[Daily article] March 31: Tank Girl (film) Published On

Tank Girl is a 1995 American science-fiction action-comedy film directed
by Rachel Talalay. Based on the British post-apocalyptic comic series of
the same name by Alan Martin and Jamie Hewlett that was originally
published in Deadline magazine, the film stars Lori Petty, Naomi Watts,
Ice-T and Malcolm McDowell. Set in a drought-ravaged Australia after a
catastrophic impact event, the story follows the antihero Tank Girl
(Petty) as she, Jet Girl (Watts), and genetically modified supersoldiers
called the Rippers fight "Water & Power", an oppressive corporation led
by Kesslee (McDowell). Tank Girl was filmed primarily in White Sands,
New Mexico, and Tucson, Arizona. The critically praised soundtrack was
assembled by Courtney Love, and the Rippers' makeup and prosthetics team
was headed by Stan Winston. The film recouped only about $6 million of
its $25 million budget at the box office. Talalay blamed some of the
film's negative reception on studio edits over which she had no control.
Despite mixed to negative reviews, it has drawn a cult following, in
part for its feminist themes.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_Girl_(film)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

627:

Muslim–Quraish Wars: A confederation of tribes began an
ultimately unsuccessful siege of Yathrib (now Medina) against Muhammad
and his army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trench>

1146:

French abbot Bernard of Clairvaux preached a sermon to a crowd
at Vézelay, with King Louis VII in attendance, urging the necessity of
a Second Crusade.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux>

1822:

Greek War of Independence: Ottoman troops began the massacre of
over 20,000 Greeks on the island of Chios.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios_massacre>

1942:

Second World War: Because of a mutiny by Indian soldiers
against their British officers, Japanese troops captured Christmas
Island without any resistance.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island>

1964:

Brazilian Armed Forces led an overthrow of Brazilian President
João Goulart and established a military government that lasted for 21
years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

teenage:
(chiefly Kent dialect) Brushwood for fences and hedges.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/teenage>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I don't want to talk about the texts or the class. We can do that
another time. I just want to know the last time you saw a unicorn and do
you still believe in primeval forests.  
--Leo Buscaglia
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leo_Buscaglia>

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[Daily article] March 30: Jumping Flash! Published On

Jumping Flash! is a platform video game co-developed by Exact and Ultra
and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. The first instalment in
the Jumping Flash! series, it was released in April 1995 for the
PlayStation in Japan and later the same year in Europe and North
America; it was re-released through the PlayStation Network store on
PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable in 2007. Presented in a first-
person perspective, the game follows a robotic rabbit named Robbit as he
searches for missing jet pods that have been scattered by the game's
antagonist character, the astrophysicist Baron Aloha. The game has been
described as an early showcase for 3D graphics in console gaming.
Generally well received by critics, who praised its graphics and unique
gameplay, it was later overshadowed by 3D platformers of the fifth
console generation. It was described as the third-most underrated video
game of all time by Matt Casamassina of IGN in 2007, and holds the
Guinness World Record as the "First platform video game in true 3D".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumping_Flash!>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1282:

Sicilians began to rebel against the rule of the Angevin King
Charles I of Naples, starting the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers>

1842:

American physician Crawford Long became the first person to use
diethyl ether as an anesthetic in a surgical procedure.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Long>

1899:

A committee of the German Society of Chemistry invited other
national scientific organizations to appoint delegates to form the
International Committee on Atomic Weights.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights>

1950:

Usmar Ismail began filming Darah dan Doa, formally recognised
as the first Indonesian film.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darah_dan_Doa>

1972:

Vietnam War: North Vietnamese forces began the Easter Offensive
in an attempt to gain as much territory and destroy as many units of the
South Vietnamese Army as possible.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sewer:
1. (now historical) A servant attending at a meal who is responsible for
seating arrangements, serving dishes, etc. […]
2. One who sews.
3. A small tortricid moth, the larva of which sews together the edges of a
leaf using silk.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sewer>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Poetry surrounds us everywhere, but putting it on paper is, alas,
not so easy as looking at it.  
--Vincent van Gogh
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh>

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[Daily article] March 29: Benjamin Franklin Tilley Published On

Benjamin Franklin Tilley (March 29, 1848 – March 18, 1907) was an
officer in the United States Navy and the first acting governor of what
is now American Samoa. He entered the Naval Academy at age 15 during the
Civil War and graduated in 1866. In the wake of the Great Railroad
Strike of 1877, he participated as a lieutenant in the military's
crackdown against workers. During the 1891 Chilean Civil War, Tilley and
a small contingent of sailors and marines defended the American
consulate in Santiago, Chile. Commanding the gunship USS Newport in the
Spanish–American War, he captured two Spanish Navy ships. After the
war Tilley was promoted to captain and became the acting governor of
Tutuila and Manua, present-day American Samoa, where he set legal and
administrative precedents for the new territory. Tilley's successor,
Captain Uriel Sebree, praised his "great ability, kindness, tact and
sound common sense". He was promoted to rear admiral after almost
41 years of naval service, but died within a month from pneumonia.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Tilley>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

845:

Viking raiders possibly led by the legendary Ragnar Lodbrok
captured Paris and held the city for a huge ransom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(845)>

1638:

Swedish settlers founded New Sweden near Delaware Bay, the
first Swedish colony in America.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Sweden>

1871:

The Royal Albert Hall in Albertopolis, London, was officially
opened by Queen Victoria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall>

1941:

Second World War: British Royal Navy and Australian Navy ships
intercepted and sank or severely damaged the ships of the Italian Regia
Marina near Crete.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan>

1974:

NASA's Mariner 10, launched in November 1973, became the first
spaceprobe to fly by the planet Mercury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner_10>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

primate:
1. (ecclesiastical) In the Catholic Church, a rare title conferred to or
claimed by the sees of certain archbishops, or the highest-ranking
bishop of a present or historical, usually political circumscription.
2. (ecclesiastical) In the Anglican Church, an archbishop, or the highest-
ranking bishop of an ecclesiastic province.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/primate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Imaginative truth is the most immediate way of presenting ultimate
reality to a human being … ultimate reality is what we call God.
 
--R. S. Thomas
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/R._S._Thomas>

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[Daily article] March 28: The Boat Race 1993 Published On

The 139th Boat Race took place on 27 March 1993. Held annually, the Boat
Race is a side-by-side rowing race between crews from the Universities
of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames. Cambridge, using
"cleaver blades" for the first time in the history of the race, won by
three-and-a-half lengths in a victory that was described in The Times as
"crushingly conclusive". The winning time of 17 minutes exactly was the
fourth fastest time in the event. Cambridge's victory prevented what
would have been Oxford's seventeenth win out of the last eighteen races,
which would have levelled the overall score for the first time since the
1929 race. Oxford's crew featured two Olympic gold medallists and saw
changes in their rowers and cox in the lead-up to the event. The race
was umpired by the former Oxford Blue Mark Evans, who controversially
instigated changes to the start procedure of the race. In the reserve
race, Cambridge's Goldie defeated Oxford's Isis, while Cambridge won the
Women's Boat Race.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boat_Race_1993>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

193:

Praetorian Guards assassinated Roman emperor Pertinax and sold
the throne in an auction to Didius Julianus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didius_Julianus>

1802:

German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Olbers discovered 2
Pallas, the second asteroid known to man.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Pallas>

1920:

An outbreak of 37 tornadoes across the Midwestern and Southern
United States left more than 380 people dead.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_Palm_Sunday_tornado_outbreak>

1930:

Turkey changed the name of its largest city Constantinople to
Istanbul.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Istanbul>

1999:

Serbian police and special forces killed at least 89 Kosovo
Albanians in the village of Izbica, in the Drenica region of central
Kosovo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbica_massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

beer:
One who is or exists.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/beer>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Always think of yourself as everyone's servant; look for Christ
Our Lord in everyone and you will then have respect and reverence for
them all.  
--Teresa of Ávila
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila>

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[Daily article] March 27: Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4 Published On

Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4, is an Easter chorale cantata by
Johann Sebastian Bach. Translated to "Christ lay in death's bonds"
(pictured in an 18th-century Luther Bible), it is one of his earliest
church cantatas, a genre to which Bach later contributed complete
cantata cycles for all occasions of the liturgical year. The composition
was probably intended for a performance in 1707, supporting his
application for a post at a church in Mühlhausen. Both text and music
are based on Martin Luther's Easter hymn of the same name. An opening
sinfonia is followed by seven chorale variations per omnes versus: Bach
used in each vocal movement the unchanged words and tune of a stanza of
the chorale. The variations are arranged symmetrically:
chorus–duet–solo–chorus–solo–duet–chorus, with the focus on
the central fourth stanza about the battle between Life and Death. For
his first Easter as Thomaskantor in Leipzig in 1724, Bach used the
cantata again, and also for the following year as part of his cycle of
chorale cantatas. In the extant score of the Leipzig performances, the
four vocal parts are sometimes reinforced by a choir of trombones.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_lag_in_Todes_Banden,_BWV_4>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1329:

Pope John XXII issued a papal bull declaring that some of the
works of German theologian and mystic Meister Eckhart were heretical.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meister_Eckhart>

1794:

To protect American merchant ships from Barbary pirates, the
United States Congress passed the Naval Act to establish a naval force,
consisting of the USS Constitution and five other frigates, which
eventually became the United States Navy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_six_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy>

1941:

Encouraged by the British Special Operations Executive, a group
of pro-Western Serb-nationalist Royal Yugoslav Air Force officers
planned and conducted a coup d'état after Yugoslavia joined the Axis
powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

1976:

The Washington Metro, the second-busiest rapid transit system
in the US, opened to commuters.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro>

2009:

The dam holding Situ Gintung, an artificial lake in Tangerang
District, Indonesia, failed, resulting in floods killing at least 100
people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Situ_Gintung>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

paternoster:
1. (Christianity) The Lord's prayer, especially in a Roman Catholic
context.
2. A slow, continuously moving lift or elevator consisting of a loop of
open-fronted cabins running the height of a building, the arrangement
resembling a rosary. The moving compartment is entered at one level and
left when the desired level is reached.
3. (architecture) A bead-like ornament in mouldings. […]
4. (archaic) A string of beads used in counting prayers that are said; a
rosary.
5. (archaic) A patent medicine, so named because salesmen would pray the
Lord's prayer over it before selling it.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paternoster>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to
my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto my Father, and your
Father; and to my God, and your God.  
--Jesus
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jesus>

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[Daily article] March 26: Winnipeg Published On

Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of
Manitoba. The name comes from Western Cree words for muddy or brackish
water, referring to Lake Winnipeg, which is just north of the city along
the Red River. The region was a trading centre for aboriginal peoples
long before the arrival of Europeans. French traders built the first
fort on the site in 1738. A settlement was founded in 1812 by the
Selkirk settlers of the Red River Colony, the nucleus of which was
incorporated as the City of Winnipeg in 1873. The census of 2011 lists
Winnipeg as the seventh most populous municipality in Canada. Known as
the "Gateway to the West", it is a transportation hub with a diversified
economy. Its annual festivals include the Festival du Voyageur, the
Winnipeg Folk Festival, the Jazz Winnipeg Festival, the Winnipeg Fringe
Theatre Festival, and Folklorama. Winnipeg was the first Canadian host
of the Pan American Games. It is home to several professional sports
franchises, including the Winnipeg Blue Bombers (Canadian football),
Winnipeg Jets (ice hockey), Manitoba Moose (ice hockey) and Winnipeg
Goldeyes (baseball).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1344:

Reconquista: The Muslim city of Algeciras surrendered after a
21-month siege and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Castile.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Algeciras_(1342%E2%80%9344)>

1484:

William Caxton printed the first English translation of Aesop's
Fables (page pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables>

1830:

The Book of Mormon, the defining sacred text of the Latter Day
Saint movement, was first published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon>

1978:

Four days before the scheduled opening of Japan's Narita
International Airport, a group of protesters destroyed much of the
equipment in the control tower with Molotov cocktails.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narita_International_Airport>

1999:

Jack Kevorkian, an American advocate for and practitioner of
physician-assisted suicide, was found guilty of murder in the death of a
terminally ill patient.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kevorkian>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

swear on a stack of Bibles:
(idiomatic) To make a promise or give an assurance with great
conviction.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swear_on_a_stack_of_Bibles>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The years thunder by, The dreams of youth grow dim where they lie
caked in dust on the shelves of patience. Before we know it, the tomb is
sealed.  
--Sterling Hayden
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sterling_Hayden>

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[Daily article] March 25: Uncle David Published On

Uncle David is a 2010 British black comedy film directed by David Hoyle,
Gary Reich, and Mike Nichols. It was produced by Reich and stars Hoyle,
an English performance artist, in the titular role alongside Ashley
Ryder, best known as a pornographic actor. Developed collectively under
the banner of the Avant-Garde Alliance, it was filmed in October 2009.
Created without a script, every scene was improvised and filmed in a
single take. The film is set in a caravan park on the Isle of Sheppey in
Kent, South East England, and follows a young man with a childlike mind
named Ashley (Ryder), who asks to stay with his delusional Uncle David
(Hoyle). Escaping from his abusive mother, Ashley enters into a sexual
relationship with his uncle, who offers his insights into the world and
the nature of reality. Eventually Ashley tells David that he wants to
die, and David agrees to carry out the killing. The film premiered on 25
March 2010 at the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival held in the BFI
Southbank in central London. It won the Grand Prize at the Paris Gay and
Lesbian Film Festival Awards 2010, but reviews were mixed. It was
released on DVD by Peccadillo Pictures in 2011.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncle_David>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1410:

The Yongle Emperor launched the first of his military campaigns
against the Mongols, resulting in the fall of the Mongol khan
Bunyashiri.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor%27s_campaigns_against_the_Mongols>

1807:

The Slave Trade Act became law, abolishing the slave trade in
the British Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807>

1917:

Following the overthrow of the Russian tsar Nicholas II,
Georgia's bishops unilaterally restored the autocephaly of the Georgian
Orthodox Church.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church>

1949:

The Soviet Union began mass deportations of more than 90,000
people from the Baltic states to Siberia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Priboi>

2006:

A gunman in Seattle, Washington, US, entered a rave afterparty
and opened fire, killing six and wounding two, before committing
suicide.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Hill_massacre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

all Sir Garnet:
(Britain, slang, dated) in order; perfect.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/all_Sir_Garnet>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Thou sayest that I am a king. To this end was I born, and for this
cause came I into the world, that I should bear witness unto the truth.
Every one that is of the truth heareth my voice.  
--Jesus
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jesus>

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[Daily article] March 24: Oppenheimer security hearing Published On

The Oppenheimer security hearing (1954) of the US Atomic Energy
Commission (AEC) explored the background, actions and associations of J.
Robert Oppenheimer (pictured). He had headed the Los Alamos Laboratory
during World War II, where he played a key part in the Manhattan Project
that developed the atomic bomb. Doubts about Oppenheimer's loyalty dated
back to the 1930s, when he was associated with Communist Party USA
members, including his wife and his brother. At Los Alamos and in the
AEC, he was involved in bureaucratic conflict between the Army and Air
Force over the types of nuclear weapons the country required, technical
conflict between the scientists over the feasibility of the hydrogen
bomb, and personal conflict with AEC commissioner Lewis Strauss. The
panel found that he was loyal and discreet with atomic secrets, but did
not recommend that his security clearance be reinstated. This ended his
role in government and policymaking. He became an academic exile, cut
off from his former career and the world he had helped to create. The
findings were seen as fair by some and as an expression of anti-
Communist McCarthyism by others.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1603:

King James VI of Scotland acceded to the thrones of England and
Ireland, becoming James I of England and unifying the crowns of the
kingdoms for the first time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_and_I>

1869:

The last of Māori leader Titokowaru's forces surrendered to
the New Zealand government, ending his uprising.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titokowaru%27s_War>

1934:

The Tydings–McDuffie Act came into effect, which provided for
self-government of the Philippines and for Filipino independence from
the United States after a period of ten years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act>

1989:

The tanker Exxon Valdez spilled more than 10 million US gallons
of oil into Prince William Sound, Alaska, causing one of the most
devastating man-made environmental disasters at sea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exxon_Valdez_oil_spill>

2015:

The co-pilot of Germanwings Flight 9525 deliberately crashed
the aircraft in a mass murder–suicide in the French Alps, killing all
150 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanwings_Flight_9525>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

escapology:
The study or art of escaping from a constriction, such as a rope,
handcuffs, etc.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/escapology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When we estrange ourselves from history we do not enlarge, we
diminish ourselves, even as individuals. We subtract from our lives one
meaning which they do in fact possess, whether we recognize it or not.
We cannot help living in history. We can only fail to be aware of it. If
we are to meet, endure, and transcend the trials and defeats of the
future — for trials and defeats there are certain to be — it can
only be from a point of view which, seeing the future as part of the
sweep of history, enables us to establish our place in that immense
procession in which is incorporated whatever hope humankind may have.
 
--Robert Heilbroner
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Heilbroner>

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[Daily article] March 23: Nuckelavee Published On

The nuckelavee is a horse-like demon from Orcadian mythology that
combines equine and human elements. The name of this most horrible of
all the demons of the Scottish islands may be a progenitor of that by
which the Devil is sometimes known, Old Nick. Though accounts describing
the creature's appearance are inconsistent, its abilities are well-
documented. The nuckelavee's breath can wilt crops and sicken livestock,
and the creature has been held responsible for droughts and epidemics on
land despite its being predominantly a sea-dweller. In common with many
other sea monsters, it is unable to tolerate fresh water; therefore,
those it is pursuing have only to cross a river or stream to be rid of
it. The nuckelavee is kept in confinement during the summer months by
the Mither o' the Sea, an ancient Orcadian divine and the only one able
to control it. This mythological creature may have originated as a
composite of a water horse from Celtic mythology and a creature imported
by Norsemen.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuckelavee>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1775:

American Revolution: Patrick Henry made his "Give me liberty,
or give me death!" speech to the House of Burgesses of Virginia, urging
military action against the British Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give_me_liberty,_or_give_me_death!>

1848:

Scottish settlers on the John Wickliffe, captained by William
Cargill, arrived at what is now Port Chalmers in the Otago Region of New
Zealand.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cargill>

1888:

Led by William McGregor, ten football clubs met in London for
the purpose of founding The Football League, the oldest league
competition in world football.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McGregor_(football)>

1931:

Bhagat Singh, one of the most influential revolutionaries of
the Indian independence movement, and two others were executed by
British authorities.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagat_Singh>

1991:

The Sierra Leone Civil War began when the Revolutionary United
Front, with support from the special forces of Charles Taylor's National
Patriotic Front of Liberia, invaded Sierra Leone in an attempt to
overthrow Joseph Saidu Momoh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

selah:
(biblical) A word occurring between verses or paragraphs in parts of the
Hebrew Bible, namely in Habakkuk and the Psalms, perhaps indicating a
pause for contemplation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/selah>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You could never teach other people anything that mattered. The
important things they had to learn for themselves, almost always by
making mistakes, so that the lessons arrived too late to help.
Experience was in that sense useless. It was precisely what could not be
passed along in a lesson or an equation.  
--Kim Stanley Robinson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson>

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[Daily article] March 22: Plateosaurus Published On

Plateosaurus (probably meaning "broad lizard"), a genus of plateosaurid
dinosaur, lived around 214 to 204 million years ago during the Late
Triassic period in what is now Central and Northern Europe. It was an
early sauropodomorph dinosaur, a so-called "prosauropod". It is now
among the dinosaurs best known to science: over 100 skeletons have been
found, some of them nearly complete. The abundance of its fossils in
Swabia, Germany, has led to the nickname Schwäbischer Lindwurm (Swabian
lindworm). Plateosaurus was a bipedal herbivore with a small skull on a
long, mobile neck, sharp but plump plant-crushing teeth, powerful hind
limbs, short but muscular arms and grasping hands with large claws on
three fingers, possibly used for defence and feeding. Plateosaurus
showed strong developmental plasticity: instead of having a fairly
uniform adult size, fully grown individuals were between 4.8 and 10
metres (16 and 33 ft) long and weighed between 600 and 4,000 kilograms
(1,300 and 8,800 lb). The animals lived for at least 12 to 20 years,
but the maximum life span is not known.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateosaurus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1508:

Ferdinand II of Aragon appointed Amerigo Vespucci to the post
of Chief Navigator of Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci>

1638:

The Massachusetts Bay Colony expelled Anne Hutchinson from its
ranks for dissenting from Puritan orthodoxy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson>

1913:

Phan Xích Long, the self-proclaimed Emperor of Vietnam, was
arrested for organising a revolt against the colonial rule of French
Indochina, which was nevertheless carried out by his supporters the
following day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_X%C3%ADch_Long>

1963:

Please Please Me, the first album recorded by The Beatles, was
released.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Please_Please_Me>

2006:

The remaining three Christian Peacemaker Teams hostages were
rescued from their Iraqi captors by a multinational force.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Peacemaker_hostage_crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pseudometeorite:
A rock that is initially believed to be a meteorite, but is in fact
terrestrial in origin.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pseudometeorite>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There will come a time when you believe everything is finished;
that will be the beginning.  
--Louis L'Amour
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Louis_L%27Amour>

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[Daily article] March 21: The Final Cut (album) Published On

The Final Cut is the twelfth studio album by the English progressive
rock group Pink Floyd, first released on 21 March 1983 by Harvest
Records in the UK. It was the band's last studio album to include
founding member Roger Waters, who received sole credit for writing and
composition. It is also the only Pink Floyd album to which keyboardist
Richard Wright did not contribute. Waters originally planned The Final
Cut as a soundtrack album for the 1982 film Pink Floyd – The Wall, but
with the onset of the Falklands War, he rewrote it as a concept album
and dedicated it to his father, who died during the Second World War.
Waters sang most of the lyrics and designed the packaging to reflect the
album's anti-war theme. The Final Cut was recorded from July to December
1982 in eight British studios, but the album's production was dominated
by interpersonal conflict, and Waters left the band in 1985. Although it
reached the top of the UK Albums Chart, the album received mixed
reviews.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Final_Cut_(album)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

630:

Byzantine emperor Heraclius restored the True Cross to
Jerusalem.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross>

1800:

After being elected as a compromise candidate after several
months of stalemate, Pope Pius VII was crowned in Venice with a
temporary papal tiara made of papier-mâché.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_VII>

1871:

Founder of the German Empire Otto von Bismarck was proclaimed
as its first Chancellor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck>

1946:

The Los Angeles Rams of the National Football League signed
Kenny Washington, making him the first African American player in the
league since 1933.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Washington_(American_football)>

2006:

A man using a hammer smashed the statue of Phra Phrom in the
Erawan Shrine in Bangkok, Thailand, and was subsequently beaten to death
by bystanders.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erawan_Shrine>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

make a spectacle of oneself:
(idiomatic, originally US) To embarrass oneself or others in public.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/make_a_spectacle_of_oneself>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  My view is that this is the beginning, not the end, of what is
going to be a journey that takes some time.  
--Barack Obama
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Barack_Obama>

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[Daily article] March 20: Amir Hamzah Published On

Amir Hamzah (1911–1946) was an Indonesian poet and national hero. Born
into an aristocratic Malay family in the Sultanate of Langkat, Sumatra,
he began writing poetry while still a teenager. Though his works are
undated, the earliest are from around 1930, when he first travelled to
Java for schooling. He continued writing while studying in Surakarta and
Batavia. He helped establish the literary magazine Poedjangga Baroe in
1932, and published his two poetry collections in it, Nyanyi Sunyi
(1937) and Buah Rindu (1941). Amir stopped writing in 1937, when he
grudgingly returned to Sumatra to marry the sultan's daughter and take
on responsibilities of the court. After Indonesia proclaimed its
independence in 1945, he served as the government's representative in
Langkat; the following year he was killed in a socialist revolution and
buried in a mass grave. His poetry deals with themes of love and
religion, and often reflects a deep inner conflict. He has been called
the "King of the Poedjangga Baroe-era Poets" and the only international-
class Indonesian poet from before the Indonesian National Revolution.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Hamzah>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1602:

The Dutch East India Company—the first company to issue
stock, one of the first multinational corporations, and possibly the
first megacorporation—was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company>

1760:

A fire of unknown cause broke out in Boston, Massachusetts,
destroying 349 buildings and left over a thousand people homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Boston_Fire_of_1760>

1942:

World War II: After being forced to flee the Philippines, US
Army General Douglas MacArthur announced in Terowie, South Australia, "I
shall return."
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur>

1987:

The antiretroviral drug zidovudine (AZT) became the first
antiviral drug approved for use against HIV and AIDS.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zidovudine>

2006:

Cyclone Larry made landfall in Far North Queensland, eventually
causing nearly AU$1 billion in total damage and destroying over 80
percent of Australia's banana crop.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_Larry>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

paradoxical frog:
Pseudis paradoxa, a species of frog unusual because it is larger as a
tadpole (up to 25 cm or 10 in long) than as an adult (about a quarter of
that length).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paradoxical_frog>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The thief cometh not, but for to steal, and to kill, and to
destroy: I am come that they might have life, and that they might have
it more abundantly. I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his
life for the sheep.  
--Jesus
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jesus>

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[Daily article] March 19: Eraserhead Published On

Eraserhead is a 1977 American surrealist body horror film written and
directed by filmmaker David Lynch. Shot in black-and-white, it is
Lynch's first feature-length film, coming after several short works.
Starring Jack Nance, Charlotte Stewart, Jeanne Bates, Judith Anna
Roberts, Laurel Near, and Jack Fisk, it tells the story of Henry Spencer
(Nance), who is left to care for his grossly deformed child in a
desolate industrial landscape. Eraserhead spent several years in
principal photography because of the difficulty of funding the film. It
was produced with the assistance of the American Film Institute during
the director's time studying there, and donations from Fisk and his wife
Sissy Spacek kept production afloat. Lynch and sound designer Alan Splet
spent a year working on the film's audio. Eraserhead earned positive
reviews, especially for its intricate sound design, but only gained
popularity after several long runs as a midnight movie. Its surrealist
imagery and sexual undercurrents have been seen as key thematic
elements. In 2004 the film was preserved in the National Film Registry
by the Library of Congress.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraserhead>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1279:

Emperor Bing, the last emperor of the Song dynasty, died during
the Battle of Yamen, bringing the dynasty to an end after three
centuries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Song_dynasty>

1911:

Socialist German politician Clara Zetkin established the first
International Women's Day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clara_Zetkin>

1941:

The Tuskegee Airmen, the first all-African American unit of the
United States Army Air Corps, was activated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen>

1962:

Highly influential American musician Bob Dylan released his
eponymous debut album.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan>

2008:

The gamma-ray burst GRB 080319B, the farthest object that could
be seen by the naked eye, was observed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_080319B>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dog in the manger:
One who denies to others what he cannot use himself.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dog_in_the_manger>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Destiny is not a matter of chance; it is a matter of choice. It is
not a thing to be waited for; it is a thing to be achieved.  
--William Jennings Bryan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan>

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[Daily article] March 18: Quietly Confident Quartet Published On

The Quietly Confident Quartet was the self-given name of the Australian
men's 4 × 100 metres medley relay swimming team that won the gold
medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. This was the only year
since its inception that the event has not been won by the United
States, which was boycotting the Moscow Olympics after the Soviet
invasion of Afghanistan. The quartet consisted of backstroker Mark
Kerry, breaststroker Peter Evans, butterflyer Mark Tonelli and
freestyler Neil Brooks. Tonelli, the oldest at 23, was also a
spokesperson for the Australian athletes' campaign to compete at the
Olympics against the wishes of the Fraser Government. All four clashed
with swimming authorities over disciplinary issues, and three were
suspended or expelled from the Australian team. After the backstroke
leg, Australia was in fourth place and more than a second behind, but
Evans was the fastest breaststroker, moving into second position at the
halfway point, and Tonelli completed his leg in a personal best time.
Brooks overtook the Soviet swimmer Sergey Kopliakov in the latter half
of the final leg to secure a narrow victory.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quietly_Confident_Quartet>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1241:

First Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongols overwhelmed the Polish
armies of Sandomierz and Kraków provinces in the Battle of Chmielnik
and plundered the abandoned city of Kraków.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chmielnik>

1741:

New York governor George Clarke's complex at Fort George was
destroyed by a fire supposedly set by slaves, starting the New York
Conspiracy of 1741.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Conspiracy_of_1741>

1871:

French President Adolphe Thiers ordered the evacuation of Paris
after an uprising broke out as the result of France's defeat in the
Franco-Prussian War, leading to the establishment of the Paris Commune
government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Commune>

1906:

Romanian inventor Traian Vuia became the first person to fly a
heavier-than-air monoplane with an unassisted takeoff.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traian_Vuia>

1996:

The deadliest fire in Philippine history burned a nightclub in
Quezon City, leaving 162 dead.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_Disco_Club_fire>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

saw gourds:
(chiefly late-19th-century US slang, intransitive) To snore very
loudly.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saw_gourds>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Our brains are no longer conditioned for reverence and awe. We
cannot imagine a Second Coming that would not be cut down to size by the
televised evening news, or a Last Judgment not subject to pages of
holier-than-Thou second-guessing in The New York Review of Books.
 
--John Updike
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Updike>

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[Daily article] March 17: Final Fantasy Type-0 Published On

Final Fantasy Type-0 is a Japanese video game produced by Square Enix in
2011 for the PlayStation Portable (PSP). It is an action role-playing
game where players take the role of Class Zero, a group of fourteen
students skilled in magic who are recruited by their superiors into a
war between the four nations of Orience. The players also engage in
large-scale strategy-based battles on the world map, and have access to
a multiplayer option during story missions and side quests. Developed by
the same staff as Crisis Core: Final Fantasy VII, Type-0 was designed as
a departure from the traditions of the Final Fantasy series with its
action-based gameplay and dark storyline. It was originally planned for
both PSP and mobile, but the mobile version was cancelled in 2008. The
game met with commercial success in Japan, and favorable reviews both in
Japan and overseas. Plans for international versions were halted due to
the flagging PSP market in the Western world. The first non-Japanese
version of Type-0 was a fan translation into English in 2014. A high-
definition remaster was released worldwide in 2015.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy_Type-0>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

455:

After arranging for the assassination of Valentinian III,
Petronius Maximus seized the throne of the Western Roman Empire, only to
be killed 11 weeks later during the sack of Rome.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronius_Maximus>

1860:

The First Taranaki War began at Waitara, New Zealand, marking
an important phase of the New Zealand land wars.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Taranaki_War>

1891:

The transatlantic steamship SS Utopia accidentally collided
with the battleship HMS Anson in the Bay of Gibraltar, sinking in less
than twenty minutes and killing 562.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Utopia>

1950:

The synthesis of californium, a radioactive transuranium
element, was announced.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium>

1991:

Nearly 70% of voters in nine Soviet republics agreed that the
Soviet Union should be preserved in the Soviet Union referendum.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_referendum,_1991>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

disparadise:
(obsolete) To expel or remove from paradise.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disparadise>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  At Tara today in this fateful hour I place all Heaven with its
power, And the sun with its brightness, And the snow with its whiteness,
And fire with all the strength it hath, And lightning with its rapid
wrath, And the winds with their swiftness along their path, And the sea
with its deepness, And the rocks with their steepness, And the earth
with its starkness All these I place, By God's almighty help and grace,
Between myself and the powers of darkness.  
--Saint Patrick
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick>

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[Daily article] March 16: Hurricane Charley (1986) Published On

Hurricane Charley was the costliest tropical cyclone of the 1986
Atlantic hurricane season. The third tropical storm and second hurricane
of the season, Charley formed as a subtropical low on August 13 along
the Florida panhandle. It became a tropical storm on August 15 off the
coast of South Carolina, then as a hurricane traversed eastern North
Carolina. It weakened over the north Atlantic Ocean before transitioning
into an extratropical cyclone on August 20. Its remnants remained
identifiable until crossing the British Isles and dissipating on
August 30. In the U.S. Hurricane Charley caused an estimated
$15 million in damage (equivalent to $32.4 million in 2016). As an
extratropical cyclone, Charley brought heavy rainfall and strong winds
to Ireland and the United Kingdom, causing at least 11 deaths. Ireland
saw a record for the greatest daily rainfall total in the country,
7.8 inches (200 mm). In the Dublin area, 451 buildings were flooded,
some up to a depth of 8 ft (2.4 m). In the United Kingdom, the storm
flooded rivers and brought down trees and power lines.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Charley_(1986)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1244:

Following their successful siege of Montségur, French royal
forces burned about 210 Cathar Perfecti and unrepentant credentes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Monts%C3%A9gur>

1802:

The United States Congress authorized the establishment of the
US Army Corps of Engineers in order to operate the US Military Academy
at West Point, New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy>

1926:

American scientist Robert H. Goddard launched the world's first
liquid-fueled rocket, which flew for two-and-a-half seconds before
falling to the ground.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard>

1978:

Former Prime Minister of Italy Aldo Moro was kidnapped in Rome
by Mario Moretti and the Red Brigades.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Aldo_Moro>

1988:

Iran–Iraq War: Iraqi forces began attacking the Kurdish town
of Halabja with chemical weapons, killing up to 5,000 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halabja_chemical_attack>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Scotch mist:
1. (Britain) A cold and penetrating mist, verging on rain.
2. (Britain, dialect, chiefly Lancashire and Yorkshire, idiomatic)
Something that is hard to find or does not exist.
3. A drink of Scotch whisky served with ice and lemon peel.
4. (botany) The perennial flowering plant Galium sylvaticum.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Scotch_mist>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There are tremendous actual differences in values. Some value
systems, such as the ones that motivate "honor killings", deserve to be
morally condemned and rejected. But there are many other variations in
values within the bounds of decency.  
--Richard Stallman
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman>

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[Daily article] March 15: California State Route 78 Published On

State Route 78 is a state highway in California that runs from Oceanside
east to Blythe, a few miles from Arizona. Its western terminus is at
Interstate 5 in San Diego County and its eastern terminus is at
Interstate 10 in Riverside County. The route is a freeway through the
heavily populated cities of northern San Diego County and a two-lane
highway running through the Cuyamaca Mountains to Julian. In Imperial
County, it travels through the desert near the Salton Sea and passes
through the city of Brawley before turning north into an area of sand
dunes on the way to its terminus in Blythe. Portions of the route
existed as early as 1900, and it was one of the original state highways
designated in 1934. The freeway section in the North County of San Diego
that connects Oceanside and Escondido was built in the middle of the
20th century in several stages, including a transitory stage known as
the Vista Way Freeway, and has been improved several times. An
expressway bypass of the city of Brawley was completed in 2012. There
are many projects slated to improve the freeway due to increasing
congestion.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_78>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1783:

A potential uprising in Newburgh, New York, was defused when
George Washington asked Continental Army officers to support the
supremacy of Congress.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy>

1892:

Liverpool F.C., one of England's most successful football
clubs, was founded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_F.C.>

1916:

Six days after Pancho Villa and his cross-border raiders
attacked Columbus, New Mexico, US General John J. Pershing led a
punitive expedition into Mexico to pursue Villa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition>

1941:

Philippine Airlines, the flag carrier of the Philippines took
its first flight, making it the oldest commercial airline in Asia
operating under its original name.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Airlines>

2011:

Arab Spring: Protests erupted across Syria against the
authoritarian government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

injurious:
1. Causing physical harm or injury; harmful, hurtful.
2. Causing harm to one's reputation; invidious, defamatory, libelous,
slanderous.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/injurious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Let us accept this as a sign from the Gods, and follow where they
beckon, in vengeance on our double-dealing enemies. The die is cast.
 
--Julius Caesar
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar>

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[Daily article] March 14: Sarcoscypha coccinea Published On

Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, is a
species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales.
Widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, it has been found in
Africa, Asia, Europe, North and South America, and Australia. It grows
on decaying sticks and branches in damp spots on forest floors,
generally buried under leaf litter or in the soil. The cup-shaped fruit
bodies are usually produced during the cooler months of winter and early
spring. The brilliant red interiors of the cups, from which the common
and scientific names are derived, contrast with the lighter exteriors.
The edibility of the fruit bodies is not clearly established, but their
small size, tough texture and insubstantial fruitings would dissuade
most people from collecting for the table. The fungus has been used
medicinally by the Oneida Indians, and as a colorful component of table
decorations in England. The species Molliardiomyces eucoccinea is an
imperfect form of the fungus that lacks a sexually reproductive stage in
its life cycle.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcoscypha_coccinea>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1794:

American inventor Eli Whitney patented the cotton gin, the
first ever machine that quickly and easily separated cotton fibers from
their seedpods.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin>

1885:

The Mikado, Gilbert and Sullivan's most frequently performed
Savoy opera, debuted at the Savoy Theatre in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mikado>

1931:

Alam Ara, the first Indian film with sound, was released.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam_Ara>

1978:

Israeli–Lebanese conflict: The Israel Defense Forces began
Operation Litani, invading and occupying southern Lebanon, and pushing
PLO troops north up to the Litani River.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict>

1991:

The "Birmingham Six", wrongly convicted of the 1974 Birmingham
pub bombings in England, were released after sixteen years in prison.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Six>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ad infinitum:
Endlessly; for ever; neverendingly.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ad_infinitum>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Let us accept the world is a mystery. Nature is neither solely
material nor entirely spiritual. Man, too, is more than flesh and blood;
otherwise, no religions would have been possible. Behind each cause is
still another cause; the end or the beginning of all causes has yet to
be found.  
--Albert Einstein
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein>

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[Daily article] March 13: Japanese battleship Asahi Published On

Asahi was a pre-dreadnought battleship built in Britain for the Imperial
Japanese Navy in the late 1890s. As flagship of the Standing Fleet,
Asahi was in every major naval battle of the Russo-Japanese War of
1904–05. The ship saw no combat during World War I, but participated
in the Siberian Intervention in 1918. Reclassified as a coastal defence
ship in 1921, Asahi was disarmed two years later to meet the terms of
the Washington Naval Treaty, then served as a training and submarine
depot ship. The ship was modified for marine salvage and rescue before
being placed in reserve in 1928. Asahi was recommissioned in late 1937,
after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and used to transport
Japanese troops. In 1938 the ship was converted into a repair ship and
based first at Japanese-occupied Shanghai, China, and then Camranh Bay,
French Indochina, from late 1938 to 1941. The ship was transferred to
occupied Singapore in early 1942 to help repair a damaged light cruiser
and ordered to return home in May. Asahi was sunk en route by the
American submarine USS Salmon, but most of the crew survived.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Asahi>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

624:

Led by Muhammad, the Muslims of Medina defeated the Quraysh of
Mecca in Badr, present-day Saudi Arabia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr>

1781:

German-born astronomer and composer William Herschel discovered
the planet Uranus while in the garden of his house in Bath, Somerset,
thinking it was a comet.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranus>

1845:

German composer Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto, one of the
most popular and most frequently performed violin concertos of all time,
was first played in Leipzig.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Mendelssohn)>

1943:

The Holocaust: Nazi German troops began liquidating the Jewish
Ghetto in Kraków, Poland, sending about 8,000 Jews deemed able to work
to the Plaszow labor camp, with the rest either killed or sent to
Auschwitz.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto>

1986:

Claiming the right of innocent passage, American warships USS
Yorktown and USS Caron entered the Soviet territorial waters in the
Black Sea, inciting Soviet combat readiness.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

aposiopesis:
(rhetoric) An abrupt breaking-off in speech, often indicated in print
using an ellipsis (…) or an em dash (—).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aposiopesis>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Whereas "false stories" can be told anywhere and at any time,
myths must not be recited except during a period of sacred time.  
--Mircea Eliade
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mircea_Eliade>

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[Daily article] March 12: Isabella Beeton Published On

Isabella Beeton (1836–1865) was an English journalist and editor, and
the author of Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management. She married
Samuel Orchart Beeton, an ambitious publisher and magazine editor, in
1856. Less than a year later, she began writing for one of his
publications, The Englishwoman's Domestic Magazine. She translated
French fiction and wrote the cookery column, though all the recipes were
plagiarised from other works, or sent in by the magazine's readers. In
1859 the Beetons launched a series of 48-page monthly supplements to the
magazine; the 24 instalments were published in one volume as the Book of
Household Management in October 1861, which sold 60,000 copies in the
first year. Isabella was working on an abridged version of her book when
she died of puerperal fever at the age of 28. She had given birth to
four children, two of whom died in infancy, and had had several
miscarriages. Two of her biographers posit the theory that Samuel had
unknowingly contracted syphilis in a premarital liaison with a
prostitute, and had passed the condition on to his wife.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_Beeton>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1864:

American Civil War: The Union Army began the ill-fated Red
River Campaign, in which not a single objective was fully accomplished.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Campaign>

1881:

Andrew Watson made his debut with the Scotland national
football team and became the world's first black international football
player.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Watson_(footballer,_born_1856)>

1912:

Juliette Gordon Low founded a youth organization for girls that
grew into the Girl Scouts of the USA.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA>

1934:

Supported by the Estonian Army, Konstantin Päts staged a coup
d'état, beginning the Era of Silence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_P%C3%A4ts>

1993:

A series of thirteen coordinated bomb explosions took place in
Bombay, India, killing over 250 civilians and injuring over 700 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Bombay_bombings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

purpurous:
(archaic) Purple.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/purpurous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I hope it is true that a man can die and yet not only live in
others but give them life, and not only life but that great
consciousness of life.  
--Jack Kerouac
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jack_Kerouac>

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[Daily article] March 11: Morgan dollar Published On

The Morgan dollar coin was minted from 1878 to 1904, and again in 1921.
It is named for its designer, U.S. Mint Assistant Engraver George T.
Morgan. The obverse depicts a profile portrait representing Liberty,
while the reverse depicts an eagle with wings outstretched. The Coinage
Act of 1873, which stopped the minting of silver dollars, was reversed
by a series of laws supporting production of the Morgan dollar. The
Bland–Allison Act of 1878 required the Treasury to purchase between
two and four million dollars' worth of silver at market value to be
coined into dollars each month. In 1890 that act was repealed by the
Sherman Silver Purchase Act, which required the Treasury to purchase
4,500,000 troy ounces (140,000 kg) of silver each month, but this act
too was repealed, in 1893. An 1898 law required all remaining bullion to
be coined into silver dollars, and when those reserves were depleted in
1904, production of the Morgan dollar ended. The Pittman Act, passed in
1918, authorized the melting and recoining of millions of silver
dollars, and the Morgan dollar resumed mintage for one year in 1921,
before its replacement by the Peace dollar later the same year.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_dollar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1843:

Eta Carinae flared up to become the second brightest star in
the night sky.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Carinae>

1851:

Italian Romantic composer Giuseppe Verdi's opera Rigoletto was
first performed at La Fenice in Venice.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigoletto>

1946:

Rudolf Höss, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration
camp, was captured by British troops.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss>

1978:

After hijacking a bus north of Tel Aviv, members of Palestine
Liberation Organization faction Fatah engaged in a shootout with the
Israel Police, resulting in the deaths of 38 civilians and most of the
perpetrators.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre>

2006:

Michelle Bachelet was inaugurated as the first female President
of Chile.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Bachelet>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

propitious:
1. Favorable; benevolent.
2. (archaic) Favorably disposed towards someone.
3. Advantageous.
4. Characteristic of a good omen; auspicious.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/propitious>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Scientific progress on a broad front results from the free play of
free intellects, working on subjects of their own choice, in the manner
dictated by their curiosity for exploration of the unknown.  
--Vannevar Bush
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Vannevar_Bush>

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[Daily article] March 10: Jacob van Ruisdael Published On

Jacob van Ruisdael (c. 1629 – 1682) was a prolific and versatile
Dutch artist, generally considered the pre-eminent landscape painter of
the Dutch Golden Age. During this period of great wealth and cultural
achievement when Dutch painting became highly popular, his father and
uncle were also landscape artists. His earliest works, dating from 1646,
show remarkable quality for his age. He moved from his Haarlem
birthplace to Amsterdam around 1657, where he lived until his death.
Ruisdael painted a wide variety of landscape subjects, including Dutch
countryside scenes, city panoramas, seascapes, and Scandinavian
waterfalls. The sky often takes up two thirds of the canvas. His
accurate rendering of trees was unprecedented, and he is particularly
known for his paintings of mills, such as Windmill at Wijk bij Duurstede
(pictured). Ruisdael shaped landscape painting traditions worldwide,
influencing the English Romantics, the French Barbizon School, and the
American Hudson River School, as well as generations of Dutch landscape
artists. The National Gallery, the Rijksmuseum, and the Hermitage Museum
hold the largest collections of his paintings.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_Ruisdael>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1607:

Susenyos defeated the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros
II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, making him Emperor of Ethiopia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susenyos_I>

1876:

Alexander Graham Bell made his first successful bi-directional
telephone call, saying, "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you."
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone>

1959:

An anti-Chinese uprising erupted in Lhasa, the capital of
Tibet, as about 300,000 Tibetans surrounded the Potala Palace to prevent
the 14th Dalai Lama from leaving or being removed by the Chinese
People's Liberation Army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising>

1966:

Military Prime Minister of South Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ
sacked rival General Nguyễn Chánh Thi, precipitating large-scale
civil and military dissension in parts of the nation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%A1nh_Thi>

2006:

NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (artist's conception
pictured) attained orbit around Mars.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

quiescent:
1. Inactive, quiet, at rest.
2. (grammar) Not sounded; silent.
3. (cell biology) Non-proliferating.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quiescent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I had crossed de line of which I had so long been dreaming. I was
free; but dere was no one to welcome me to de land of freedom, I was a
stranger in a strange land, and my home after all was down in de old
cabin quarter, wid de ole folks, and my brudders and sisters. But to dis
solemn resolution I came; I was free, and dey should be free also; I
would make a home for dem in de North, and de Lord helping me, I would
bring dem all dere. Oh, how I prayed den, lying all alone on de cold,
damp ground; "Oh, dear Lord," I said, "I haint got no friend but you.
Come to my help, Lord, for I'm in trouble!"  
--Harriet Tubman
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman>

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[Daily article] March 9: Anfield Published On

Anfield is an association football stadium in Anfield, Liverpool,
England. With a seating capacity of 44,742, it is the seventh largest
football stadium in England. It was the home of Everton F.C. from 1884
until a rent dispute in 1891, and has been the home of Liverpool F.C.
since their formation in 1892. The stadium has four stands: the Spion
Kop, Main Stand, Centenary Stand and Anfield Road. The record attendance
of 61,905 was set at a match between Liverpool and Wolverhampton
Wanderers in 1952. The ground was reduced to an all-seater stadium in
1994 on the recommendation of the Taylor Report. It has two gates named
after the former Liverpool managers Bill Shankly and Bob Paisley, with a
statue of Shankly at the visitor's center outside. The ground is 2 miles
(3 km) from Liverpool Lime Street railway station. A proposal in 2002
to replace the stadium with a new one in the adjacent Stanley Park was
rejected by Fenway Sports Group, who acquired the club in 2010.
Construction on the Main Stand to increase the stadium size to around
54,000 began on 8 December 2014.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anfield>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1009:

The first known record of the name of Lithuania appeared in an
entry in the annals of the Quedlinburg Abbey in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_of_Lithuania>

1842:

The first documented discovery of gold in California occurred
at Rancho San Francisco, six years before the California Gold Rush.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_San_Francisco>

1932:

Éamon de Valera, one of the dominant political figures in
twentieth-century Ireland, became President of the Executive Council of
the Irish Free State.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera>

1946:

Thirty-three people were killed in a stampede at Burnden Park,
a football stadium in Bolton, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnden_Park_disaster>

1956:

In Tbilisi, Georgia, Soviet military troops suppressed mass
demonstrations against Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's de-
Stalinization policy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Georgian_demonstrations>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

exhort:
To urge; to advise earnestly.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/exhort>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I am full of doubts ... Each new film is like a trial. Before I
step in front of the camera, I do not know whether I am going to fall or
whether I am going to fly — and that is exactly the way I want it to
stay.  
--Juliette Binoche
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Juliette_Binoche>

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[Daily article] March 8: Ellen Wilkinson Published On

Ellen Wilkinson (1891–1947) was a British Labour Party politician,
Member of Parliament (MP) for Jarrow from 1935 to 1947 and Minister of
Education from July 1945 until her death. In 1936 she was a leader of
the Jarrow March, an iconic symbol of 1930s unemployment and
impoverishment. On graduating from the University of Manchester in 1913,
Wilkinson worked mainly as a trade union official, and was briefly a
member of the British Communist Party before becoming Labour MP for
Middlesbrough East in 1924. After losing her seat in the 1931 general
election she worked as a writer and journalist before resuming her
parliamentary career in 1935. A strong advocate for the Republican
faction in the Spanish Civil War, she made several visits to the battle
zones. During the Second World War Wilkinson served in Churchill's
wartime coalition as a junior minister. By the time she achieved cabinet
office in Clement Attlee's postwar Labour ministry she was in poor
health due to constant overwork, and was able to promote only modest
educational reforms. She died of an accidental overdose of medication
while under treatment for an acute bronchial disease.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Wilkinson>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1658:

After a devastating defeat in the Northern Wars, King Frederick
III of Denmark–Norway was forced to give up nearly half his Danish
territory to Sweden to save the rest.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde>

1736:

Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, was crowned Shah
of Iran.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nader_Shah>

1924:

Three violent explosions at a coal mine near Castle Gate, Utah,
US, killed all 171 miners working there.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Gate_Mine_disaster>

1963:

The Ba'ath Party came to power in Syria in a coup d'état by a
clique of quasi-leftist Syrian Army officers calling themselves the
National Council of the Revolutionary Command.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

1983:

The Cold War: During a speech to the National Association of
Evangelicals in Orlando, Florida, U.S. President Ronald Reagan described
the Soviet Union as an "evil empire".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_empire>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gogo:
(South Africa) Grandmother; elderly woman.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gogo>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Certitude is not the test of certainty. We have been cocksure of
many things that were not so.  
--Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_Jr.>

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[Daily article] March 7: Bristol Published On

Bristol is a city in South West England. With an estimated population of
442,500 in 2015, it is the second most populous city in Southern England
and the eighth in the UK. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were
built near the confluence of the Rivers Frome and Avon, and around the
beginning of the 11th century the settlement was known as Brycgstow (Old
English for "the place at the bridge"). Bristol received a royal charter
in 1155, and became a county in 1373. A major commercial port from the
12th century, it was the starting place for early voyages of exploration
to the New World, including the 1497 expedition in which John Cabot
became the first European since the Vikings to land on mainland North
America. One of the top four English cities in tax receipts from the
13th to the 18th century, Bristol's prominence declined during the
Industrial Revolution. Its modern economy is built on the creative
media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city-centre docks
closed in the 20th century, and have been redeveloped as centres of
heritage and culture. The city is among the most popular tourist
destinations in the UK.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1277:

Étienne Tempier, Bishop of Paris, promulgated a Condemnation
of 219 philosophical and theological propositions that were being
discussed at the University of Paris.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Tempier>

1850:

In support of the Compromise of 1850, United States Senator
Daniel Webster gave his "Seventh of March" speech, which was so
unpopular among his constituency he was forced to resign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Webster>

1936:

Nazi German forces re-occupied the demilitarized Rhineland,
violating both the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno Treaties that
were signed after World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland>

1985:

The charity single "We Are the World" by the supergroup USA for
Africa was released, and would go on to sell over 20 million copies.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Are_the_World>

2009:

Two off-duty soldiers of the British Army's 38 Engineer
Regiment were shot dead by the Real IRA in Antrim town, Northern
Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Massereene_Barracks_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

denude:
To divest of all covering; to make bare or naked; to strip.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/denude>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Life can be great, but not when you can't see it. So, open your
eyes to life: to see it in the vivid colors that God gave us as a
precious gift to His children, to enjoy life to the fullest, and to make
it count. Say yes to your life. And when it comes to drugs and alcohol
just say NO.  
--Nancy Reagan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nancy_Reagan>

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[Daily article] March 6: Iven Mackay Published On

Iven Mackay (1882–1966) was a senior Australian Army officer who saw
action in both World Wars. He served with the 4th Infantry Battalion at
Gallipoli, distinguishing himself in hand-to-hand fighting at the Battle
of Lone Pine. On the Western Front, he assumed command of the 4th
Battalion in 1916 and led the 1st Infantry Brigade in 1918. After the
war he studied physics at the University of Cambridge under Ernest
Rutherford. He remained in the Militia between the wars, and was a major
general by the time the Second World War broke out. He commanded the 6th
Division through the Australian Army's first battles of the war. During
the Battle of Bardia in 1941, the 6th Division captured the fortified
town along with 36,000 Italian prisoners; Mackay was knighted for this
success. In the Battle of Greece, he became the only Australian general
to face the Waffen SS in battle. He was recalled to Australia in 1941,
commanding the Home Forces and New Guinea Force as a lieutenant general.
His active service ended in 1943 with his appointment as High
Commissioner to India.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iven_Mackay>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

961:

The Muslim Emirate of Crete was conquered by the Byzantine
Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete>

1447:

Tomaso Parentucelli became Pope Nicholas V.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_V>

1869:

Dmitri Mendeleev presented the first periodic table of elements
to the Russian Chemical Society.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev>

1930:

Organized by the Communist International, hundreds of thousands
of people in major cities around the world marched to protest mass
unemployment associated with the Great Depression.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Unemployment_Day>

1988:

In Operation Flavius, the British Special Air Service killed
three Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteers conspiring to bomb a
parade of British military bands in Gibraltar.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flavius>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

perquisite:
1. (mostly plural) Any monetary or other incidental benefit beyond salary.
2. A gratuity.
3. A privilege or possession held or claimed exclusively by a certain
person, group or class.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perquisite>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Politics: a Trojan horse race.  
--Stanisław Jerzy Lec
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Jerzy_Lec>

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