[Daily article] May 31: Half-Life 2: Episode One Published On

Half-Life 2: Episode One is a first-person shooter video game, the first
in a series of episodes that serve as the sequel to the 2004 game Half-
Life 2. Originally called Half-Life 2: Aftermath, it was developed by
Valve Corporation and released on June 1, 2006. Episode One, like Half-
Life 2, uses the Source game engine. The game debuted new lighting and
animation technologies, as well as artificial intelligence enhancements
for the sidekick character, Alyx Vance. Episode One tracks scientist
Gordon Freeman and Alyx as they fight in humanity's continuing struggle
against the Combine, an alien race. Gordon wakes up outside the enemy's
base of operations, the Citadel, after being rendered unconscious by the
concluding events of Half-Life 2. During the course of the game, Gordon
travels with Alyx in and around war-torn City 17 as they attempt to
evacuate the city. As the game comes to an end, they are trapped in a
derailing train; their fates are revealed in Episode Two. Critical
reaction was generally positive, especially for the cooperative aspects
of the gameplay, but the game's short length was criticized.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-Life_2:_Episode_One>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1223:

Mongol invasions: Mongol forces defeated a combined army of
Kiev, Galich, and the Cumans at the Kalchik River in present-day
Ukraine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kalka_River>

1669:

Citing poor eyesight, English naval administrator and Member of
Parliament Samuel Pepys recorded his last entry in his diary, one of the
most important primary sources for the English Restoration period.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys>

1862:

American Civil War: Confederate forces under Joseph E. Johnston
and G. W. Smith engaged Union forces under George B. McClellan at the
Battle of Seven Pines outside Richmond, Virginia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines>

1941:

The United Kingdom completed its re-occupation of Iraq,
returning 'Abd al-Ilah to power as regent for Faisal II.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War>

2009:

American physician George Tiller, who was nationally known for
being one of the few doctors in the United States to perform late-term
abortions, was shot and killed by Scott Roeder, an anti-abortion
activist.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_George_Tiller>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

despect:
(archaic) To hold in contempt, to despise, to look down on, to scorn.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/despect>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I answer for him that answers for all, and send these signs. Him
all wait for, him all yield up to, his word is decisive and final, Him
they accept, in him lave, in him perceive themselves as amid light, Him
they immerse and he immerses them. Beautiful women, the haughtiest
nations, laws, the landscape, people, animals, The profound earth and
its attributes and the unquiet ocean, (so tell I my morning's romanza,)
All enjoyments and properties and money, and whatever money will buy,
The best farms, others toiling and planting and he unavoidably reaps,
The noblest and costliest cities, others grading and building and he
domiciles there, Nothing for any one but what is for him, near and far
are for him, the ships in the offing, The perpetual shows and marches on
land are for him if they are for anybody. He puts things in their
attitudes, He puts to-day out of himself with plasticity and love, He
places his own times, reminiscences, parents, brothers and sisters,
associations, employment, politics, so that the rest never shame them
afterward, nor assume to command them. He is the Answerer, What can be
answer'd he answers, and what cannot be answer'd he shows how it cannot
be answer'd. A man is a summons and challenge, (It is vain to skulk
— do you hear that mocking and laughter? do you hear the ironical
echoes?)  
--Song of the Answerer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass#Song_of_the_Answerer_.281855.3B_1856.3B_1881.29>

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[Daily article] May 30: The Bartered Bride Published On

The Bartered Bride is a comic opera in three acts by the Czech composer
Bedřich Smetana, first performed at the Provisional Theatre, Prague, on
30 May 1866. Set in a country village with realistic characters, it
tells the story of how true love prevails over the combined efforts of
ambitious parents and a scheming marriage broker. Originally presented
in a two-act format with spoken dialogue, the opera was not immediately
successful, but it gained rapid popularity after numerous revisions.
Smetana's musical treatment made considerable use of traditional
Bohemian dance forms such as the polka and furiant, creating music which
was accurately folk-like, and considered to be quintessentially Czech in
spirit. After a performance in Vienna in 1892 the opera achieved
international recognition. It reached Chicago in 1893, London in 1895
and New York in 1909, becoming the first, and for many years the only,
Czech opera in the general repertory. Many of these early international
performances were in German, under the title Die verkaufte Braut, and
the German-language version continues to be played and recorded.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bartered_Bride>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1536:

Jane Seymour, a former lady-in-waiting, became Queen of England
by marrying King Henry VIII.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Seymour>

1854:

The Kansas–Nebraska Act became law, establishing the US
territories of Nebraska and Kansas, repealing the 1820 Missouri
Compromise, and allowing settlers in those territories to determine if
they would permit slavery within their boundaries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act>

1913:

The Treaty of London was signed to deal with territorial
adjustments arising out of the conclusion of the First Balkan War,
declaring, among other things, an independent Albania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)>

1963:

Buddhist crisis: A protest against pro-Catholic discrimination
was held outside South Vietnam's National Assembly, the first open
demonstration against President Ngô Đình Diệm.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_crisis>

1998:

A 6.9 Mw earthquake struck northern Afghanistan, killing at
least 4,000 people, destroying more than 30 villages, and leaving 45,000
people homeless in the Afghan provinces of Takhar and Badakhshan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_1998_Afghanistan_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

isinglass:
1. A form of gelatine obtained from the air bladder of the sturgeon and
certain other fish, used as an adhesive and as a clarifying agent for
wine and beer.
2. A thin, transparent sheet of mica (probably from its similarity to true
isinglass).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isinglass>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The liberty of every individual is only the reflection of his own
humanity, or his human right through the conscience of all free men, his
brothers and his equals. I can feel free only in the presence of and in
relationship with other men. In the presence of an inferior species of
animal I am neither free nor a man, because this animal is incapable of
conceiving and consequently recognizing my humanity. I am not myself
free or human until or unless I recognize the freedom and humanity of
all my fellowmen.
 Only in respecting their human character do I
respect my own.  
--Mikhail Bakunin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin>

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[Daily article] May 29: House of Plantagenet Published On

The House of Plantagenet (1154–1485) was the royal house of all the
English kings from Henry II to Richard III, including the Angevin kings
and the houses of Lancaster and York. In addition to the traditional
judicial, feudal and military roles of the king, the Plantagenets had
duties to the realm that were underpinned by a sophisticated justice
system. They were often forced to agree to constraints on royal power,
such as Magna Carta, in return for financial and military support.
During their reigns, a distinct national identity was shaped by conflict
with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, and by the establishment of
English as the primary language. In the 15th century, the Plantagenets
were defeated in France in the Hundred Years' War and beset with social,
political and economic problems. Revolts were triggered by politics and
by the denial of freedoms. English nobles raised private armies, engaged
in private feuds and openly defied Henry VI. Rivalry between the
Yorkists and Lancastrians erupted into the Wars of the Roses. After
Richard III's death ended the reign of the Plantagenets, Henry VII
founded the Tudor dynasty.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1453:

With the conquest of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire fell
to the Ottomans.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire>

1852:

Swedish operatic soprano Jenny Lind concluded a successful
concert tour of the US under the management of showman P. T. Barnum.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Lind_tour_of_America,_1850%E2%80%9352>

1913:

During the premiere of Igor Stravinsky's ballet The Rite of
Spring at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris, the avant-garde
nature of the music and choreography caused a near-riot in the audience.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rite_of_Spring>

1954:

The first annual Bilderberg Group meeting of leaders from
European countries and the United States took place in Oosterbeek,
Netherlands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilderberg_Group>

1982:

Falklands War: Approximately 1,000 Argentine troops
surrendered, ending the Battle of Goose Green.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Goose_Green>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

daimon:
A tutelary spirit that guides a person; a demon, a genius, a lar.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/daimon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The great enemy of the truth is very often not the lie —
deliberate, contrived and dishonest — but the myth — persistent,
persuasive, and unrealistic.  
--John F. Kennedy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy>

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[Daily article] May 28: The Phantom Tollbooth Published On

The Phantom Tollbooth is a 1961 children's adventure novel by Norton
Juster with illustrations by Jules Feiffer (pictured). It tells the
story of a bored young boy named Milo, who unexpectedly receives a magic
tollbooth one afternoon and, having nothing better to do, drives through
it in his toy car. The tollbooth transports him to the Kingdom of
Wisdom, once prosperous, now troubled. There, he acquires two faithful
companions and goes on a quest to restore to the kingdom its exiled
princesses, named Rhyme and Reason. The text is full of puns and
wordplay; many events, such as when Milo unintentionally jumps to
Conclusions (an island in Wisdom), explore the literal meanings of
idioms. A major theme of the book is a love for education. Although the
book was not expected to sell well, it received strong reviews and has
sold in excess of three million copies. It has been adapted into a film,
opera, and play, and translated into many languages. Critics have
compared its appeal to that of Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in
Wonderland and to L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_Tollbooth>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1588:

Anglo-Spanish War: The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and over
30,000 men, set sail from Lisbon for the English Channel in an attempt
to invade England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada>

1830:

US President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into
law, authorizing him to negotiate with Native Americans for their
removal from their ancestral homelands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act>

1936:

English mathematician Alan Turing introduced the Turing
machine, a basic abstract symbol-manipulating device that can simulate
the logic of any computer algorithm.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing>

1998:

The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission carried out five
underground nuclear tests, becoming the seventh country in the world to
successfully develop and publicly test nuclear weapons.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagai-I>

2010:

A train derailment and collision in the Paschim Medinipur
district of West Bengal, India, caused the deaths of at least 141
passengers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jnaneswari_Express_train_derailment>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

brushy:
1. Having a similar texture to a fox's tail; brushlike, bushy.
2. Of the countryside: having thick vegetation, taller than grass but
shorter than trees; having abundant brush; shrubby.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brushy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The facts will eventually test all our theories, and they form,
after all, the only impartial jury to which we can appeal.  
--Louis Agassiz
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Louis_Agassiz>

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[Daily article] May 27: A Quiet Night In Published On

"A Quiet Night In" is the second episode of the British dark comedy
anthology series Inside No. 9. Written by Reece Shearsmith (pictured)
and Steve Pemberton, it first aired on 12 February 2014 on BBC Two. It
stars the writers as a pair of hapless burglars attempting to steal a
painting from the large, modernist house of an oblivious quarreling
couple, played by Denis Lawson and Oona Chaplin—a granddaughter of the
silent film star Charlie Chaplin. The episode progresses almost entirely
without dialogue, relying on physical comedy and slapstick. Critics
generally responded positively to the episode, and a particularly
laudatory review by David Chater was published in The Times. On its
first airing, the episode was watched by 940,000 viewers (4.8% of the
market). It was submitted to the British Academy of Film and Television
Arts for their 2015 awards, but was not nominated. Pemberton and
Shearsmith are not planning any further silent episodes for Inside No.
9, but they have continued the use of experimental formats, including in
the 2015 split screen episode "Cold Comfort".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Quiet_Night_In>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1199:

John, who would posthumously become known as one of the most
reviled Kings of England, was crowned at Westminster Abbey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England>

1644:

Manchu regent Dorgon defeated rebel leader Li Zicheng of the
Shun dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to
enter and conquer the capital city of Beijing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass>

1896:

The St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado, one of the deadliest
and most destructive tornadoes in US history, struck St. Louis,
Missouri, and East St. Louis, Illinois, killing more than 255 people and
injuring at least 1,000 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_St._Louis%E2%80%93East_St._Louis_tornado>

1942:

Czech fighters resisting Nazis in Prague ambushed and mortally
wounded Reinhard Heydrich, the chief of Reich Security Main Office and
the Protector of Bohemia and Moravia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Anthropoid>

2006:

An earthquake measuring about 6.3 Mw struck near the city of
Yogyakarta, Indonesia on the southern side of the island of Java,
killing at least 5,700 people, injuring at least 36,000, and leaving at
least 1.5 million homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Yogyakarta_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

stitch up:
1. To close by sewing.
2. (slang) To maliciously or dishonestly incriminate someone.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stitch_up>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Ninety percent of the politicians give the other ten percent a bad
reputation.  
--Henry Kissinger
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger>

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[Daily article] May 26: Paul Collingwood Published On

Paul Collingwood (born 26 May 1976) was until 2011 a regular member of
the England Test cricket team. He is a batting all-rounder, and a
medium-pace bowler. His 206 during the 2006–07 Ashes series was the
first double century by an England batsman in Australia for 78 years.
Three consecutive match-winning performances at the end of the 2006–07
Commonwealth Bank Series in Australia brought him enthusiastic approval
in the British media, helping to secure the trophy for England. In 2010
he led the England team to their first International Cricket Council
Trophy, the 2010 World Twenty20. He has made the most One Day
International (ODI) appearances for England and was, until recently
passed by Ian Bell, the leading ODI run scorer. He announced his
retirement from Test cricket in January 2011, during the 5th Test of the
2010–11 Ashes series. He finished on a high, becoming a three-time
Ashes winner as England won a series in Australia for the first time in
24 years, with three innings victories contributing to a 3–1 win. He
is regarded as one of the finest fielders of his time.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Collingwood>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

451:

Armenian rebels were defeated by forces of the Sassanid Empire
on the Avarayr Plain in Vaspurakan, but the loss played a major factor
in their being granted religious freedom 33 years later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr>

1637:

Pequot War: An allied Puritan and Mohegan force attacked a
fortified Pequot village in the Connecticut Colony, killing 500 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystic_massacre>

1822:

The deadliest fire in Norwegian history took place at a church
in Grue, Norway, with at least 113 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grue_Church_fire>

1906:

Vauxhall Bridge in London opened, crossing the River Thames
between Vauxhall and Westminster.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauxhall_Bridge>

1991:

Lauda Air Flight 004 experienced an uncommanded thrust reverser
deployment of an engine and broke apart in mid-air, killing all 223
people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauda_Air_Flight_004>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

baksheesh:
(business, ethics) in the Middle East, southwest Asia and Eastern
Europe: a bribe or tip.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baksheesh>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I can't tell you how much time is spent worrying about decisions
that don't matter. To just be able to make a decision and see what
happens is tremendously empowering, but that means you have to set up
the situation such that when something does go wrong, you can fix it.
 
--Ward Cunningham
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham>

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[Daily article] May 25: Operation Copperhead Published On

Operation Copperhead was a small military deception operation run by the
British during the Second World War. Conceived by Dudley Clarke, it was
intended to mislead German intelligence as to the location of General
Bernard Montgomery (pictured) just before the 1944 invasion of Normandy.
The German high command expected Montgomery, one of the best-known
Allied commanders, to play a key role in any cross-channel bridgehead.
Clarke and the other deception planners reasoned that a high-profile
appearance outside England would suggest that an Allied invasion was not
imminent. An appropriate look-alike was found, M. E. Clifton James, who
spent a short time with Montgomery to familiarise himself with the
general's mannerisms. On 26 May, James flew to Gibraltar and then to
Algiers, making appearances where the Allies knew German intelligence
agents would spot him, but the operation did not appear to have any
significant impact on German plans. James later wrote a book about the
operation, I Was Monty's Double, which was adapted into a film, with
James in the lead role.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Copperhead>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

240 BC:

The Chinese chronicle Records of the Grand Historian recorded
the first confirmed sighting of Halley's Comet, the first comet to be
recognized as periodic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet>

1878:

Gilbert and Sullivan's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore opened at
the Opera Comique in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.M.S._Pinafore>

1936:

Employees of the Remington Rand company began an 11-month
strike action, during which time the company executives developed the
notorious "Mohawk Valley formula" to intimidate the strikers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Rand_strike_of_1936%E2%80%9337>

1946:

Abdullah bin Husayn, Emir of the Emirate of Transjordan, was
proclaimed King of the renamed "Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan>

2012:

SpaceX's Dragon became the first commercial spacecraft to
rendezvous with the International Space Station.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_C2%2B>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

giant-killer:
Someone or something, especially a sports team, that defeats a larger
and superior opponent.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/giant-killer>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I have been writing & speaking what were once called novelties,
for twenty five or thirty year, & have not now one disciple. Why? Not
that what I said was not true; not that it has not found intelligent
receivers but because it did not go from any wish in me to bring men to
me, but to themselves.  
--Ralph Waldo Emerson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson>

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[Daily article] May 24: Push the Button (Sugababes song) Published On

"Push the Button" is a song by the English girl group the Sugababes,
released as the lead single from their fourth studio album Taller in
More Ways (2005). Composed by Dallas Austin and the Sugababes as an
electropop and R&B; song with various computer effects, it was inspired
by an infatuation that one of them (Keisha Buchanan) developed for
another artist. Critics praised the song's conception and production,
and some of them named it one of the best pop singles of the 2000s. The
song became one of the group's most commercially successful releases,
peaking at number one in Austria, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United
Kingdom, and reaching the top five across Europe and in Australia. It
was nominated for Best British Single at the 2006 BRIT Awards. Matthew
Rolston directed the song's music video, which was filmed in Shepherds
Bush, London; it features the Sugababes flirting with three men in an
elevator. The group performed the single at Oxegen 2008, V Festival
2008, and other festivals and events. "Push the Button" appears on the
soundtrack to It's a Boy Girl Thing (2006).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_the_Button_(Sugababes_song)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1689:

The Act of Toleration became law in England, granting freedom
of worship to Nonconformists under certain circumstances, but
deliberately excluding Catholics.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toleration_Act_1688>

1883:

New York City opened the Brooklyn Bridge (pictured) – the
longest suspension bridge in the world at the time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge>

1956:

The first edition of the Eurovision Song Contest was held in
Lugano, Switzerland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956>

1976:

In a wine competition in Paris, French judges shocked the wine
industry by rating California wines higher than French ones.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgment_of_Paris_(wine)>

1991:

The Israel Defense Forces began Operation Solomon, a covert
operation to bring Ethiopian Jews to Israel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Solomon>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dibbly-dobbler:
(cricket) A slow-paced bowler.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dibbly-dobbler>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Our course of advance ... is neither a straight line nor a curve.
It is a series of dots and dashes. Progress comes per saltum, by
successive compromises between extremes, compromises often … between
"positivism and idealism". The notion that a jurist can dispense with
any consideration as to what the law ought to be arises from the fiction
that the law is a complete and closed system, and that judges and
jurists are mere automata to record its will or phonographs to pronounce
its provisions.  
--Benjamin N. Cardozo
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo>

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[Daily article] May 23: Spanish conquest of Petén Published On

The Spanish conquest of Petén was the last stage of the conquest of
Guatemala, a prolonged conflict during the Spanish colonisation of the
Americas. The Itza, the Yalain, the Kowoj, and other Maya populations in
Petén were engaged in a complex web of alliances and enmities before
the conquest. Petén was first penetrated by Hernán Cortés with a
sizeable expedition that crossed the territory from north to south in
1525. In the first half of the 16th century Spain established
neighbouring colonies in Yucatán to the north and Guatemala to the
south. In 1622 a military expedition from Yucatán led by Captain
Francisco de Mirones was massacred by the Itza. In 1628 the Manche Ch'ol
of the south were placed under the administration of the colonial
governor of Verapaz within the Captaincy General of Guatemala. In 1695
another expedition tried to reach Lake Petén Itzá from Guatemala.
Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi captured Nojpetén, the island capital of
the Itza kingdom, in 1697, defeating the last of the independent native
kingdoms in the Americas and incorporating them into the Spanish Empire.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1430:

Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc was captured at the Siege of
Compiègne.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Compi%C3%A8gne>

1706:

War of the Spanish Succession: Led by the Duke of Marlborough,
the allied forces of England, the Dutch Republic, and Denmark–Norway
defeated the Franco-Bavarian army in Ramillies, present-day Belgium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ramillies>

1873:

The North West Mounted Police, the forerunner of the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police, was established to bring law and order to and
assert Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Territories.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police>

1934:

American criminals Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were ambushed
and killed by police on a desolate road near their hideout in Bienville
Parish, Louisiana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_and_Clyde>

2008:

To resolve a 29-year-old territorial dispute, the International
Court of Justice awarded Middle Rocks to Malaysia and Pedra Branca to
Singapore.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_Branca_dispute>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

fief:
1. An estate held by a person on condition of providing military service to
a superior.
2. Something over which one has rights or exercises control.
3. (metaphor) An area of dominion, especially in a corporate or
governmental bureaucracy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fief>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We would have every arbitrary barrier thrown down. We would have
every path laid open to Woman as freely as to Man. Were this done, and a
slight temporary fermentation allowed to subside, we should see
crystallizations more pure and of more various beauty. We believe the
divine energy would pervade nature to a degree unknown in the history of
former ages, and that no discordant collision, but a ravishing harmony
of the spheres, would ensue. Yet, then and only then will mankind be
ripe for this, when inward and outward freedom for Woman as much as for
Man shall be acknowledged as a right, not yielded as a concession.
 
--Margaret Fuller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Fuller>

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[Daily article] May 22: Frigatebird Published On

Frigatebirds are a family—Fregatidae—of seabirds found across all
tropical and subtropical oceans. The five living species are classified
in a single genus, Fregata. All have predominantly black plumage, long,
deeply forked tails and long hooked bills. Their pointed wings can span
up to 2.3 metres (7.5 ft), with the largest wing area to body weight
ratio of any bird. Females have white bellies and males have a
distinctive red gular pouch, which they inflate during the breeding
season. Able to soar for days on wind currents, frigatebirds spend most
of the day in flight hunting for food. They mainly eat fish and squid
that have been chased to the surface by large predators such as tuna.
Frigatebirds are kleptoparasites as they occasionally rob other seabirds
for food, and are known to snatch seabird chicks from the nest. Three of
the five species are widespread, while two are endangered and restrict
their breeding habitat to one small island each. The oldest fossils date
to the early Eocene, around 50 million years ago; classified in the
genus Limnofregata, those birds had shorter less-hooked bills and longer
legs, and lived in a freshwater environment.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigatebird>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1629:

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, and Danish King Christian IV
signed the Treaty of Lübeck to end Danish intervention in the Thirty
Years' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_L%C3%BCbeck>

1816:

A riot broke out in Littleport, Cambridgeshire, England, over
high unemployment and rising grain costs, spreading to Ely the next day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely_and_Littleport_riots_of_1816>

1856:

US Congressman Preston Brooks attacked Senator Charles Sumner
with a cane for a speech Sumner had made attacking Southerners who
sympathized with the pro-slavery violence in Kansas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner>

1958:

Ethnic rioting broke out in Ceylon, targeted mostly at the
minority Sri Lankan Tamils, resulting in up to 300 deaths over the next
five days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_anti-Tamil_pogrom>

1980:

Pac-Man, an arcade game that became an icon of 1980s popular
culture, made its debut in Japan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-Man>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

protaspis:
(paleontology) A stage in the development of a trilobite where the
creature has not yet developed articulated segments.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protaspis>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The ancient intuition that all matter, all "reality," is
energy, that all phenomena, including time and space, are mere
crystallizations of mind, is an idea with which few physicists have
quarreled since the theory of relativity first called into question the
separate identities of energy and matter. Today most scientists would
agree with the ancient Hindus that nothing exists or is destroyed,
things merely change shape or form; that matter is insubstantial in
origin, a temporary aggregate of the pervasive energy that animates the
electron. … The cosmic radiation that is thought to come from the
explosion of creation strikes the earth with equal intensity from all
directions, which suggests either that the earth is at the center of the
universe, as in our innocence we once supposed, or that the known
universe has no center. Such an idea holds no terror for mystics; in the
mystical vision, the universe, its center, and its origins are
simultaneous, all around us, all within us, and all One.  
--Peter Matthiessen
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Peter_Matthiessen>

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[Daily article] May 21: 1987 Giro d'Italia Published On

The 1987 Giro d'Italia was the 70th event in the series, one of
cycling's Grand Tour races. It began on 21 May with a 4 km (2.5 mi)
prologue in San Remo, and concluded on 13 June with a 32 km (19.9 mi)
individual time trial in Saint-Vincent. A total of 180 riders from 20
teams entered the 22-stage, 3,915 km (2,433 mi) race. Defending
champion Roberto Visentini of the Carrera Jeans–Vagabond team led the
first stage, and Dutchman Erik Breukink led the second. Irishman Stephen
Roche, Visentini's teammate, took the overall lead after his team won
the stage three team time trial. Visentini regained the lead for two
days, but Roche rode ahead of him in the fifteenth stage, against orders
from the team management, and held onto the lead for the win. Second
place was taken by British rider Robert Millar, and Breukink took third.
It was the second time in the history of the Giro that there were no
Italian riders on the winners' podium. Roche was the second rider ever
to win the Giro d'Italia, the Tour de France, and the World Championship
road race in the same year, a feat commonly called the Triple Crown of
Cycling.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_Giro_d%27Italia>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1403:

King Henry III of Castile sent an embassy to the court of Timur
(Tamerlane) to discuss the possibility of an alliance between Timur and
Castile against the Ottoman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_relations_with_Europe>

1674:

John III Sobieski, elected by the szlachta, became the monarch
of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Sobieski>

1894:

The Manchester Ship Canal, linking Greater Manchester in North
West England to the Irish Sea, officially opened, becoming the largest
navigation canal in the world at the time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Ship_Canal>

1946:

Manhattan Project physicist Louis Slotin accidentally triggered
a fission reaction at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and gave
himself a lethal dose of hard radiation, making him the second victim of
a criticality accident in history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Slotin>

1991:

Former Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by
a suicide bomber in Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Rajiv_Gandhi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

scintillate:
1. (intransitive) To give off sparks; to shine as if emanating sparks; to
twinkle or glow.
2. (transitive) To throw off like sparks.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scintillate>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Some people will never learn anything, for this reason, because
they understand everything too soon.  
--Alexander Pope
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope>

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[Daily article] May 20: Sesame Workshop Published On

Sesame Workshop, originally the Children's Television Workshop, is the
American non-profit organization behind the production of Sesame Street,
now in its 47th consecutive season on the public broadcasting channel
PBS. In 1966 Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett began researching a
television show to help children, especially those from low-income
families, prepare for school. Sesame Street premiered in 1969. Conney
credited "educational advisers, researchers, and television producers
... as equal partners" in the show's success. The early 1980s were a
challenging period for the Workshop; the end of government funding,
difficulty in finding audiences for their other productions, and a
series of bad investments hurt the organization until 1985, when
licensing agreements had stabilized revenues. The organization expanded
into other areas, including books and music, international co-
productions, outreach programs to preschools, and interactive media and
new technologies. By 2005, income from international co-productions of
the show was $96 million, and by 2008, the Sesame Street Muppets
accounted for $15–17 million per year in licensing and merchandising
fees.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Workshop>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

325:

The First Council of Nicaea, the first ecumenical council of the
Christian Church, was formally opened in present-day Iznik, Turkey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea>

1609:

Thomas Thorpe published the first copies of Shakespeare's
sonnets (title page pictured), possibly without William Shakespeare's
consent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets>

1882:

The Triple Alliance was created between the German Empire,
Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)>

1927:

By the Treaty of Jeddah, the United Kingdom recognized the
sovereignty of King Ibn Saud over Hejaz and Nejd, which later merged to
become Saudi Arabia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud>

1996:

The US Supreme Court struck down laws in Colorado that would
have prevented any jurisdiction in the state from taking any
governmental action to protect homosexual citizens from discrimination
on the basis of their sexual orientation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romer_v._Evans>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sinuous:
1. Having curves in alternate directions; meandering.
2. Moving gracefully and in a supple manner.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sinuous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When an opinion is true, it may be extinguished once, twice, or
many times, but in the course of ages there will generally be found
persons to rediscover it, until some one of its reappearances falls on a
time when from favourable circumstances it escapes persecution until it
has made such head as to withstand all subsequent attempts to suppress
it.  
--John Stuart Mill
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill>

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[Daily article] May 19: 2003 Pacific hurricane season Published On

The 2003 Pacific hurricane season produced tropical cyclones that mainly
affected Mexico. Hurricane Ignacio killed 2 people in Mexico and Marty
killed 12; together they were responsible for damage worth about
$1 billion. Two other Pacific hurricanes, one Pacific tropical storm
and three Atlantic storms also had a direct impact on Mexico. The only
other significant storm of the season was Hurricane Jimena, which passed
just to the south of the island of Hawaii, becoming the first storm in
several years to directly threaten the island. The season officially
started on May 15, 2003, in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 2003, in
the central Pacific, lasting until November 30, 2003. These dates
conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical
cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. There were 16 named
storms, including 7 hurricanes; both totals are comparable with the
long-term averages. This was the first Pacific hurricane season since
1977 with no major hurricanes, that is, storms Category 3 or higher on
the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Pacific_hurricane_season>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1499:

Thirteen-year-old Catherine of Aragon, the first wife of
Henry VIII of England, was married by proxy to his brother, 12-year-old
Arthur, Prince of Wales.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon>

1776:

American Revolutionary War: A Continental Army garrison west of
Montreal surrendered to British troops in the Battle of The Cedars.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_The_Cedars>

1845:

Captain Sir John Franklin and his ill-fated Arctic expedition
departed from Greenhithe, England; the entire 129-man complement would
be lost.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%27s_lost_expedition>

1911:

Parks Canada, the world's first national park service, was
established as the Dominion Parks Branch under the Department of the
Interior.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parks_Canada>

1991:

Despite a boycott by the local Serb population, voters in
Croatia passed a referendum supporting independence from the Socialist
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_independence_referendum,_1991>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

squat:
1. Relatively short or low, and thick or broad.
2. Sitting on the hams or heels; sitting close to the ground; cowering;
crouching.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/squat>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Of course, relative citation frequencies are no measure of
relative importance. Who has not aspired to write a paper so fundamental
that very soon it is known to everyone and cited by no one?  
--Abraham Pais
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abraham_Pais>

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[Daily article] May 18: SECR K and SR K1 classes Published On

The SECR K class was a type of tank locomotive designed in 1914 by
Richard Maunsell for express passenger duties on the South Eastern and
Chatham Railway (SECR). The Southern Railway (SR) K1 class was a three-
cylinder variant of the K class, designed in 1925 to suit a narrower
loading gauge. They were among the first non-Great Western Railway (GWR)
types to use and improve upon the basic design principles of power and
standardisation established by George Jackson Churchward, the GWR's
chief mechanical engineer. The locomotives were based on the GWR
4300 class, improved by the Midland Railway's ideals of simplicity and
ease of maintenance. The K class was designed to be mechanically
similar to the SECR N class mixed-traffic locomotives. The class was
the earliest large-scale use of the 2-6-4 wheel arrangement in Britain.
Production began towards the end of the First World War, and the
prototype rolled out of Ashford Works three years after design work was
completed due to wartime production constraints. They continued in
service with British Railways until 1966. One K class rebuild (No.
31806) is preserved on the Swanage Railway in Dorset.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECR_K_and_SR_K1_classes>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1388:

During the Battle of Buyur Lake, General Lan Yu led a Chinese
army forward to crush the Mongol hordes of Toghus Temur, the Khan of
Northern Yuan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Buyur_Lake>

1863:

American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant led his Army of
the Tennessee across the Big Black River in preparation for the Siege of
Vicksburg.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg>

1936:

In a crime that shocked Japan, Sada Abe strangled her lover
Kichizo Ishida, cut off his genitals, and carried them around with her
for several days until her arrest.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sada_Abe>

1991:

The Somali National Movement declared the independence of
Somaliland, a de facto state that is internationally recognised as an
autonomous region of Somalia, following the collapse of central
government during the Somali Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somaliland>

2006:

The Parliament of Nepal unanimously voted to strip King
Gyanendra of many of his powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_democracy_movement_in_Nepal>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ogry:
(nonce word) Resembling, or pertaining to, an ogre.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ogry>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The point of philosophy is to start with something so simple as
not to seem worth stating, and to end with something so paradoxical that
no one will believe it.  
--Bertrand Russell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russell>

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[Daily article] May 17: William Brill (RAAF officer) Published On

William Brill (17 May 1916 – 12 October 1964) was a senior officer
and bomber pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Born in the
Riverina district of New South Wales, he was a farmer before joining the
RAAF in 1940. Posted to Britain to take part in the air war over Europe,
Brill first saw combat with No. 460 Squadron RAAF, flying Vickers
Wellingtons. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in 1942
for attacking a target after his plane was hit by anti-aircraft fire. In
1944 he became a flight commander in No. 463 Squadron RAAF, flying Avro
Lancasters. Brill's leadership and determination to complete his
missions despite damage to his aircraft—on one occasion inflicted by
another Lancaster's bombs—earned him the Distinguished Service Order.
Promoted to wing commander, he took over No. 467 Squadron RAAF and was
awarded a bar to his DFC for his skill in evading night fighters.
Returning to Australia after the war, he led No. 10 Squadron, commanded
air bases, and was twice RAAF Director of Personnel Services, gaining
promotion to group captain. He was serving at the Department of Air when
he died of a heart attack in 1964.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brill_(RAAF_officer)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1642:

The Société Notre-Dame de Montréal founded a permanent
mission known as Ville-Marie, which eventually grew into the city of
Montreal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal>

1863:

Rosalía de Castro published Cantares gallegos, a collection of
her poetry, the first book in the Galician language.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro>

1902:

The Antikythera mechanism, the oldest known surviving geared
mechanism, was discovered among artifacts retrieved from a shipwreck off
the Greek island of Antikythera.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism>

1954:

The US Supreme Court ruled in the landmark case Brown v. Board
of Education, outlawing racial segregation in public schools because
"separate educational facilities are inherently unequal".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education>

2009:

Dalia Grybauskaitė was elected the first female President of
Lithuania, receiving 68.18% of the vote.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cement:
1. (transitive) To affix with cement.
2. (transitive) To overlay or coat with cement.
3. (transitive, figuratively) To unite firmly or closely.
4. (figuratively) To make permanent.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cement>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Who shall compose the Bible of human desire, the terrible and
simple Bible of that which drives us from life to life, the Bible of our
doings, our goings, our original fall? Who will dare to tell everything,
who will have the genius to see everything? I believe in a lofty form of
poetry, in the work in which beauty will be mingled with beliefs. The
more incapable of it I feel myself, the more I believe it to be
possible. The sad splendour with which certain memories of mine
overwhelm me, shows me that it is possible. Sometimes I myself have been
sublime, I myself have been a masterpiece. Sometimes my visions have
been mingled with a thrill of evidence so strong and so creative that
the whole room has quivered with it like a forest, and there have been
moments, in truth, when the silence cried out.  
--Henri Barbusse
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henri_Barbusse>

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[Daily article] May 16: Blonde on Blonde Published On

Blonde on Blonde is the seventh studio album by American singer-
songwriter Bob Dylan, released on May 16, 1966, by Columbia Records. The
album completes a rock trilogy, with Bringing It All Back Home and
Highway 61 Revisited. Unsatisfied with the initial recording sessions,
Dylan brought his keyboardist Al Kooper and guitarist Robbie Robertson
to the CBS studios in Nashville, Tennessee, where all but one of the
album's songs were recorded in February and March. Combining the
expertise of Nashville session musicians with a modernist literary
sensibility, the album's songs have been described as operating on a
grand scale musically, while featuring lyrics that the writer Michael
Gray called "a unique blend of the visionary and the colloquial". One of
the first rock double albums, it peaked at No. 9 on the Billboard 200
chart in the US, where it eventually went double-platinum, and reached
No. 3 in the UK. Blonde on Blonde spawned two top twenty singles in the
US: "Rainy Day Women #12 & 35" and "I Want You". "Just Like a Woman" and
"Visions of Johanna" made Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time
list. The album has consistently ranked high in greatest-albums polls.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blonde_on_Blonde>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1771:

The Battle of Alamance—the final battle of the War of the
Regulation, a rebellion in colonial North Carolina over issues of
taxation and local control—was fought.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alamance>

1866:

The United States Congress authorized the minting of the
country's first copper-nickel five-cent piece, the Shield nickel
(pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_nickel>

1916:

The United Kingdom and France signed the Sykes–Picot
Agreement, a secret agreement considered to have shaped the Middle East,
defining the borders of Iraq and Syria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement>

1966:

Chinese leader Mao Zedong launched the Cultural Revolution
officially as a campaign to rid China of its liberal bourgeois elements
and to continue revolutionary class struggle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Revolution>

1975:

Based on the results of a referendum held about one month
earlier, Sikkim abolished its monarchy and was annexed by India,
becoming its 22nd state.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkim>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

waft:
1. (ergative) To (cause to) float easily or gently through the air.
2. (intransitive) To be moved, or to pass, on a buoyant medium; to float.
3. To give notice to by waving something; to wave the hand to; to beckon.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/waft>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If I were in a wood, I could easily hear the Voice which came to
me. It seemed to me to come from lips I should reverence. I believe it
was sent me from God. When I heard it for the third time, I recognized
that it was the Voice of an Angel. This Voice has always guarded me
well, and I have always understood it; it instructed me to be good and
to go often to Church; it told me it was necessary for me to come into
France.  
--Joan of Arc
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc>

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[Daily article] May 15: Epacris impressa Published On

Epacris impressa, also known as common heath, is a plant of the heath
family, Ericaceae, that is native to southeast Australia: the states of
Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and New South Wales. French botanist
Jacques Labillardière collected the species in 1793 and described it in
1805. Four forms have been identified, but no subspecies are recognised.
Growing in heathland, shrubland or open forest, it is generally a small
shrub around 0.5 to 1 m (1 ft 8 in – 3 ft 3 in) tall, with small
stiff leaves. The red, pink or white tube-like flowers appear from late
autumn to early spring. Honeyeaters, particularly the eastern spinebill,
feed upon the nectar of the flowers. It regenerates after bushfire by
seed or by resprouting. A pink-flowered form is the floral emblem of the
state of Victoria. E. impressa is difficult to propagate reliably, which
has limited its use in horticulture and revegetation. It grows best in
well-drained but moist soil in a semishaded position. A highly regarded
garden plant, the common heath was first cultivated in England in 1825
with over seventy named cultivars, most of which have now vanished.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epacris_impressa>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

392:

Roman emperor Valentinian II was found hanged in his residence
in Vienne, Gaul.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_II>

1836:

English astronomer Francis Baily first observed "Baily's
beads", a phenomenon during a solar eclipse in which the rugged lunar
limb topography allows beads of sunlight to shine through (example
pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Baily>

1916:

Jesse Washington, a teenage African-American farmhand, was
lynched in Waco, Texas, US, in what became a well-known example of
racially motivated lynching.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynching_of_Jesse_Washington>

1948:

The Australian cricket team, on tour in England set a first-
class world record that still stands by scoring 721 runs in a day
against Essex.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948>

1966:

Disapproving of his handling of the Buddhist Uprising, South
Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao Kỳ ordered an attack on the
forces of General Tôn Thất Đính and ousted him from the position.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_Th%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%90%C3%ADnh>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

speak volumes:
1. (idiomatic) To express more than one actually said.
2. Usually with about: to extend beyond the immediate topic under
discussion.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/speak_volumes>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To destroy an offender cannot benefit society so much as to redeem
him.  
--L. Frank Baum
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum>

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[Daily article] May 14: Eardwulf of Northumbria Published On

Eardwulf was king of Northumbria from 796 until at least 806.
Northumbria in the last years of the eighth century was the scene of
dynastic strife between several noble families, and in 790, Æthelred I
attempted to have Eardwulf assassinated. Æthelred himself was
assassinated in 796. The reign of his successor Osbald lasted only
twenty-seven days before he was deposed, and Eardwulf became king on 14
May 796. In 798 Eardwulf fought a battle at Billington Moor against a
nobleman named Wada, who had been one of those responsible for King
Æthelred's death; Wada was defeated and driven into exile. In 801
Eardwulf led an army against Coenwulf of Mercia, perhaps because of
Coenwulf's support for other claimants to the Northumbrian throne.
Eardwulf was deposed in 806. According to a Frankish source, he returned
to his kingdom in 808, but no record has survived of his death or the
end of his reign. He was possibly buried at the Mercian royal monastery
of Breedon on the Hill, which carries a dedication to Saint Mary and
Saint Hardulph, identified as Eardwulf by several historians.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Northumbria>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1509:

War of the League of Cambrai: French forces defeated the
Venetians at the Battle of Agnadello in present-day Northern Italy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agnadello>

1796:

English physician Edward Jenner began testing cowpox as a
vaccine against smallpox.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner>

1868:

Boshin War: Troops of the Tokugawa shogunate withdrew from the
Battle of Utsunomiya Castle and retreated north towards Nikkō and Aizu.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Utsunomiya_Castle>

1943:

Second World War: Australian Hospital Ship Centaur was attacked
and sunk by a Japanese submarine off the coast of Queensland, killing
268 people aboard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AHS_Centaur>

1973:

The NASA space station Skylab was launched from Cape Canaveral.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

presage:
1. (transitive) To predict or foretell something.
2. (intransitive) To make a prediction.
3. (transitive) To have a presentiment of; to feel beforehand; to foreknow.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/presage>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Remember... the Force will be with you, always.  
--Star Wars
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Star_Wars_(film)>

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[Daily article] May 13: Carolina Panthers Published On

The Carolina Panthers are a professional American football team based in
Charlotte, North Carolina. Under head coach Ron Rivera, they compete in
the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the National
Football Conference (NFC) South division. Founder Jerry Richardson and
his family have a controlling interest in the club. The team plays at
Bank of America Stadium, one of the few stadiums owned by an NFL team.
The Panthers were announced as the league's 29th franchise in 1993. The
team played well in their first two years, finishing 7–9 in 1995 (an
all-time best for an NFL expansion team's first season) and 12–4 the
following year, and winning the NFC West championship. In the 2003
season they reached Super Bowl XXXVIII, losing to the New England
Patriots. After recording a playoff appearance in 2005, they won NFC
South division championships in the 2008, 2013 and 2014 seasons. The
next season, they defeated the Seattle Seahawks and the Arizona
Cardinals to advance to Super Bowl 50, where they lost to the Denver
Broncos.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1373:

English mystic Julian of Norwich recovered from a severe
illness, during which she experienced a series of intense visions of
Jesus Christ; later she described them in Revelations of Divine Love,
the first known English language book written by a woman.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich>

1848:

Maamme (audio featured), the national anthem of Finland written
by German composer Fredrik Pacius and Finnish poet Johan Ludvig
Runeberg, was performed for the first time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maamme>

1909:

The first Giro d'Italia long distance road bicycle racing stage
race began in Italy, with Italian professional road racing cyclist Luigi
Ganna becoming the eventual winner.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia>

1967:

Zakir Husain took office as the first elected Muslim President
of India.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakir_Husain_(politician)>

1992:

Li Hongzhi introduced Falun Gong in a public lecture in
Changchun, Jilin province, China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Hongzhi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

competence porn:
Entertainment featuring competent characters carrying out difficult
tasks with great aptitude.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/competence_porn>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Occasionally, there may come a dreamer who is aware that he is
dreaming. He may control something of the dream-stuff, bending it to his
will, or he may awaken into greater self-knowledge. If he chooses the
path of self-knowledge, his glory is great and he shall be for all ages
like unto a star. If he chooses instead the way of the Tantras,
combining Samsara and Nirvana, comprehending the world and continuing to
live in it, this one is mighty among dreamers.  
--Lord of Light
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lord_of_Light>

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[Daily article] May 12: British contribution to the Manhattan Project Published On

British scientists were crucial to the success of the Manhattan Project,
which developed the first atomic bombs during World War II. After Rudolf
Peierls and Otto Frisch at the University of Birmingham calculated that
a small sphere of pure uranium-235 could explode with the power of
thousands of tons of dynamite, their memorandum led to Britain's own
atomic bomb project. This project shared research with the US, but was
eventually subsumed by the Manhattan Project under the 1943 Quebec
Agreement. A British mission led by the Australian physicist Mark
Oliphant assisted in the development of electromagnetic separation
processes for enriching uranium; Wallace Akers led a similar mission
assisting with gaseous diffusion. James Chadwick (pictured) was the head
of a distinguished team of British scientists working on bomb design at
the Los Alamos Laboratory that included Niels Bohr, Peierls, Frisch,
Geoffrey Taylor, and James Tuck, as well as Klaus Fuchs, who was later
revealed to be a Soviet atomic spy. American and British cooperation
ended with the Atomic Energy Act of 1946. In October 1952, Britain
became the third country to test an independently developed nuclear
weapon.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1588:

An apparently spontaneous public uprising arose in staunchly
Catholic Paris against the moderate policies of Henry III.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades>

1846:

Led by George Donner, the American pioneer group known as the
Donner Party, which became known for resorting to cannibalism when they
became trapped in the Sierra Nevadas, left Independence, Missouri, for
California.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donner_Party>

1926:

The Trades Union Congress, a federation of British trade
unions, announced that it would end its week-long general strike "in
defence of [coal] miners' wages and hours".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike>

1968:

The 1st Australian Task Force began the defence of Fire Support
Base Coral in the largest unit-level action of the Vietnam War for the
Australian Army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Coral%E2%80%93Balmoral>

2006:

A cartoon that allegedly compared Iranian Azeris to cockroaches
was published in an Iranian magazine, sparking riots throughout the
country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_newspaper_cockroach_cartoon_controversy>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

kosher:
1. (Judaism) Fit for use or consumption, in accordance with Jewish law
(especially relating to food).
2. (figuratively, by extension) In accordance with standards or usual
practice.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kosher>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  What is Mysticism? Is it not the attempt to draw near to God, not
by rites or ceremonies, but by inward disposition? Is it not merely a
hard word for " The Kingdom of Heaven is within"? Heaven is neither a
place nor a time. There might be a Heaven not only here but now. It is
true that sometimes we must sacrifice not only health of body, but
health of mind (or, peace) in the interest of God; that is, we must
sacrifice Heaven. But "thou shalt be like God for thou shalt see Him as
He is": this may be here and now, as well as there and then.  
--Florence Nightingale
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale>

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[Daily article] May 11: Assassination of Spencer Perceval Published On

On 11 May 1812, Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, was shot and killed in the lobby of the
House of Commons in London. His assailant, John Bellingham, a Liverpool
merchant, was tried and convicted, and on 18 May was hanged at Newgate
Prison. Despite initial fears that the assassination might be linked to
a general uprising, Bellingham had in fact acted alone, as a protest
against the government's failure to compensate him for his imprisonment
in Russia for a trading debt. After Perceval's death, parliament made
generous provision to his widow and children, but his ministry was soon
forgotten and his policies reversed. He had led the Tory government
during a critical phase of the Napoleonic Wars, and his determination to
prosecute the war using the harshest of measures had caused widespread
poverty and unrest. He is generally better known for the manner of his
death than for any of his achievements. Later historians have
characterised Bellingham's hasty trial and execution as contrary to the
principles of justice.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Spencer_Perceval>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

868:

A copy of the Diamond Sutra was printed in China, making it the
world's oldest dated printed book.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Sutra>

1745:

War of the Austrian Succession: French forces defeated the
Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian "Pragmatic Army" at the Battle of Fontenoy in the
Austrian Netherlands in present-day Belgium.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy>

1813:

William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth departed
westward from Sydney on an expedition to become the first Europeans
confirmed to cross the Blue Mountains.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)>

1946:

The United Malays National Organisation, today Malaysia's
largest political party, was founded, originally to oppose the
constitutional framework of the Malayan Union.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Malays_National_Organisation>

1996:

A severe blizzard on Mount Everest caused the deaths of eight
climbers, helping make that year the deadliest in the mountain's history
at the time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Mount_Everest_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dudess:
1. A female dude.
2. (dated) A cowgirl.
3. A woman, generally a younger woman, especially one who is perceived to
be cool or hip.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dudess>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I maintain that Truth is a pathless land, and you cannot approach
it by any path whatsoever, by any religion, by any sect. That is my
point of view, and I adhere to that absolutely and unconditionally.
Truth, being limitless, unconditioned, unapproachable by any path
whatsoever, cannot be organized; nor should any organization be formed
to lead or to coerce people along any particular path. If you first
understand that, then you will see how impossible it is to organize a
belief. A belief is purely an individual matter, and you cannot and must
not organize it. If you do, it becomes dead, crystallized; it becomes a
creed, a sect, a religion, to be imposed on others.  
--Jiddu Krishnamurti
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti>

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[Daily article] May 10: How a Mosquito Operates Published On

How a Mosquito Operates (1912) is a silent animated film by American
cartoonist Winsor McCay. The six-minute short, about a giant mosquito
tormenting a dozing man who tries in vain to shoo it away, is one of the
earliest works of animation. It is considered far ahead of its
contemporaries in its technical quality. McCay had a reputation for his
proficiency as a cartoonist, exemplified in the children's comic strip
Little Nemo in Slumberland. He delved into the infant art of animation
with the 1911 film Little Nemo, and followed its success by adapting an
episode of his comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend into How a
Mosquito Operates. McCay gives the animation naturalistic timing,
motion, and weight, and displays a more coherent story and developed
character than in Little Nemo. The film was enthusiastically received
when McCay first unveiled it during a chalk talk (a vaudeville act with
drawings) and in a theatrical release that soon followed. In 1914 McCay
further developed his character animation style in his best-known
animated work, Gertie the Dinosaur.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How_a_Mosquito_Operates>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

28 BC:

The first recorded observation of a sunspot was made by Han
Dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_technology_of_the_Han_dynasty>

1824:

The National Gallery in London opened to the public, in the
former townhouse of the collector John Julius Angerstein.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery>

1869:

The Golden Spike Ceremony was held at Promontory Summit, Utah,
celebrating the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the
United States between the Missouri and Sacramento Rivers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Transcontinental_Railroad>

1941:

World War II: Nazi leader Rudolf Hess parachuted into Scotland
in an attempt to negotiate peace with the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hess>

1981:

François Mitterrand was elected to be the first socialist
President of the French Fifth Republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

manspreading:
(informal) The practice of men splaying their legs open wide when
sitting on public transport, thus occupying more than one seat.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manspreading>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We are magic. It is magic that we're walking around. It's
fantastic magic. Some people would call it miracles; I like to call it
magic. … I'm very aware of this. Yes, the more aware I get, the more I
can understand how big it is, how big it will get. It'll be harder to
comprehend; that's why I have to go along with it, 'cause its so vast.
To say to somebody that God is everything that lives and ever has lived
and ever will live, and you're never going to touch and see, smell and
be everything that is God. Magic is very hard to comprehend.  
--Donovan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Donovan>

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[Daily article] May 9: 2007 Atlantic hurricane season Published On

The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season was unusually active, with
17 tropical cyclones, 15 tropical storms, 6 hurricanes, and 2 major
hurricanes. The first named storm, Subtropical Storm Andrea, developed
on May 9, and the last, Tropical Storm Olga, dissipated on
December 13. The season was one of only four on record with more than
one Category 5 hurricane, Dean and Felix. Tied for the seventh most
intense Atlantic hurricane of all time, Dean hit Mexico as the third
most intense Atlantic hurricane at landfall. Felix also made landfall at
Category 5 intensity, in Central America. None of the season's other
hurricanes exceeded Category 1. Five cyclones made landfall in the US:
Hurricane Humberto, Tropical Storm Gabrielle, and three tropical
depressions. Three storms directly affected Canada, although none
severely. The combined storms killed at least 423 people and caused
about $3 billion in damage. The names Dean, Felix and Noel were later
retired from the list of Atlantic tropical storm names.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Atlantic_hurricane_season>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1662:

The figure who later became Mr. Punch of the Punch and Judy
show made his first recorded appearance in England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_and_Judy>

1877:

Romanian Foreign Affairs Minister Mihail Kogălniceanu made a
speech in the Parliament that declared Romania was discarding Ottoman
suzerainty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu>

1918:

First World War: Germany repelled Britain's second attempt to
blockade the Belgian port of Ostend.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Ostend_Raid>

1960:

The United States Food and Drug Administration announced it
would approve the use of Searle's Enovid for birth control, making it
the first oral contraceptive pill.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill>

1977:

The Hotel Polen in Amsterdam was destroyed by fire, which
resulted in 33 deaths and 21 injuries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Polen_fire>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

hillman:
A native or inhabitant of hilly or mountainous country; a tribesman who
lives in the mountains.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hillman>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We can know America through our flag which is its symbol … In
our flag the barriers of time and space vanish. All America that ever
was and ever will be lives every moment in our flag. Wherever in the
world two or three of us stand together under our flag, all America is
there. When we stand proudly and salute our flag, that is what we know
wordlessly in the passing moment. … Understand that our flag is not
the cloth but the pattern of form and color manifested in the cloth …
It could have been any pattern once, but our fathers chose that one.
History has made it sacred. The honor paid it in uncounted acts of
individual reverence has made it live. Every morning in American
schoolrooms children present their hearts to our flag. Every morning and
evening we render it our military salutes. And so the pattern lives and
it can manifest itself in any number of bits of perishable cloth, but
the pattern is indestructible.  
--Richard McKenna
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_McKenna>

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[Daily article] May 8: Music for a Time of War Published On

Music for a Time of War is a 2011 Oregon Symphony concert recording of
four compositions: Charles Ives' The Unanswered Question (1906), John
Adams' The Wound-Dresser (1989), Benjamin Britten's Sinfonia da Requiem
(1940) and Ralph Vaughan Williams' Symphony No. 4 (1935). The program
was performed on May 7 and May 8 under the artistic direction of Carlos
Kalmar at the Arlene Schnitzer Concert Hall (pictured) in Portland,
Oregon, and again on May 12 at Carnegie Hall. A concert album, the
orchestra's first in eight years, was released five months later on CD
by Dutch record label PentaTone Classics. The live performances and
album received favorable reviews; the recording debuted at number 31 on
Billboard's Classical Albums chart, and made several lists of the best
classical recordings of 2011. The album earned two nominations from the
National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences for the 2013 Grammy
Awards, and producer Blanton Alspaugh received the Grammy for Producer
of the Year, Classical, for his contributions to this and other
recordings.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_a_Time_of_War>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1842:

A train derailed and caught fire in Paris, killing between 52
and 200 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versailles_rail_accident>

1886:

In Atlanta, American pharmacist John Pemberton first sold his
carbonated beverage Coca-Cola (glass pictured) as a patent medicine,
claiming that it cured a number of diseases.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Cola>

1924:

Lithuania signed the Klaipėda Convention with the nations of
the Conference of Ambassadors, taking the Klaipėda Region (German:
Memelland) from East Prussia and making it into an autonomous region
under unconditional sovereignty of Lithuania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Convention>

1945:

A parade to celebrate the end of World War II turned into a
riot, followed by widespread disturbances and killings in and around
Sétif, French Algeria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre>

1972:

Four members of Black September hijacked Sabena Flight 571 to
demand the release of 315 convicted Palestinian terrorists.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

quail:
1. (intransitive) To waste away; to fade, wither.
2. (transitive, now rare) To frighten, daunt (someone).
3. (intransitive) To lose heart or courage; to be daunted, fearful.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quail>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I am sure that if the mothers of various nations could meet, there
would be no more wars.  
--E. M. Forster
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/E._M._Forster>

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