New Netherland presented the Flushing Remonstrance
to Director-General Peter Stuyvesant, requesting an exemption to his ban
on Quaker worship.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flushing_Remonstrance>

1845:

John L. O'Sullivan, in his newspaper the New York Morning News,
argued that the United States had the right to claim the entire Oregon
Country "by the right of our manifest destiny".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny>

1918:

A public speech by famed Polish pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski
in Poznań sparked the Greater Poland Uprising against Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski>

1979:

Soviet war in Afghanistan: Soviet troops stormed Tajbeg Palace
outside Kabul and killed Afghan President Hafizullah Amin and his
100–150 elite guards.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin>

2008:

In response to rocket attacks from Palestinian armed groups,
Israel launched a surprise attack against the Gaza Strip, opening the
three-week Gaza War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

showboat:
(informal, chiefly US) To show off.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/showboat>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is a fallacy to think that carping is the strongest form of
criticism: the important work begins after the artist's mistakes have
been pointed out, and the reviewer can't put it off indefinitely with
sneers, although some neophytes might be tempted to try: "When in doubt,
stick out your tongue" is a safe rule that never cost one any readers.
But there's nothing strong about it, and it has nothing to do with the
real business of criticism, which is to do justice to the best work of
one's time, so that nothing gets lost.  
--Wilfrid Sheed
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Sheed>

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[Daily article] December 26: Andrew Johnston (singer) Published On

Andrew Johnston (born 1994) is a British singer who rose to fame when he
appeared as a boy soprano on the second series of the British television
talent show Britain's Got Talent in 2008. He sang "Pie Jesu" from Andrew
Lloyd Webber's Requiem in the finals. Although he did not win, he
received a contract to record on the SyCo Music label owned by the
Britain's Got Talent judge Simon Cowell. Johnston's debut album, One
Voice, was released in September of the same year, and reached number
four on the UK Albums Chart. Johnston was born in Dumfries, Scotland,
and grew up in Carlisle. He became head chorister at Carlisle Cathedral,
and was bullied at school for his love of classical music. While some
journalists have argued that Britain's Got Talent producers exaggerated
Johnston's rough background, others have hailed his story as
inspirational. In 2009, he graduated from Trinity School. He sings in
the National Youth Choir as a baritone and studies full-time at the
Royal Northern College of Music.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnston_(singer)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1606:

The first recorded performance of the play King Lear, a tragedy
by William Shakespeare based on the legendary King Lear of the Britons,
was held.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear>

1825:

Imperial Russian Army officers led about 3,000 soldiers in a
protest against Nicholas I's assumption of the throne after his elder
brother Constantine removed himself from the line of succession.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decembrist_revolt>

1898:

At the French Academy of Sciences, physicists Pierre and Marie
Curie (both pictured) announced the discovery of a new element, naming
it radium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium>

1919:

American baseball player Babe Ruth was sold by the Boston Red
Sox to their rivals, the New York Yankees, starting the 84-year-long
Curse of the Bambino.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_the_Bambino>

1991:

The Supreme Soviet officially dissolved itself, completing the
dissolution of the Soviet Union.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gulp:
1. To swallow eagerly, or in large draughts; to swallow up; to take down at
one swallow.
2. To react nervously by swallowing.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gulp>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Bright-eyed Fancy, hov'ring o'er, Scatters from her pictured urn
Thoughts that breathe and words that burn.  
--Thomas Gray
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Gray>

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[Daily article] December 25: Sisters at Heart Published On

"Sisters at Heart" is the 13th episode of the seventh season of
Bewitched, an American Broadcasting Company fantasy television sitcom.
This Christmas episode aired on December 24, 1970, and again the
following December. In one storyline, Darrin Stephens (Dick Sargent)
fails to land a million-dollar advertising account after a toy company
owner mistakes a black woman for Darrin's wife. The man changes his
attitude after Samantha Stephens (Elizabeth Montgomery) uses witchcraft
to make him see everyone, including himself, as having black skin. At
the invitation of Montgomery and her husband William Asher, who directed
the episode, "Sisters at Heart" was initially written by 22 black
students from Jefferson High School (pictured), a school in a poor Los
Angeles neighborhood. This episode, Montgomery's favorite, received the
Governors Award at the 23rd Primetime Emmy Awards. Montgomery's
biographer Herbie Pilato wrote that the theme of overcoming prejudice is
central to Bewitched and that "no [other] episode of the series more
clearly represented this cry against prejudice".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_at_Heart>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

Norman Conquest: William the Conqueror (pictured center in
Bayeux Tapestry) was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey,
although he still faced rebellions over the following years and was not
secure on his throne until after 1072.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror>

1815:

The Handel and Haydn Society, the oldest continuously
performing arts organization in the United States, premiered at King's
Chapel in Boston.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handel_and_Haydn_Society>

1941:

Second World War: The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began
after Mark Aitchison Young, the Governor of Hong Kong, surrendered the
territory to Japan after 18 days of fierce fighting.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong>

1968:

In Tamil Nadu, India, families of striking Dalit workers were
massacred by a gang, allegedly led by their landlords.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilvenmani_massacre>

2000:

Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a bill into law that
officially established a new National Anthem of Russia, with music
adapted from the anthem of the Soviet Union that was composed by
Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Russia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

wintertide:
(archaic) Wintertime.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wintertide>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  On this day, Christians reflect on their faith and celebrate the
birth of Jesus Christ. This occasion inspires families and communities
to come together, share what they have, and give back to those less
fortunate. May we take this time to reflect on our many blessings, and
remind our loved ones how much they mean to us.  
--Justin Trudeau
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Justin_Trudeau>

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[Daily article] December 24: William Wurtenburg Published On

William Wurtenburg (1863–1957) was an American college football player
and coach. Born to German parents and raised in western New York,
Wurtenburg played for Phillips Exeter Academy and Yale University. The
1887 Yale squad outscored their opponents 515–12, and the 1888 squad,
which he quarterbacked, held all opponents scoreless; both teams were
later recognized as national champions. Wurtenburg received his medical
degree from Yale's Sheffield Scientific School in 1893. He coached
football for a year at the United States Naval Academy and then for five
years at Dartmouth College. In his first four years at Dartmouth, the
teams had perfect records against both of their Triangular Football
League opponents. Wurtenburg spent several years refereeing for Yale's
football team, then had a practice as an ear, nose and throat specialist
in New Haven, Connecticut, from 1904 until at least 1920. He is
particularly remembered for a 35-yard run in a close game in 1887
against rival Harvard, a game that was described as "undoubtedly the
finest ever played in America".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wurtenburg>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1294:

Boniface VIII began his papacy, replacing St. Celestine V, who
had declared that it was permissible for a Pope to resign, and then
promptly did so.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII>

1865:

Six Confederate veterans of the American Civil War founded the
Ku Klux Klan, which would later become a white supremacist group.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan>

1914:

British and German soldiers interrupted the First World War to
celebrate Christmas, beginning the Christmas truce.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_truce>

1955:

The NORAD Tracks Santa program began when children began
calling the Continental Air Defense Command Center to inquire about
Santa Claus' whereabouts due to a misprinted phone number.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa>

2008:

The Lord's Resistance Army, a Ugandan rebel group, began
attacks on several villages in Haut-Uele District, Democratic Republic
of the Congo, resulting in at least 400 deaths and numerous atrocities.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Christmas_massacres>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

wreath:
1. Something twisted, intertwined, or curled.
2. An ornamental circular band made, for example, of plaited flowers and
leaves, and used as decoration; a garland or chaplet, especially one
given to a victor.
3. (heraldry) An appendage to the shield, placed above it, and supporting
the crest. It generally represents a twist of two cords of silk, one
tinctured like the principal metal, the other like the principal color
in the coat of arms.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wreath>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Give us, O God, the vision which can see Your love in the world in
spite of human failure. Give us the faith to trust Your goodness in
spite of our ignorance and weakness. Give us the knowledge that we may
continue to pray with understanding hearts. And show us what each one of
us can do to set forward the coming of the day of universal peace.
 
--Frank Borman
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frank_Borman>

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[Daily article] December 23: Tropical Storm Edouard (2002) Published On

Tropical Storm Edouard was the first of eight named storms to form in
September 2002, the most such storms for any month in the Atlantic at
the time. The fifth tropical storm of the 2002 Atlantic hurricane
season, Edouard developed into a tropical cyclone on September 1 from an
area of convection associated with a cold front east of Florida. Under
weak steering currents, Edouard drifted to the north and executed a
clockwise loop to the west. Despite moderate to strong levels of wind
shear, the storm reached a peak intensity of 65 mph (100 km/h) on
September 3, but quickly weakened as it tracked westward. Edouard made
landfall in northeastern Florida two days later, and dissipated the next
day after crossing the state. The storm dropped moderate rainfall across
Florida, exceeding 7 inches (175 mm) in the western portion of the
state. Though Edouard was a tropical storm at landfall, wind speeds
along the storm's path over land were light. The rain flooded several
roads, but there were no casualties, and damage was minimal. The storm
was eventually absorbed into the larger circulation of Tropical Storm
Fay.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Edouard_(2002)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

962:

Byzantine–Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus
Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city of Aleppo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Arab_wars_(780%E2%80%931180)>

1823:

A Visit from St. Nicholas, also known as The Night Before
Christmas, was first published anonymously. Authorship was later
attributed to Clement Clarke Moore.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas>

1888:

During a bout of mental illness, Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh
stalked his friend French painter Paul Gauguin with a razor, and then
afterwards cut off the lower part of his own left ear and gave it to a
prostitute.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh>

1957:

Ian Craig of Australia became the youngest Test cricket captain
in history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Craig>

1990:

About 88% of the population in Slovenia voted to secede from
the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Slovenia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sciolist:
One who exhibits only superficial knowledge; a self-proclaimed expert
with little real understanding.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sciolist>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Welcome, newcomers. The tradition of Festivus begins with the
airing of grievances. I got a lot of problems with you people! And now
you're gonna hear about it!  
--Seinfeld : The Strike
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Seinfeld#The_Strike_.5B9.10.5D>

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[Daily article] December 22: Miniopterus aelleni Published On

Miniopterus aelleni is a bat in the genus Miniopterus found in the
Comoro Islands and Madagascar. It is a small, brown bat, with a forearm
length of 35 to 41 mm (1.4 to 1.6 in). The long tragus (a projection
in the outer ear) has a broad base and a blunt or rounded tip. The
uropatagium (tail membrane) is sparsely haired. The palate is flat and
there are distinct diastemata (gaps) between the upper canines and
premolars. Populations of this species were previously included in
Miniopterus manavi, but recent molecular studies revealed that M.
aelleni is a separate species and that Miniopterus is more species-rich
than previously thought. M. aelleni is known to live from 4 to 225 m
(13 to 738 ft) above sea level in northern and western Madagascar, at
1,100 m (3,600 ft) in northern Madagascar, and from 220 to 690 m (720
to 2,260 ft) on Anjouan in the nearby Comoros. On Madagascar,
M. aelleni has been found in forests and caves in karstic areas. The
specific name aelleni honors Professor Villy Aellen of the Natural
History Museum of Geneva.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniopterus_aelleni>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1769:

Having been soundly defeated in battle, the Qing dynasty agreed
to terms of truce, ending the Sino-Burmese War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War_(1765%E2%80%9369)>

1807:

In an effort to avoid engaging in the Napoleonic Wars, the
United States Congress passed the Embargo Act, forbidding American ships
from engaging in trade with foreign nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807>

1944:

World War II: US Army General Anthony McAuliffe responded to
the German ultimatum of surrender during the Battle of the Bulge with a
single word, "NUTS!"
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_McAuliffe>

1974:

Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli voted to become the
independent nation of the Comoros.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros>

1997:

Hussein Farrah Aidid relinquished the disputed title of
President of Somalia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Farrah_Aidid>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sunstead:
(rare) A solstice.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sunstead>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  An equation has no meaning for me unless it expresses a thought of
GOD.  
--Srinivasa Ramanujan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan>

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[Daily article] December 21: Benjamin Disraeli Published On

Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) was a British politician and writer who
twice served as prime minister. He played a central role in the creation
of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad
outreach. Disraeli entered the House of Commons in 1837. In 1846, after
clashing with the Prime Minister, Sir Robert Peel, Disraeli became a
major figure in the party, though many in it did not favour him. He
served as Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons
in the 1850s and 1860s, and became prime minister briefly in 1868 before
losing that year's election. In his second term as prime minister
(1874–80), he arranged Britain's purchase of a major interest in the
Suez Canal Company, and worked at the Congress of Berlin to maintain
peace in the Balkans and to make terms that favoured Britain and
weakened Russia. He had throughout his career written novels, and he
published his last completed one, Endymion, shortly before he died.
Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his
political battles with the Liberal leader William Ewart Gladstone, and
his one-nation conservatism or "Tory democracy".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1620:

The Mayflower Pilgrims landed at what is now Plymouth,
Massachusetts, establishing the Plymouth Colony.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Colony>

1879:

A Doll's House, a controversial play by Henrik Ibsen that
challenged 19th-century marriage norms, premiered at the Royal Theatre
in Copenhagen, Denmark.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House>

1910:

In the second worst mining accident in England, an underground
explosion at the Hulton Bank Colliery No. 3 Pit killed 344 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria_Pit_disaster>

1965:

The United Nations adopted the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, which 87 member
nations have since signed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination>

1988:

A total of 270 people were killed when a bomb on board Pan Am
Flight 103 exploded while the plane was in flight over Lockerbie,
Scotland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

apologetic apostrophe:
(sociolinguistics, orthography) An apostrophe added to a Scots word in
order to give the appearance that it is a contraction of an English
word.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apologetic_apostrophe>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I am waking from a dream, I am choking on a scream, You were
trying to show me something. But the dark is wide and long, The gates
are closed, the crowd's all gone, You're still shimmering and leading me
on… Firefly that's what you are Burning for me in my darkest hour
"Light breaks where no sun shines" So shine for me tonight — firefly.
 
--Greta Gaines
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Greta_Gaines>

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[Daily article] December 20: The Wrestlers (Etty) Published On

The Wrestlers is an oil painting by English artist William Etty, painted
around 1840 in the life class of the Royal Academy. It depicts a
wrestling match between a black man and a white man, both glistening
with sweat and under an intense light that emphasises their musculature.
Etty was best known for his paintings of nude or near-nude women in
historical and mythological settings but had also painted men involved
in various forms of combat. At that time, sports were becoming
increasingly popular, and the painting is both a reflection of this
trend and a part of the English tradition of copying poses from
classical Hellenistic works. It was also a time of change in the British
attitude to race relations. In this period Etty often made a conscious
effort to illustrate moral lessons in his work, and it is not clear
whether he chose the topic as a form of social commentary or simply
because the contrast between the dark and pale flesh tones was visually
striking. The Wrestlers, as part of a private collection, was not seen
publicly from about 1849 until 1947, when it was put on sale and
purchased by the York Art Gallery, where it remains.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wrestlers_(Etty)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1860:

South Carolina became the first of eleven slave states to
secede from the United States, leading to the eventual creation of the
Confederate States of America and later the American Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America>

1955:

Cardiff (Cardiff City Hall pictured) was proclaimed as the
capital of Wales.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff>

1957:

The first flight of the Boeing 707, the first commercially
successful jet airliner, took place.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_707>

1995:

As per the Dayton Agreement that ended the Bosnian War, the
NATO-led IFOR began peacekeeping operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implementation_Force>

2005:

US district court Judge John E. Jones III ruled against
mandating the teaching of "intelligent design" in his ruling of
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District>

2007:

Pablo Picasso's Portrait of Suzanne Bloch was stolen from the
São Paulo Museum of Art.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Suzanne_Bloch>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

apeirogon:
(mathematics, geometry) A polygon having an infinite number of sides and
vertices.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/apeirogon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I see a fulfilment of the great Law of all worlds, that while the
wisdom of Man thinks it is working one thing, the wisdom of Nature
constrains it to work another, and quite a different and far better
thing.  
--Edwin Abbott Abbott
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edwin_Abbott_Abbott>

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[Daily article] December 19: Robert de Chesney Published On

Robert de Chesney was a medieval English Bishop of Lincoln. Educated at
Oxford or Paris, Chesney was Archdeacon of Leicester before his election
as bishop in December 1148. He served as a royal justice in
Lincolnshire, and was an early patron of Thomas Becket. Although shown
favour by King Stephen of England, including the right to a mint,
Chesney was present at the coronation of King Henry II of England in
1154 and went on to serve Henry as a royal justice. In about 1160
Chesney became embroiled in a dispute with St Albans Abbey that was
eventually settled when the abbey granted him land in return for his
relinquishing any right to oversee the abbey. He was active in his
diocese; more than 240 documents relating to his episcopal career
survive. They show him mediating disputes between religious houses and
granting exemptions and rights in his diocese. Chesney bought a house in
London to serve as an episcopal residence, constructed an episcopal
palace in Lincoln, and founded a religious house outside the city. He
died in December 1166 and was buried in Lincoln Cathedral.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_de_Chesney>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1154:

Henry II was crowned King of England in London's Westminster
Abbey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England>

1828:

Nullification Crisis: Vice President of the United States John
C. Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest to protest
the Tariff of 1828.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Exposition_and_Protest>

1843:

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens, a novella about the miser
Ebenezer Scrooge and his transformation after being visited by three
Christmas ghosts, was first published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol>

1932:

The BBC launched its World Service, now the world's largest
international broadcaster, as BBC Empire Service.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service>

1985:

Yakutsk United Air Group Flight 101/435 was hijacked by the co-
pilot and landed in China, where he was apprehended, while the
passengers returned home with Chinese gifts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakutsk_United_Air_Group_Flight_101/435>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

antispinward:
(often science fiction) In a rotating reference frame, against the
direction of spin.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antispinward>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Are these the shadows of the things that will be, or are they
shadows of things that may be, only?  
--A Christmas Carol
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol>

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[Daily article] December 18: Interstate 496 Published On

Interstate 496 (I-496) is an auxiliary Interstate Highway that passes
through downtown Lansing in the US state of Michigan. Also a component
of the State Trunkline Highway System, the loop route runs east from
I-96 to the downtown area, turning south concurrently with US
Highway 127. It passes a former assembly plant used by Oldsmobile and
runs along or crosses parts of the Grand and Red Cedar rivers.
Construction started in 1963, and the freeway opened on December 18,
1970. Segments south of downtown were built near a historically black
neighborhood that dates from the early 20th century. Community leaders
opted not to fight the construction of the freeway, instead seeking
affordable housing and relocation assistance for displaced residents.
The city named the freeway in honor of a former mayor when it opened in
1970, but the local historical society proposed that the state rename it
after Ransom E. Olds, the founder of Oldsmobile and the REO Motor Car
Company, after his mansion was demolished to make way for the freeway.
The Michigan Legislature approved the name "Olds Freeway" two years
later.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_496>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1867:

In Angola, New York, US, the last coach of a Lake Shore Railway
train derailed, plunged 40 ft (12 m) down a gully, and caught fire,
resulting in 49 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola_Horror>

1892:

The first performance of the fairy-tale ballet The Nutcracker
was held at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutcracker>

1916:

The French defeated German forces around the city of Verdun-
sur-Meuse in northeast France, ending the longest battle and one of the
bloodiest in World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun>

1987:

Programmer Larry Wall released the first version of the
programming language Perl via the comp.sources.misc newsgroup.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl>

2005:

The most recent Chadian Civil War began when rebel groups,
allegedly backed by neighbouring Sudan, launched an attack in Adré.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadian_Civil_War_(2005%E2%80%9310)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

tiptoe:
1. Standing elevated, on or as if on the tips of one's toes.
2. Moving carefully, quietly, warily or stealthily, on or as if on the tips
of one's toes.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tiptoe>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The Force is what gives a Jedi his power. It's an energy field
created by all living things. It surrounds us and penetrates us. It
binds the galaxy together.  
--Star Wars
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Star_Wars_Episode_IV:_A_New_Hope>

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[Daily article] December 17: Harry Glicken Published On

Harry Glicken (1958–1991) was an American volcanologist who researched
Mount St. Helens before and after its dramatic eruption in 1980. Despite
a long-term interest in working for the U.S. Geological Survey, Glicken
never received a permanent post there because employees found him
eccentric. Conducting independent research sponsored by the National
Science Foundation and other organizations, Glicken accrued expertise in
the field of volcanic debris avalanches. He wrote several major
publications on the topic, including his doctoral dissertation on Mount
St. Helens. In 1991, while conducting avalanche research with
volcanologists Katia and Maurice Krafft on Mount Unzen in Japan, Glicken
was killed by a wayward pyroclastic flow. Glicken and David A. Johnston
(who died at Mount St. Helens) remain the only American volcanologists
known to have perished in volcanic eruptions. After Glicken's
dissertation was published by his colleagues in 1996, the report was
widely cited. His detailed and comprehensive work on flows at Mount St.
Helens is considered the most complete in the field to date.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Glicken>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

942:

William I Longsword of Normandy was ambushed and assassinated by
supporters of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, while the two were at a peace
conference to settle their differences.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_Longsword>

1790:

The Aztec calendar stone, now a modern symbol of Mexican
culture, was excavated in the Zócalo, Mexico City's main square.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_calendar_stone>

1903:

In Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, Orville and Wilbur Wright aboard
the Wright Flyer conducted the first successful flight of a powered
fixed-wing aircraft.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers>

1944:

Nazi troops under Joachim Peiper killed unarmed prisoners of
war, captured during the Battle of the Bulge, with machine guns near
Malmedy, Belgium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmedy_massacre>

2013:

The Istanbul Security Directory detained 47 people, most of
them members of the ruling Justice and Development Party, on charges of
corruption.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_corruption_scandal_in_Turkey>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

puddle jumper:
(idiomatic) A small passenger airplane, typically used for shorter
connecting trips to smaller airports.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puddle_jumper>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The fullness of grace can transform the human heart and enable it
to do something so great as to change the course of human history. …
This Extraordinary Holy Year is itself a gift of grace. To pass through
the Holy Door means to rediscover the infinite mercy of the Father who
welcomes everyone and goes out personally to encounter each of them.
This will be a year in which we grow ever more convinced of God's
mercy. How much wrong we do to God and his grace when we speak of sins
being punished by his judgment before we speak of their being forgiven
by his mercy! But that is the truth. We have to put mercy before
judgment, and in any event God's judgement will always be in the light
of his mercy. In passing through the Holy Door, then, may we feel that
we ourselves are part of this mystery of love. Let us set aside all fear
and dread, for these do not befit men and women who are loved. Instead,
let us experience the joy of encountering that grace which transforms
all things.  
--Pope Francis
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_Francis>

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[Daily article] December 16: Geastrum quadrifidum Published On

Geastrum quadrifidum, commonly known as the rayed earthstar, is an
inedible species of mushroom belonging to the genus Geastrum, the
earthstar fungi. First described by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794,
it is a cosmopolitan but uncommon species found in Europe, the Americas,
Africa, Asia, and Australasia. The fungus feeds off decomposing organic
matter in the litter and soil of coniferous forests. The small, grayish-
brown fruit bodies are enclosed by a skin, or peridium, made up of four
layers of tissue. The outer layer splits to form star-like rays and
expose a spore case, inside of which is the gleba—fertile spore-
producing tissue. The spore case, set on a short, slender stalk, has a
well-defined narrow pore at the top through which mature spores escape.
The mushroom's outer skin is purplish-brown, with four or five cream or
yellowish-brown rays whose tips are stuck in the substrate. This species
is one of several earthstars whose rays arch downward as they mature,
lifting the spore sac upward and allowing it to catch air currents that
disseminate the spores.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geastrum_quadrifidum>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1598:

Admiral Yi Sun-sin's Korean navy defeated the Japanese fleet at
the Battle of Noryang, the final naval battle of the Imjin War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Noryang>

1653:

Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of
England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell>

1918:

Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas declared the formation of the
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic, a puppet state created by Soviet
Russia to justify the Lithuanian–Soviet War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1918%E2%80%9319)>

1930:

Herman Lamm, "the father of modern bank robbery", killed
himself during a botched robbery attempt in Clinton, Indiana, US, rather
than be captured by police.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Lamm>

2012:

A woman in New Delhi was gang-raped on a bus, generating public
protests across the country against the Government of India and the
Government of Delhi for not providing adequate security for women.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Delhi_gang_rape>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gafiate:
(dated, fandom slang, science fiction) To leave the mundane world and
enter the science fiction fandom community. […]
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gafiate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It seems to me very important to continue to distinguish between
two evils. It may be necessary temporarily to accept a lesser evil, but
one must never label a necessary evil as good.  
--Margaret Mead
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead>

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[Daily article] December 15: Ununseptium Published On

Ununseptium is the current name of the artificial chemical element with
atomic number 117. The second-heaviest known element and second-to-last
element of the 7th period of the periodic table, its discovery was
announced in Dubna, Russia, by a Russian–American collaboration in
2010, making it the most recently discovered element. One of its
daughter isotopes was created in 2011, partially confirming the results.
The experiment was repeated successfully by the same collaboration in
2012 and by a joint German–American team in 2014. When these
experiments have been examined and verified by the Joint Working Party,
the discoverers will be invited to give the element an official name.
Some of ununseptium's isotopes are expected to lie within the island of
stability, a predicted group of nuclides of enhanced stability with
atomic numbers around 120, but the isotopes of ununseptium created so
far have had predicted half-lives of less than one second. Like
fluorine, chlorine, and other halogens, ununseptium is expected to be a
group 17 element, but it is not currently expected to be a halogen, as
some of its properties are likely to be different due to relativistic
effects.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununseptium>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1161:

Emperor Hailing of the Jin dynasty was assassinated in a
military camp near the Yangtze River front following Jin losses in the
Battle of Caishi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Hailing_of_Jin>

1467:

Troops under Stephen III of Moldavis defeated the forces of
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary in present-day Baia, Romania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Baia>

1943:

World War II: American and Australian forces began the Battle
of Arawe as a diversion before a larger landing at Cape Gloucester on
New Britain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arawe>

1995:

The European Court of Justice handed down the Bosman ruling,
allowing footballers in the European Union to freely transfer from one
UEFA Federation to another at the end of their contracts.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosman_ruling>

2005:

The F-22 Raptor, a stealth fighter aircraft that the United
States Air Force claimed is unmatched by any known or projected fighter,
entered into service despite a protracted and costly development period.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

parsimonious:
1. Exhibiting parsimony; sparing in expenditure of money; frugal to excess;
penurious; niggardly; stingy.
2. (sports) Not conceding many goals.
3. Using a minimal number of assumptions, steps, or conjectures.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parsimonious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The meanings of poetry take their growth through the interaction
of the images and the music of the poem.  
--Muriel Rukeyser
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muriel_Rukeyser>

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[Daily article] December 14: Toledo War Published On

The Toledo War (1835–36) was a nearly bloodless sovereignty dispute
between the US state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory over a small
strip of land along their border, fueled by conflicting legislation, a
desire to control the then-prosperous city of Toledo, and poor maps.
After Ohio politicians blocked Michigan's bid to become a state, both
sides raised militias to enforce their claims.The only casualty was a
wounded sheriff, stabbed with a penknife, and in the only clash,
Michigan militiamen fired shots in the air and captured Ohioan
surveyors. After President Andrew Jackson intervened to keep Ohio's
support for his fledgling Democratic Party, Michigan agreed at what is
now called the Frostbitten Convention to a compromise. The strip was
sacrificed in exchange for statehood and the undeveloped Upper
Peninsula, which would later produce an economic windfall in timber,
iron, and copper. Vestiges of the dispute persisted for 137 years and
were ended only with the help of the US Supreme Court in 1973. Memories
of the Toledo War helped ignite the Michigan–Ohio State football
rivalry.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo_War>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

835:

In the Sweet Dew Incident, Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty
conspired to kill the powerful eunuchs of the Tang court, but the plot
was foiled.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Dew_Incident>

1819:

Alabama was admitted as the 22nd U.S. state, after the
statehood of present-day Northern Alabama was delayed for several years
by the lack of a coastline until Mobile was captured from Spain during
the War of 1812.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama>

1900:

German physicist Max Planck presented a theoretical derivation
of his black-body radiation law, suggesting that electromagnetic energy
could only be emitted in quantized form.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck>

1962:

NASA's Mariner 2 became the world's first spacecraft to
successfully conduct a planetary encounter when it flew by Venus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_2>

2012:

A 20-year-old gunman shot twenty children and six adult staff
members in a mass murder at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown,
Connecticut, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

polar opposite:
The complete opposite, opposite in every way.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polar_opposite>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In the Art of Peace we never attack. An attack is proof that one
is out of control. Never run away from any kind of challenge, but do not
try to suppress or control an opponent unnaturally. Let attackers come
any way they like and then blend with them. Never chase after opponents.
Redirect each attack and get firmly behind it.  
--Morihei Ueshiba
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Morihei_Ueshiba>

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[Daily article] December 13: Canadian drug charges and trial of Jimi Hendrix Published On

American rock musician Jimi Hendrix was charged with drug possession in
Canada in May 1969. Customs agents at Toronto International Airport
detained Hendrix (pictured) after finding a small amount of heroin and
hashish in his luggage. Released on $10,000 bail, he performed at Maple
Leaf Gardens later that night, joking with the crowd. In December he
stood trial for two counts of illegal possession of narcotics, carrying
a maximum sentence of 20 years in prison. Judge Joseph Kelly presided.
Defense attorney John O'Driscoll raised doubts about whether the
narcotics belonged to Hendrix, who had no drug paraphernalia in his
luggage or needle tracks on his arms, and whether he even knew they were
in his luggage. He was acquitted after a three-day trial. Both of
Hendrix's bandmates in the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Mitch Mitchell and
Noel Redding, later said that they had been warned about a planned drug
bust the day before flying to Toronto and that they believed the drugs
had been planted in his bag. Hendrix was the world's highest-paid
performer when he was arrested, but this was his last tour, and he died
the following year.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_drug_charges_and_trial_of_Jimi_Hendrix>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1545:

The Council of Trent, an ecumenical council convoked by Pope
Paul III in response to the growth of Protestantism, opened in Trent,
Bishopric of Trent (now in modern Italy).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent>

1769:

Dartmouth College in present-day Hanover, New Hampshire, US,
was established by a Royal Charter and became the last university
founded in the Thirteen Colonies before the American Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College>

1960:

With Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie out of the country,
four conspirators staged a coup attempt and installed Crown Prince Asfaw
Wossen as the new Emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Ethiopian_coup_attempt>

1981:

Polish Prime Minister Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law,
suspended Solidarity and imprisoned many union leaders.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski>

2001:

The Parliament of India was attacked by five gunmen, resulting
in 12 deaths, including those of the perpetrators.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Indian_Parliament_attack>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

anting:
(ornithology) The practice of some birds of rubbing live ants or
occasionally other items into the feathers, possibly as a means of
controlling parasites.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anting>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You, the sought for; I, the seeker; this, the search: And each is
the mission of all. For greatness is only the drayhorse that coaxes The
built cart out; and where we go is reason. But genius is an enormous
littleness, a trickling Of heart that covers alike the hare and the
hunter.  
--Kenneth Patchen
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kenneth_Patchen>

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[Daily article] December 12: Far Eastern Party Published On

The Far Eastern Party of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition set out
with sled dogs in November 1912 to collect specimens, map the coast, and
claim territory. Douglas Mawson (pictured), Belgrave Ninnis and Xavier
Mertz had covered 311 miles (501 km) when Ninnis and a sled broke
through the snow lid of a crevasse and were lost. With few supplies
left, Mawson and Mertz made for the main base at Cape Denison, eating
the remaining sled dogs one by one. Mertz became sick, and died within a
week. For almost a month, Mawson pulled his sled alone across snow and
ice despite an illness that increasingly weakened him. He reached the
comparative safety of Aladdin's Cave—a food depot 5.5 miles (8.9 km)
from the main base—on 1 February, only to be trapped there for a week
while a blizzard raged outside. He arrived at the main base just hours
after the expedition ship, SY Aurora, sailed for Australia, fleeing the
encroaching ice. With a relief party, Mawson remained at Cape Denison
until the ship returned the next summer, 10 months later. In 1976 Sir
Edmund Hillary described Mawson's journey as "probably the greatest
story of lone survival in Polar exploration".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Party>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1531:

According to traditional Catholic accounts, the image of the
Blessed Virgin Mary miraculously appeared imprinted on Juan Diego's
tilma.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe>

1862:

American Civil War: The USS Cairo was sunk in the Yazoo River,
the first armored ship sunk by a naval mine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cairo>

1915:

President Yuan Shikai of the Republic of China reinstated the
monarchy and declared himself Emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_Shikai>

1935:

The Nazi Lebensborn programme, which was later mistakenly
believed to engage in coercive breeding, was established to provide
assistance to the wives of SS members and unmarried mothers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebensborn>

1985:

Arrow Air Flight 1285 crashed after takeoff in Gander,
Newfoundland and Labrador, killing 256, including 248 members of the US
Army's 101st Airborne Division.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_Air_Flight_1285>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

profundify:
(in post-19th-century uses, humorous) To make profound; to make a
concept unnecessarily complicated.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/profundify>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You can calculate the worth of a man by the number of his enemies,
and the importance of a work of art by the harm that is spoken of it.
 
--Gustave Flaubert
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert>

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[Daily article] December 11: Pallid sturgeon Published On

The pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) is an endangered species of
ray-finned fish, endemic to the waters of the Missouri and lower
Mississippi River basins of the United States. Named for its pale
coloration, it is related to the much smaller shovelnose sturgeon (S.
platorhynchus). When mature at 15 years, individuals average 85 pounds
(39 kg) and 30 to 60 inches long (76 to 152 cm). The fish spawns
infrequently over its lifespan of up to a century. This sturgeon species
has remained virtually unchanged since it coexisted with the Cretaceous
dinosaurs 70 million years ago. In 1990, the pallid sturgeon became the
first Missouri River basin fish on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's
endangered species list, after sightings had greatly diminished. Loss of
habitat is thought to be responsible for its decline; much of the
Missouri River drainage system has been channeled and dammed, reducing
the gravel deposits and slow-moving side channels that are its favored
spawning areas. In an effort to save the species from extinction, pallid
sturgeon are being raised in a dozen hatcheries and released back into
the wild.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallid_sturgeon>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

220:

Emperor Xian abdicated the throne and the Han Dynasty broke
apart, beginning the Three Kingdoms period in China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Kingdoms>

1886:

The London-based football club Arsenal, then known as Dial
Square, played their first match on the Isle of Dogs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Arsenal_F.C._(1886%E2%80%931966)>

1920:

Irish War of Independence: Following an Irish Republican Army
ambush of a British Auxiliary patrol in Cork, British forces burned and
looted numerous buildings in the city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Cork>

1972:

Apollo 17 (Lunar Roving Vehicle pictured), the last Apollo moon
mission, landed on the Moon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17>

2005:

A demonstration by Australians in Cronulla, New South Wales,
against recent violence towards locals turned into a race riot.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Cronulla_riots>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

spearcaster:
1. A sling-like device used to impart greater impetus to a thrown spear.
2. A soldier or guard armed with a spear used as a ranged weapon.
3. A track-and-field athlete who throws a spear or spears; a javelinist, a
javelin thrower.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spearcaster>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All men are by nature equally free and independent, and have
certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of
society, they cannot by any compact deprive or divest their posterity;
namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring
and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and
safety.  
--George Mason
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Mason>

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[Daily article] December 10: Nicky Barr Published On

Nicky Barr (1915–2006) was a member of the Australian national rugby
union team who became a fighter ace in the Royal Australian Air Force
(RAAF) during World War II. Selected to play for Australia against the
United Kingdom in 1939, he had just arrived in England when war broke
out and the tour was cancelled. He joined the RAAF in 1940 and was
posted to North Africa with No. 3 Squadron in September 1941. Barr's
achievements as a combat pilot earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross
and Bar. Shortly after taking command of No. 3 Squadron in May 1942, he
was shot down and captured by Axis forces, and incarcerated in Italy. He
escaped and assisted other Allied fugitives to safety, receiving for his
efforts the Military Cross, a rare honour for an RAAF pilot. Repatriated
to England in 1944, he saw action during the invasion of Normandy before
returning to Australia as chief instructor with No. 2 Operational
Training Unit. He rejoined the RAAF as an active reserve officer from
1951 to 1953. After his subsequent success for many years in the oilseed
industry, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire
in 1983.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Barr>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1508:

The Papal States, France, Aragon and the Holy Roman Empire
formed the League of Cambrai, an alliance against the Republic of
Venice.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai>

1884:

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by American author Mark Twain
was first published in the United Kingdom and Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_of_Huckleberry_Finn>

1907:

During the Brown Dog affair, about 1,000 protesters marched
through London and then clashed with 400 police officers in Trafalgar
Square over the existence of a memorial for animals which had been
vivisected.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair>

1979:

The Kuomintang (KMT) dictatorship of Taiwan arrested a large
number of opposition leaders who had organized pro-democracy
demonstrations, an incident credited with ending the KMT's rule in 2000.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_Incident>

1983:

Raúl Alfonsín became the first democratically elected
President of Argentina to take office after the fall of the military
dictatorship.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chronique scandaleuse:
A journalistic account of a love affair, crime, or other sensational
event.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chronique_scandaleuse>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Who has not found the heaven below Will fail of it above. God's
residence is next to mine, His furniture is love.  
--Emily Dickinson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Emily_Dickinson>

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[Daily article] December 9: Infinity Blade Published On

Infinity Blade is a fighting game developed by Chair Entertainment and
Epic Games and released through the App Store on December 9, 2010. It is
the first iOS video game to run on the Unreal Engine. In the game, the
unnamed player character fights a series of one-on-one battles in a
derelict castle to face the immortal God King. When in battle, players
swipe the screen to attack and parry, and tap the screen to dodge and
block enemy attacks. Upon victory or defeat, the player restarts the
game as the character's descendant with the same items and experience
level. Developed by a team of twelve people, the game was intended to
demonstrate the new iOS version of the Unreal Engine. Four free
expansions added new equipment, endings, and game modes. The game made
US$1.6 million in the first four days after its release, more than any
other app in the history of iOS, and over $23 million by the end of
2011. Reviews heavily praised the graphics and compared the mobile game
favorably to console games. Critics also praised the swipe-based combat
system, but split opinions on the cyclical gameplay as either addictive
or repetitive.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Blade>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1775:

American Revolutionary War: After their loss in the Battle of
Great Bridge, British authorities were forced to evacuate from the
Colony of Virginia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Great_Bridge>

1931:

The approval of the Spanish Constitution by the Constituent
Cortes paved the way to the establishment of the Second Spanish
Republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931>

1940:

Second World War: British and Commonwealth forces opened
Operation Compass, the first major Allied military operation of the
Western Desert Campaign (Cruiser Mk I tank pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Compass>

1965:

A Charlie Brown Christmas, the first television adaptation of
Charles Schulz's comic strip Peanuts, was broadcast for the first time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Charlie_Brown_Christmas>

1979:

A World Health Organization commission of scientists certified
the global eradication of smallpox, making it the only human infectious
disease to date to have been completely eradicated from nature.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ajar:
Slightly turned or opened.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ajar>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All is for all! If the man and the woman bear their fair share of
work, they have a right to their fair share of all that is produced by
all, and that share is enough to secure them well-being. No more of such
vague formulas as "The Right to work," or "To each the whole result of
his labour." What we proclaim is The Right to Well-Being: Well-Being for
All!  
--Peter Kropotkin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin>

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[Daily article] December 8: Symphony No. 8 (Sibelius) Published On

The Eighth Symphony was Jean Sibelius's final major compositional
project, occupying him intermittently from the mid-1920s until around
1938. How much of the symphony was completed is unknown; Sibelius
repeatedly refused to release it for performance, though he promised the
premiere to several leading conductors. Following the success of his
Seventh Symphony of 1924, it was expected that his symphonic flow would
continue, but after the tone poem Tapiola of 1926, his published output
was confined to minor pieces and revisions to earlier works. The Eighth
Symphony's destruction was made known after Sibelius's death in 1957,
but in the 1990s, while cataloguing the composer's many notebooks and
sketches, scholars speculated that fragments of music from the lost
symphony may have survived. Several short manuscript sketches have been
tentatively identified with the Eighth, three of which (comprising less
than three minutes of music) were recorded by the Helsinki Philharmonic
Orchestra in 2011. The prospect of further reconstruction has generally
been discounted; the propriety of publicly performing music that
Sibelius himself had rejected has also been questioned.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Sibelius)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1660:

A woman appeared on stage as a professional actress in England
for the first time, most often credited to Margaret Hughes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hughes>

1813:

Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 (audio featured) premiered in Vienna
with the composer himself conducting.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)>

1963:

After being hit by a lightning strike while in a holding
pattern, Pan Am Flight 214 crashed near Elkton, Maryland, US, killing
all 81 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_214>

1987:

A man shot and killed eight people at the Australia Post
building in Melbourne, before jumping to his death.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Street_massacre>

2013:

After a fatal car accident in the Little India region of
Singapore, angry mobs of passersby attacked the bus involved and
emergency vehicles, the first riot in the country in over 40 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Little_India_riot>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cheeky:
1. (informal) Impudent; impertinent; impertinently bold, often in a way
that is regarded as endearing or amusing.
2. (informal, Britain, of food and drink) Eaten or drunk as an indulgence.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cheeky>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Whence, if ever, shall come the actuality Of a voice speaking the
mind's knowing, The sunlight bright on the green windowshade, And the
self articulate, affectionate, and flowing, Ease, warmth, light, the
utter showing, When in the white bed all things are made.  
--Delmore Schwartz
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Delmore_Schwartz>

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[Daily article] December 7: George Macaulay Published On

George Macaulay (1897–1940) played first-class cricket professionally
for Yorkshire County Cricket Club between 1920 and 1935. He played in
eight Test matches for England from 1923 to 1933, achieving the rare
feat of taking a wicket with his first ball in Test cricket. One of the
five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1924, he took 1,838 first-class
wickets at an average of 17.64, including four hat-tricks. He was a
leading member of his successful Yorkshire team and a volatile character
who played aggressively. He left a job at a bank to become a
professional cricketer, making his first-class debut aged 23 as a fast
bowler, but he had more success after altering his style to include off
spin. He played fewer Test matches after an unsuccessful match in the
1926 Ashes series. His form slumped following injuries in the late
1920s, but a recovery in the early 1930s led to a recall by England. His
first-class career ended in 1935, although he continued playing club
cricket until the Second World War. A pilot officer in the Royal Air
Force, he died of illness on active service.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macaulay>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1815:

Michel Ney, Marshal of France, was executed by a firing squad
near Paris' Jardin du Luxembourg for supporting Napoleon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Ney>

1869:

American outlaw Jesse James committed his first confirmed bank
robbery in Gallatin, Missouri.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James>

1941:

World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy made a surprise attack
on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, intending to neutralize the United States
Pacific Fleet from influencing the war Japan was planning to wage in
Southeast Asia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor>

1975:

The Indonesian military invaded East Timor under the pretext of
anti-colonialism and began a 25-year occupation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor>

2005:

Spanish authorities captured Croatian Army general Ante
Gotovina, who was wanted for war crimes committed during the Croatian
War of Independence; he was eventually cleared of all charges.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ante_Gotovina>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

abreast:
1. Side by side and facing forward.
2. (figuratively) Alongside; parallel to.
3. Informed, well-informed, familiar, acquainted.
4. Followed by of or with: up to a certain level or line; equally advanced.
5. (nautical) Side by side; also, opposite; over against; on a line with
the vessel's beam.
6. (obsolete) At the same time; simultaneously.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abreast>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We live in an age that makes truth pass for treason, and as I dare
not say anything against it, so the ears of those that are about me will
probably be found too tender to hear it. This my trial and condemnation
do sufficiently evidence.  
--Algernon Sydney
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Algernon_Sydney>

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