[Daily article] September 30: FC Porto in international club football Published On

FC Porto's record in international club competitions is the best among
Portuguese association football teams. They have won two UEFA Champions
League (1987, 2004) and two UEFA Europa League (2003, 2011) titles, one
UEFA Super Cup (1987), and two Intercontinental Cups (1987, 2004). They
were also the runners-up in the Cup Winners' Cup in 1984 – their first
European final – and in the UEFA Super Cup in 2003, 2004, and 2011.
They played their first international competition match against Athletic
Bilbao for the 1956–57 European Cup, and have qualified every season
for UEFA competitions since 1974–75. After their 1986–87 European
Cup success, Porto won the UEFA Super Cup and the Intercontinental Cup
in their first appearances, and they remain the only Portuguese team to
have won either of these trophies. Tomislav Ivić and José Mourinho,
former head coaches, each won a record two international titles. Former
Portuguese goalkeeper and captain Vítor Baía holds the club record for
most international appearances (99), while Colombian striker Radamel
Falcao holds the record for goals, with 22.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto_in_international_club_football>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1399:

Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster, deposed Richard II to
become Henry IV of England, merging the Duchy of Lancaster with the
crown.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England>

1882:

The Vulcan Street Plant, the first hydroelectric central
station to serve a system of private and commercial customers in North
America, went on line in Appleton, Wisconsin, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan_Street_Plant>

1966:

Seretse Khama became the first President of Botswana when the
Bechuanaland Protectorate gained independence from the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seretse_Khama>

1980:

Xerox, Intel and Digital Equipment Corporation published the
first Ethernet specifications (8P8C connector pictured), currently the
most widespread wired local area network (LAN) technology.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet>

2009:

A 7.6 MW earthquake struck off the southern coast of Sumatra,
Indonesia, killing 1,115 people and impacting an estimated 1.25 million
people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Sumatra_earthquakes>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

samizdat:
1. (uncountable, often attributive) The secret copying and sharing of
illegal publications, chiefly in the Soviet Union; underground
publishing and its publications.
2. (countable) A samizdat publication.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/samizdat>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Love rests on no foundation. It is an endless ocean, with no
beginning or end.  
--Rumi
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rumi>

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[Daily article] September 29: Isopoda Published On

Isopoda is an order of crustaceans that includes woodlice and their
relatives. Most isopods are small greyish or whitish animals with rigid,
segmented exoskeletons. They have two pairs of antennae, seven pairs of
jointed limbs on the thorax, and five pairs of branching appendages on
the abdomen for respiration. Aquatic species live in marine or
freshwater habitats, mostly on the bottom, but some can swim for a short
distance. Terrestrial forms tend to be found in cool, moist places.
Around 4,500 species dwell in salt water, 500 in fresh water and another
5,000 on land. Some isopods eat dead or decaying plant and animal
matter, others are grazers or strain food particles from the water
around them, a few are predators, and some are parasitic, mostly on
fish. Some species are able to roll themselves into a ball to conserve
moisture or as a defence mechanism. The fossil record of isopods dates
back to the Carboniferous period (in the Pennsylvanian epoch), at least
300 million years ago, when they lived in shallow seas.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isopoda>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1774:

The publication of The Sorrows of Young Werther raised the 24
-year-old Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to international fame.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorrows_of_Young_Werther>

1923:

The British Mandate for Palestine came into effect, officially
creating the protectorates of Palestine under British administration and
Transjordan as a separate emirate under Abdullah I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Mandate_for_Palestine_(legal_instrument)>

1941:

The Holocaust: German Nazis aided by their collaborators began
the Babi Yar massacre in Kiev, Ukraine, killing over 30,000 Jewish
civilians in two days and thousands more in the months that followed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babi_Yar>

1963:

The University of East Anglia was founded in Norwich, England,
after talk of establishing such a university in the city began as early
as the 19th century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia>

2006:

Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 collided in mid-air with an
Embraer Legacy business jet near Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso,
Brazil, killing 154 people, and triggering a Brazilian aviation crisis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Flight_1907>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

freedom of speech:
The right of citizens to speak, or otherwise communicate, without fear
of harm or prosecution.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/freedom_of_speech>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Act so that in your own judgment and in the judgment of others you
may merit eternity, act so that you may become irreplaceable, act so
that you may not merit death. Or perhaps thus: Act as if you were to die
tomorrow, but to die in order to survive and be eternalized. The end of
morality is to give personal, human finality to the Universe; to
discover the finality that belongs to it — if indeed it has any
finality — and to discover it by acting.  
--Miguel de Unamuno
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Unamuno>

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[Daily article] September 28: SMS Körös Published On

SMS Körös was the first of the Körös-class river monitors built for
the Austro-Hungarian Navy and completed in 1892. As part of the Danube
Flotilla during World War I, the ship fought various Allied forces from
Belgrade down the Danube to the Black Sea. Renamed Morava after the war,
she was transferred to the newly created Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and
Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), and remained in service throughout the
interwar period, although not always in full commission. During the
German-led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, Morava was the
flagship of the 2nd Mine Barrage Division, operating on the Tisza river.
The river monitor fought off attacks by the Luftwaffe and shot down one
enemy aircraft, but was forced to withdraw to Belgrade. High river
levels and low bridges made navigation difficult, and the ship was
scuttled by the crew on 11 April. She was later raised by the navy of
the Axis puppet state of Croatia and continued to serve as Bosna until
striking a mine and sinking in June 1944.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

William the Conqueror and his fleet of around 600 ships landed
at Pevensey, Sussex, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England>

1821:

The Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from
Spain was drafted in the National Palace in Mexico City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_the_Mexican_Empire>

1901:

Philippine–American War: Filipino guerrillas killed more than
forty American soldiers in a surprise attack in the town of Balangiga on
Samar Island.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balangiga_massacre>

1941:

The short-lived Drama uprising against the Bulgarian occupation
in northern Greece began.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_uprising>

2009:

A protest held by 50,000 people in Conakry, Guinea, was
forcefully disrupted by the military junta, resulting in at least 157
deaths and over 1,200 injuries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Guinea_protest>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

First Amendment:
The amendment to the constitution of the United States pertaining to
freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom of the press.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/First_Amendment>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is by character and not by intellect the world is won.  
--Evelyn Beatrice Hall
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Evelyn_Beatrice_Hall>

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[Daily article] September 27: Diamonds (Rihanna song) Published On

"Diamonds" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna (pictured),
digitally released on September 27, 2012, from her seventh studio album,
Unapologetic. The song was written and produced by Benny Blanco and
StarGate and co-written by Sia Furler. A mid-tempo electronic and pop
ballad, it features heavy synthesizers, orchestral sounds and electronic
rhythms. "Diamonds" topped music charts in over twenty countries,
including the United States, where it became Rihanna's twelfth number
one single on the Billboard Hot 100, tying her for fifth place for total
number one singles on that chart with Madonna and The Supremes. The song
was certified five-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association
of America. By May 2013, it had sold over 7.5 million copies worldwide,
becoming one of the best-selling singles of all time. The song's music
video was praised by critics for its imagery, depicting Rihanna in
scenes representing the elements of earth, air, water and fire. The
singer performed "Diamonds" on television shows such as Saturday Night
Live and The X Factor and included it on the 777, Diamonds and Monster
Tour set lists.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamonds_(Rihanna_song)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1422:

The Treaty of Melno was signed, establishing the
Prussian–Lithuanian border, which afterwards remained unchanged for
about 500 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno>

1822:

In a letter to the Paris Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-
Lettres, Jean-François Champollion announced his initial successes in
deciphering the Rosetta Stone.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Champollion>

1825:

Locomotion No. 1 hauled the train on the opening day of the
Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway to use steam
locomotives.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railway>

1908:

The Ford Piquette Avenue Plant in Detroit, Michigan became the
first factory to produce Ford Model T automobiles, which would later be
built at many other factories in the US and around the world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Model_T>

1983:

Software developer Richard Stallman announced plans for the
Unix-like GNU operating system, the first free software developed by the
GNU Project.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dolman:
1. A loose garment with narrow sleeves and an opening in the front,
generally worn by Turks.
2. A short, close-fitting, heavily braided military jacket, usually worn
under a pelisse, originally by hussars.
3. A woman's garment with wide capelike sleeves.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dolman>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If Virtue & Knowledge are diffus'd among the People, they will
never be enslav'd. This will be their great Security.  
--Samuel Adams
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Adams>

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[Daily article] September 26: Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King? Published On

"Did You Hear What Happened to Charlotte King?" is the seventh episode
of the fourth season of the American television medical drama Private
Practice, which aired on ABC from September 26, 2007, to January 22,
2013. Written by Shonda Rhimes and directed by Allison Liddi-Brown, the
episode deals with the immediate aftermath of the rape of Dr. Charlotte
King, portrayed by KaDee Strickland. Developed in collaboration with the
Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, the episode focused on
Strickland's character and a realistic portrayal of her reactions and
recovery. It was cited at the 2011 Television Academy Honors for
exemplifying "Television with a Conscience", and earned Rhimes the 2011
NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series. It was
well received by critics, who praised Strickland's character and
performance. The initial broadcast in November 2010 was viewed by
10.18 million people, and received a 3.9/11 Nielsen rating/share in
the 18–49 demographic.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Did_You_Hear_What_Happened_to_Charlotte_King%3F>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1493:

Pope Alexander VI issued the papal bull Dudum siquidem, the
last of the Bulls of Donation, marking the beginning of the Spanish
colonization of the Americas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudum_siquidem>

1580:

The Golden Hind sailed into Plymouth, England, as explorer
Francis Drake completed his circumnavigation of the globe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hind>

1942:

The Holocaust: Nazi official August Frank issued a memorandum
containing a great deal of operational detail on how Jews should be
"evacuated".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Frank>

1959:

Japan was struck by Typhoon Vera, the strongest and deadliest
typhoon on record to make landfall on the country with US$600 million in
damages and over 4,000 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Vera>

2002:

MV Le Joola, a Senegalese government-owned ferry, capsized off
the coast of The Gambia, resulting in the deaths of at least 1,863
people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Le_Joola>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

dissensus:
Disagreement, especially when widespread.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dissensus>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In all Debates, let Truth be thy Aim, not Victory, or an unjust
Interest: And endeavor to gain, rather than to expose thy Antagonist.
 
--William Penn
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Penn>

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[Daily article] September 25: Nguyễn Chánh Thi Published On

Nguyễn Chánh Thi (1923–2007) was an officer in the Army of the
Republic of Vietnam. Thi joined the French Army at 17 and was captured
by the Japanese after they invaded French Indochina during World War II.
In 1960 he led the Vietnamese Airborne Division in an unsuccessful coup
against Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm, citing political interference
in the military. After Diệm's assassination in 1963, he became the
deputy commander of I Corps under Nguyễn Khánh and helped him
overthrow Diệm's opponents in 1964. Thi was in several juntas that
ruled South Vietnam for the next two years. In February 1965, he helped
to defeat a coup attempt and to force Khánh's resignation at the same
time. In June Thi declined an opportunity to serve as prime minister
after being nominated by his fellow officers; he wanted to let a rival
take the job and then step in after they failed, but he never got the
chance. After the Buddhist Uprising of 1966, Prime Minister Nguyễn Cao
Kỳ had him exiled to the United States. Thi's ouster was supported by
the American leadership, who backed Kỳ's pro-U.S. regime.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ch%C3%A1nh_Thi>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1396:

Ottoman wars in Europe: Ottoman forces under Bayezid I defeated
a Christian alliance led by Sigismund of Hungary in the Battle of
Nicopolis near present-day Nikopol, Bulgaria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis>

1775:

Ethan Allen and a small force of American and Quebec militia
failed in their attempt to capture Montreal from British forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Longue-Pointe>

1911:

An explosion of badly degraded propellant charges on board the
French battleship Liberté detonated the forward ammunition magazines
and destroyed the ship.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_battleship_Libert%C3%A9>

1962:

The North Yemen Civil War began when Abdullah as-Sallal
dethroned the newly crowned Imam al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic
under his presidency.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War>

1996:

The last Magdalene asylum, an Irish institution to rehabilitate
so-called "fallen women", was closed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_asylum>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

booklegging:
The illicit publication and distribution of banned books.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/booklegging>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I decline to accept the end of man. It is easy enough to say that
man is immortal because he will endure: that when the last ding-dong of
doom has clanged and faded from the last worthless rock hanging tideless
in the last red and dying evening, that even then there will still be
one more sound: that of his puny inexhaustible voice, still talking. I
refuse to accept this. I believe that man will not merely endure: he
will prevail. He is immortal, not because he alone among creatures has
an inexhaustible voice, but because he has a soul, a spirit capable of
compassion and sacrifice and endurance. The poet's, the writer's, duty
is to write about these things. It is his privilege to help man endure
by lifting his heart, by reminding him of the courage and honor and hope
and pride and compassion and pity and sacrifice which have been the
glory of his past. The poet's voice need not merely be the record of
man, it can be one of the props, the pillars to help him endure and
prevail.  
--William Faulkner
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Faulkner>

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[Daily article] September 24: Agaricus deserticola Published On

Agaricus deserticola is a species of fungus found only in dry or semi-
arid habitats in southwestern and western North America. It is similar
to, and sometimes confused with, the mushrooms of the desert fungus
species Podaxis pistillaris and Montagnea arenaria. Unlike other
Agaricus species, it produces fruit bodies with a networked system of
spore-producing tissue called a gleba, instead of true gills. When the
cap splits, or the partial veil breaks or pulls away from the stem, the
blackish-brown gleba is exposed, and spores are dispersed. The fruit
bodies can reach heights of 18 cm (7.1 in) with caps up to 7.5 cm
(3.0 in) wide. The tough woody stems are 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in)
wide, thickening towards the base. Fruit bodies grow singly or scattered
on the ground in fields, grasslands, or arid ecosystems. The edibility
of A. deserticola is not known definitively. The fungus was transferred
to the genus Agaricus in 2004 after molecular analysis. In 2010, its
species name was changed to deserticola after it was discovered that the
previous name, texensis, had already been taken for a different species.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agaricus_deserticola>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1180:

The Byzantine Empire was weakened by the death of Emperor
Manuel I Komnenos.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos>

1877:

The Imperial Japanese Army defeated Saigō Takamori and the
Satsuma clan samurai at the Battle of Shiroyama in Kagoshima, the
decisive engagement of the Satsuma Rebellion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiroyama>

1911:

His Majesty's Airship No. 1, Britain's first rigid airship, was
wrecked by strong winds before her maiden flight at Barrow-in-Furness.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMA_No._1>

1946:

Clark Clifford and George Elsey, military advisers to US
President Harry S. Truman, presented him with a top-secret report on the
Soviet Union that would form the basis of the US policy of containment.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Containment>

1996:

Representatives from 71 nations signed the Comprehensive
Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, which has not yet come into force because not
enough signatories have ratified it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

rooibos:
1. (South Africa) A shrub (Aspalathus linearis) from which a tisane (herbal
tea) is made.
2. The tisane (herbal tea) made from this plant.
3. (South Africa) Various shrubs of the genus Combretum.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rooibos>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If a passion for freedom is not in vogue, patriots may sound the
alarm till they are weary. The Act of Habeas Corpus, by which prisoners
may insist on being brought to trial within a limited time, is the
corner-stone of our liberty.  
--Horace Walpole
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole>

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[Daily article] September 23: Sieges of Taunton Published On

The sieges of Taunton (23 September 1644 – 9 July 1645) during the
First English Civil War were a series of three blockades of the town and
castle of Taunton in Somerset. During all three, Robert Blake commanded
the Parliamentarian defences of Taunton, which straddled the main road
from Bristol to Devon and Cornwall. The first assault, by Royalist
troops from local garrisons, initially drove Blake and his troops into
the castle, before settling into a siege intended to starve the town
into submission. The defenders were relieved by a force under James
Holborne in December. The Royalists began the second, and bloodiest,
siege in late March; in May, after five days of intense fighting, a
Parliamentarian relief army led by Ralph Weldon forced a retreat. Lord
Goring renewed the blockade in mid-May, after engaging Weldon's
departing army and forcing it back into Taunton, but the siege was
ineffective. The Parliamentarian defence tied up Goring's troops, who
missed the decisive Battle of Naseby. Historians believe those troops
could have tipped the battle in favour of the Royalists.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_of_Taunton>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1568:

Anglo-Spanish War: At San Juan de Ulúa (in modern Veracruz,
Mexico), Spanish naval forces forced English privateers to halt their
illegal trade.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)>

1779:

American Revolutionary War: John Paul Jones led a Franco-
American squadron to victory in the Battle of Flamborough Head, one of
the most celebrated naval actions of the war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Flamborough_Head>

1868:

Ramón Emeterio Betances led the Grito de Lares, a revolt
against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances>

1952:

In one of the first political uses of television to appeal
directly to the populace, Republican vice presidential candidate Richard
Nixon delivered the "Checkers speech", refuting accusations of
improprieties with contributions to his campaign.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkers_speech>

1983:

A bomb placed by the Abu Nidal organisation destroyed Gulf Air
Flight 771, flying from Karachi, Pakistan, to Abu Dhabi, UAE, killing
all 110 people aboard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Air_Flight_771>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

scaffold:
1. A structure made of scaffolding for workers to stand on while working on
a building.
2. An elevated platform on which a criminal is executed.
3. (metalworking) An accumulation of adherent, partly fused material
forming a shelf or dome-shaped obstruction above the tuyeres in a blast
furnace.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scaffold>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I have not yet begun to fight!  
--John Paul Jones
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones>

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[Daily article] September 22: Halo 3: ODST Published On

Halo 3: ODST (Orbital Drop Shock Troopers, released September 22, 2009)
is a first-person shooter video game developed by Bungie and published
by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360. Players can select a
survival-themed multiplayer mode called Firefight, or select campaign
mode to explore the ruined city of New Mombasa during an alien invasion
in search of their missing teammates. Bungie initially conceived ODST as
a small side-project slated between Halo 3 and Halo: Reach. Story
director Joseph Staten penned a detective story with film noir designs,
settings, and characters, and composer Martin O'Donnell created a jazz-
influenced sound. The game grew in scope during development, and upon
release, it became the top-selling Xbox 360 game worldwide. The title
received generally positive reviews from critics for its atmosphere,
music, and story approach. It was the top-selling title in the United
States in its first month, even though reviewers were divided on whether
the relatively short campaign and extras were enough to justify the
game's $60 price tag. It sold more than 3 million copies worldwide, and
Time and Wired declared the game one of the year's best.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halo_3:_ODST>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1598:

English playwright Ben Jonson killed actor Gabriel Spenser in a
duel, for which he was indicted for manslaughter.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson>

1862:

US President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation, declaring the freedom of all slaves in Confederate
territory by January 1, 1863.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation>

1914:

First World War: The German submarine U-9 sank three Royal Navy
cruisers, resulting in approximately 1,450 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_22_September_1914>

1957:

François "Papa Doc" Duvalier was elected President of Haiti as
a populist before consolidating power and ruling as a dictator for the
rest of his life.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier>

1994:

The Nordhordland Bridge, which crosses Salhusfjorden between
Klauvaneset and Flatøy in Hordaland, and is the second-longest bridge
in Norway, was officially opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordhordland_Bridge>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

supporter:
1. A person who gives support to someone or something.
2. A person who supports, promotes, advocates or champions a cause or
movement; an adherent.
3. A person who provides moral or physical support to another; an attendant
participating in a ceremony or procession.
4. (sports) Someone who is a fan of a certain sports team or sportsperson.
5. Something that supports another thing.
6. Something that supports a structure such as a building or a sculpture.
7. (heraldry) An animal or figure that supports a shield in a coat of arms.
8. A garter worn around the leg to support a sock or stocking.
9. Short for athletic supporter.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supporter>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Oh, what a catastrophe for man when he cut himself off from the
rhythm of the year, from his unison with the sun and the earth. Oh, what
a catastrophe, what a maiming of love when it was a personal, merely
personal feeling, taken away from the rising and the setting of the sun,
and cut off from the magic connection of the solstice and the equinox!
 
--D. H. Lawrence
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/D._H._Lawrence>

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[Daily article] September 21: Howie Morenz Published On

Howie Morenz (September 21, 1902 – March 8, 1937) was a Canadian
professional ice hockey player. Before joining the National Hockey
League (NHL), Morenz excelled in the junior Ontario Hockey Association.
He played 14 seasons in the NHL and set several scoring records as a
centre for three teams: the Montreal Canadiens (in two stints), the
Chicago Black Hawks, and the New York Rangers. The Canadiens won the
Stanley Cup three times when he played for them. For seven straight
seasons, Morenz led the team in goals scored and points. He was named
the league's most valuable player three times, and made the NHL All-Star
Team three times. He died from complications of a broken leg, an injury
he suffered in a game. After his death, the Canadiens retired his jersey
number, the first time the team had done so for any player. When the
Hockey Hall of Fame opened in 1945, Morenz was one of the original
nine inductees. In 1950, the Canadian Press named him the best ice
hockey player of the first half of the 20th century.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howie_Morenz>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1170:

Combined English and Irish forces seized Norse-Gaelic Dublin,
forcing Ascall mac Ragnaill, King of Dublin, into exile.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascall_mac_Ragnaill>

1860:

Second Opium War: Anglo-French forces earned a decisive victory
against Qing dynasty troops in the Battle of Palikao, allowing them to
capture Beijing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Palikao>

1939:

Romanian Prime Minister Armand Călinescu was assassinated in
Bucharest by pro-Nazi members of the Iron Guard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_C%C4%83linescu>

1953:

North Korean No Kum-sok defected with his MiG-15, inadvertently
making Operation Moolah, an American effort to bribe communist pilots, a
success.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Moolah>

1996:

The Defense of Marriage Act was passed by the United States
Congress prohibiting federal recognition of same-sex marriage, while
allowing states to adopt any marital definition of their choosing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

handwavium:
(informal, fiction) Any hypothetical but unobtainable material with
desirable engineering properties.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/handwavium>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I'm rightly tired of the pain I hear and feel, boss. I'm tired of
bein on the road, lonely as a robin in the rain. Not never havin no
buddy to go on with or tell me where we's comin from or goin' to or why.
I'm tired of people bein ugly to each other. It feels like pieces of
glass in my head. I'm tired of all the times I've wanted to help and
couldn't. I'm tired of bein in the dark. Mostly it's the pain. There's
too much. If I could end it, I would. But I cain't.  
--Stephen King
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stephen_King>

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[Daily article] September 20: An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory Published On

An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory, a 2010 textbook by the
British political theorist Alasdair Cochrane (pictured), was one of the
first works to link the question of animal rights to the concept of
justice in political philosophy. Cochrane's book examines five schools
of political theory—utilitarianism, liberalism, communitarianism,
Marxism and feminism—and their positions on animal rights and the
political status of (non-human) animals. He concludes that each
tradition has something to offer, but ultimately prefers what he calls
an interest-based approach, building primarily upon liberalism and
utilitarianism. He argues that rights derived from interests can protect
animals and place limits on what can be done to them; these rights
cannot be violated, even in the name of the greater good. The Oxford
Centre for Animal Ethics described the book as "the first introductory
level text to offer an accessible overview on the status of animals in
contemporary political theory". Cochrane's account of interest-based
rights for animals was considered at greater length in his 2012 book
Animal Rights Without Liberation.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

King Harald III of Norway and Tostig Godwinson, his English
ally, fought and defeated the Northern Earls Edwin and Morcar in the
Battle of Fulford near York, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford>

1792:

The French Army achieved its first major victory in the War of
the First Coalition at the Battle of Valmy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy>

1906:

The ocean liner RMS Mauretania, the largest and fastest ship in
the world at the time, was launched.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)>

1971:

Hurricane Irene moved west from Nicaragua, and crossed from the
Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific, the first known tropical cyclone to do
so.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irene%E2%80%93Olivia>

2001:

During a televised address to a joint session of the United
States Congress, U.S. President George W. Bush declared a "war on
terror" against Al-Qaeda and other global terrorist groups.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

malcontent:
Dissatisfied with current conditions; disaffected, discontented,
rebellious.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/malcontent>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The battle between good and evil is a legitimate theme for a
Fantasy (or for any work of fiction, for that matter), but in real life
that battle is fought chiefly in the individual human heart. Too many
contemporary Fantasies take the easy way out by externalizing the
struggle, so the heroic protagonists need only smite the evil minions of
the dark power to win the day. And you can tell the evil minions,
because they're inevitably ugly and they all wear black. I wanted to
stand much of that on its head. In real life, the hardest aspect of the
battle between good and evil is determining which is which.  
--George R. R. Martin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_R._R._Martin>

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[Daily article] September 19: Battle of Dürenstein Published On

The Battle of Dürenstein (11 November 1805) was an engagement in the
Napoleonic Wars during the War of the Third Coalition, fought in the
Wachau Valley of the Danube, 73 kilometers (45 mi) upstream from
Vienna, Austria. A combined force of Russian and Austrian troops trapped
a French division commanded by Théodore Maxime Gazan, part of the VIII
Corps under Édouard Mortier. Pursuing the Austrian retreat from
Bavaria, Mortier had overextended his three divisions. Mikhail
Illarionovich Kutuzov, commander of the Coalition force, enticed Mortier
to send Gazan's division into a trap, and the French troops were caught
in a valley between two Russian columns. They were rescued by the timely
arrival of a second division, under Pierre Dupont de l'Étang. The
battle extended well into the night. Both sides had losses of around
4,000 wounded or dead, and both claimed victory. Austria lost Johann
Heinrich von Schmitt, one of its most capable chiefs of staff. After the
Russo-Austrian defeat at the Battle of Austerlitz three weeks later,
Austria withdrew from the war.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

634:

Arab–Byzantine wars: Rashidun Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid
captured Damascus from the Byzantine Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)>

1676:

During Bacon's Rebellion, Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel
Bacon burned the colonial capital of Jamestown to the ground.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion>

1893:

New Zealand became the first country to introduce universal
suffrage, following the women's suffrage movement led by Kate Sheppard
(pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand>

1991:

Ötzi, a well-preserved natural mummy of a man from about
3300 BC, was discovered by two German tourists.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi>

2006:

The Royal Thai Army overthrew the elected government of Thai
Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra while he was in New York City for a
meeting of the United Nations General Assembly.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

arr:
1. (Britain, West Country, West Midlands) Yes.
2. Used stereotypically in imitation of pirates.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arr>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  "Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill!
You knew, didn't you?" said the head. For a moment or two the forest and
all the other dimly appreciated places echoed with the parody of
laughter. "You knew, didn't you? I'm part of you? Close, close, close!
I'm the reason why it's no go? Why things are what they are?"  
--William Golding
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Golding>

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[Daily article] September 18: Baryonyx Published On

Baryonyx was a theropod dinosaur of the early Cretaceous Period, about
130–125 million years ago. An identifying specimen of the genus was
discovered in 1983 in Surrey, England; fragmentary specimens were later
discovered in other parts of the United Kingdom and Iberia. Meaning
"heavy claw", Baryonyx refers to the animal's very large claw (31 cm or
12 in) on the first finger. The 1983 specimen is one of the most
complete theropod skeletons from the UK, and its discovery attracted
media attention. Baryonyx was about 7.5 m (25 ft) long and weighed
1.2 t (1.3 short tons). It had a long, low, bulbous snout and narrow,
many-toothed jaws, which have been compared to gharial jaws. It is now
recognised as a member of the family Spinosauridae of large, sail-backed
predators. It was the first theropod dinosaur identified as fish-eating,
and may also have been an active predator of larger prey and a
scavenger, since the 1983 specimen contained bones of a juvenile
Iguanodon. Baryonyx caught and held its prey primarily with its strong
forelimbs and large claws. The creature lived near bodies of water, in
areas where other theropod, ornithopod, and sauropod dinosaurs have also
been found.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryonyx>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

14:

Tiberius, one of Rome's greatest generals, succeeded his
stepfather Augustus as Roman emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiberius>

1809:

The second theatre of the Royal Opera House (interior pictured)
in London opened after a fire destroyed the original theatre one year
earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House>

1879:

The Blackpool Illuminations in the English seaside town of
Blackpool, billed as "the greatest free light show on earth", were
switched on for the first time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_Illuminations>

1911:

Premier Pyotr Stolypin, considered one of the last major
statesmen of Imperial Russia, was fatally wounded while attending a
performance at the Kiev Opera House.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin>

1974:

Hurricane Fifi struck Honduras, destroying 182 towns and
villages in the first 24 hours, and ultimately causing over 8,000
deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Fifi%E2%80%93Orlene>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

clamorous:
1. Of or pertaining to clamor.
2. Noisy, loud.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/clamorous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The true measure of a man is how he treats someone who can do him
absolutely no good.  
--Samuel Johnson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson>

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[Daily article] September 17: Horatio Bottomley Published On

Horatio Bottomley (1860–1933) was an English financier, newspaper
proprietor, Member of Parliament (MP), and swindler. Brought up in an
orphanage, he began as an errand boy; his hard work enabled him, at 24,
to found a publishing company through which he launched, among other
titles, the Financial Times. As a financier his methods often brought
him into conflict with the law, but by 1900 he had amassed a fortune as
a promoter of shares in dubious gold-mining companies. Bottomley entered
parliament as a Liberal Party MP in 1906, and founded John Bull magazine
as a platform for his populist views. In 1912 he was declared bankrupt
and forced to resign from parliament, but following the outbreak of war
in 1914 he became a leading propagandist for the patriotic cause. In
1918, having been discharged from bankruptcy, he re-entered parliament
and launched a fraudulent "Victory Bonds" scheme which led to his
conviction and imprisonment in 1922. Released in 1927, he eked out a
living with lectures and appearances in music halls, before his death in
poverty.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Bottomley>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1716:

French soldier Jean Thurel enlisted in the Régiment de
Touraine at the age of 18, beginning a career of military service that
would span 90 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Thurel>

1849:

American slave Harriet Tubman escaped; she later orchestrated
the rescues of more than 70 other slaves via the "Underground Railroad".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman>

1939:

World War II: The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east,
sixteen days after Nazi Germany's attack on that country from the west.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland>

1976:

Enterprise, the first Space Shuttle built for NASA, was rolled
out of the manufacturing facilities in Palmdale, California.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Enterprise>

2006:

Mass protests across Hungary erupted after Prime Minister
Ferenc Gyurcsány's private speech was leaked to the public, in which he
admitted that the Hungarian Socialist Party had lied to win the 2006
election.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_protests_in_Hungary>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

anneal:
1. (metallurgy) To subject to great heat, and then cool slowly for the
purpose of rendering less brittle; to temper; to toughen.
2. (figuratively) To strengthen or harden.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anneal>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I'd rather be a lightning rod than a seismograph.  
--Ken Kesey
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ken_Kesey>

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[Daily article] September 16: Hurricane Nora (1997) Published On

Hurricane Nora was the fourteenth named tropical cyclone and seventh
hurricane of the 1997 Pacific hurricane season, and only the third
tropical storm on record to reach Arizona. Forming on September 16 off
the Pacific coast of Mexico, the storm was aided by waters warmed by El
Niño, and eventually peaked at Category 4 intensity on the Saffir-
Simpson Hurricane Scale. It made its first landfall as a hurricane in
central Baja California; later the same day, it became one of the few
hurricanes to make a landfall in northern Baja. The storm was blamed for
two direct casualties in Mexico, as well as substantial beach erosion on
the Mexican coast and flash flooding in Baja. Although Nora weakened
quickly after landfall, its remnants lashed the Southwestern United
States with tropical-storm-force winds, torrential rain, and flooding.
Arizona received record precipitation. The remnants persisted far
inland, dissipating near the Arizona–Nevada border, although near-
hurricane-force winds were observed as far north as Cedar City, Utah.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Nora_(1997)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1776:

American Revolutionary War: On hearing the British troops
sounding their bugles as if it were a fox hunt, the American colonists
held their ground and were victorious at the Battle of Harlem Heights in
present-day New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights>

1940:

World War II: Italy captured the town of Sidi Barrani, but its
invasion of Egypt progressed no further.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt>

1961:

Typhoon Nancy (radar image pictured), with possibly the
strongest winds ever measured in a tropical cyclone, made initial
landfall in Muroto, Kōchi, Japan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Nancy_(1961)>

1982:

A Lebanese militia under the direct command of Elie Hobeika
carried out a massacre in the Palestinian refugee camp of Sabra and
Shatila, killing at least 700 civilians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre>

1994:

The British government lifted its ban that prevented Sinn Féin
and several Irish republican and loyalist groups from being broadcast on
television and radio.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988%E2%80%9394_British_broadcasting_voice_restrictions>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

compotator:
One who drinks (alcoholic beverages) with another; a fellow drinker.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/compotator>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Heart of my heart, we are one with the wind, One with the clouds
that are whirled o'er the lea, One in many, O broken and blind, One as
the waves are at one with the sea! Ay! when life seems scattered apart,
Darkens, ends as a tale that is told, One, we are one, O heart of my
heart, One, still one, while the world grows old.  
--Alfred Noyes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Noyes>

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[Daily article] September 15: No. 38 Squadron RAAF Published On

No. 38 Squadron is a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) transport unit.
Formed in 1943, the squadron ferried supplies and personnel during World
War II between Australia and combat zones in New Guinea and Borneo,
using Douglas Dakota aircraft. It was deployed to Singapore from 1950 to
1952, supplying Commonwealth forces engaged in the Malayan Emergency. It
started flying de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribous (pictured) in 1964.
Throughout Australia's involvement in the Vietnam War, the squadron
prepared aircrew for operational service with No. 35 Squadron, and
maintained a detachment in Papua and New Guinea to provide pilots with
experience flying in tropical conditions. During the 1980s it provided
search and rescue capabilities within Australia, working with Australian
Army units. From 1999 until 2001, a detachment was deployed to East
Timor as part of the Australian-led peacekeeping force in the newly
independent nation. The squadron continued to fly the ageing Caribous
until 2009, when it was re-equipped with eight Beechcraft King Air 350
aircraft. Currently stationed at RAAF Base Townsville, Queensland, it is
responsible for light transport tasks and for training RAAF pilots to
operate King Airs.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._38_Squadron_RAAF>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1816:

HMS Whiting became wrecked on the Doom Bar, a treacherous
shoal off the coast of Cornwall, England, that has caused over 600 known
shipwrecks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_Bar>

1862:

American Civil War: Confederate forces captured the Union
garrison at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, taking more than 12,000 prisoners.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry>

1916:

Tanks, the "secret weapons" of the British Army during the
First World War, were first used in combat at the Battle of the Somme in
Somme, Picardy, France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme>

1935:

Nazi Germany enacted the Nuremberg Laws, which deprived German
Jews of citizenship, and adopted a new national flag emblazoned with a
swastika.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Germany#Nazi_Germany>

1963:

A bomb planted by members of the Ku Klux Klan exploded in the
16th Street Baptist Church, an African American Baptist church in
Birmingham, Alabama, US, killing four children and injuring at least 22
others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

scream queen:
(informal) An actress who appears in many horror films.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scream_queen>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The demagogue is usually sly, a detractor of others, a professor
of humility and disinterestedness, a great stickler for equality as
respects all above him, a man who acts in corners, and avoids open and
manly expositions of his course, calls blackguards gentlemen, and
gentlemen folks, appeals to passions and prejudices rather than to
reason, and is in all respects, a man of intrigue and deception, of sly
cunning and management, instead of manifesting the frank, fearless
qualities of the democracy he so prodigally professes. The man who
maintains the rights of the people on pure grounds, may be distinguished
from the demagogue by the reverse of all these qualities. He does not
flatter the people, even while he defends them, for he knows that
flattery is a corrupting and dangerous poison. Having nothing to
conceal, he is frank and fearless, as are all men with the consciousness
of right motives. He oftener chides than commends, for power needs
reproof and can dispense with praise. He who would be a courtier under a
king, is almost certain to be a demagogue in a democracy.  
--The American Democrat
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_American_Democrat>

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[Daily article] September 14: Thunder (mascot) Published On

Thunder is the horse mascot for the Denver Broncos, an American football
team. Three gray purebred Arabians whose coats turned white with age
have held this role since 1993, named JB Kobask, Winter Solstyce, and Me
N Myshadow. Ann Judge has been their rider and trainer for almost two
decades, and Sharon Magness-Blake has been their owner. The first
Thunder performed in Super Bowls XXXII and XXXIII, and Thunder III
appeared in XLVIII and Super Bowl 50. The mascot routinely attends
parades and other public functions, and makes hospital and school
visits. He has flown on airplanes, ridden in elevators, and appeared
indoors at press conferences and banquets. His duties include leading
the team onto the field at the start of every home game and galloping
down the length of the field whenever they score a touchdown or field
goal. Thunder also greets fans, and children are allowed to pet him. He
remains calm around exploding pyrotechnics and thousands of cheering
fans, situations that frighten most horses. Thunder shares mascot duties
with Miles, a human who wears a horse head mask atop a Broncos uniform.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_(mascot)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

81:

Domitian, the last Flavian emperor of Rome, was confirmed by the
Senate to succeed his brother Titus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domitian>

1723:

António Manoel de Vilhena, Grand Master of the Knights
Hospitaller, laid the first stone of Fort Manoel in Malta.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Manoel>

1901:

Theodore Roosevelt became President of the United States at age
42, the youngest person ever to do so, eight days after William McKinley
was fatally wounded in Buffalo, New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt>

1982:

President-elect of Lebanon Bachir Gemayel was assassinated when
a bomb exploded in the Beirut headquarters of the Phalange.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel>

2008:

All 88 people aboard Aeroflot Flight 821 died when the aircraft
crashed on approach to Perm International Airport in Perm Krai, Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_821>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

crow over:
(transitive) To triumph over (someone).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crow_over>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Character is something you forge for yourself; temperament is
something you are born with and can only slightly modify. Some people
have easy temperaments and weak characters; others have difficult
temperaments and strong characters. We are all prone to confuse the two
in assessing people we associate with. Those with easy temperaments and
weak characters are more likable than admirable; those with difficult
temperaments and strong characters are more admirable than likable. Of
course, the optimum for a person is to possess both an easy temperament
and a strong character, but this is a rare combination, and few of us
are that lucky.  
--Sydney J. Harris
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sydney_J._Harris>

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[Daily article] September 13: SS Montanan Published On

SS Montanan was a cargo ship operated by the American-Hawaiian Steamship
Company. Built in 1912 by the Maryland Steel Company as one of eight
sister ships, the freighter was employed in inter-coastal service, first
via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and then the Panama Canal, after it
opened in 1914. The ship was 6,649 gross register tons (GRT), 428 ft
9 in (130.68 m) in length and 53 ft 7 in (16.33 m) abeam. Used by
the United States Army Transport Service during World War I, USAT
Montanan carried cargo and animals to France, and sailed in the first
American convoy to France after the United States entered the war in
April 1917. During another eastbound convoy in August 1918, Montanan was
torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U-90 some 500 nautical miles
(900 km) west of Le Verdon-sur-Mer, France. Of the 86 men aboard the
ship, 81 were rescued by a convoy escort. The other five were killed,
including two of the ship's Naval Armed Guardsmen, drowned when their
lifeboat capsized in the heavy seas.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Montanan>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1437:

A Portuguese expeditionary force led by Henry the Navigator
began an ultimately unsuccessful siege of Tangiers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tangier_(1437)>

1541:

After three years of exile, John Calvin returned to Geneva to
reform the church under a body of doctrine that came to be known as
Calvinism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinism>

1848:

An explosion drove an iron rod through the head of railroad
foreman Phineas Gage, making him an important early case of personality
change after brain injury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phineas_Gage>

1964:

South Vietnamese Generals Lam Van Phat and Duong Van Duc staged
a coup attempt after junta leader Nguyen Khanh demoted them.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_1964_South_Vietnamese_coup_attempt>

2006:

Kimveer Gill shot 19 people for unknown reasons, killing one,
at Dawson College in Montreal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_College_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Mammon:
1. The desire for wealth personified as an evil spirit or a malign
influence.
2. Often mammon: wealth, material avarice, profit.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mammon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The life of reality is confused, disorderly, almost always without
apparent purpose, whereas in the artist's imaginative life there is
purpose. There is determination to give the tale, the song, the
painting, form — to make it true and real to the theme, not to life.
Often the better the job is done, the greater the confusion. … The
confusion arises out of the fact that others besides practicing artists
have imaginations. But most people are afraid to trust their
imaginations and the artist is not.  
--Sherwood Anderson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sherwood_Anderson>

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[Daily article] September 12: Subway Sadie Published On

Subway Sadie is a comedy-drama film that premiered in New York on
September 12, 1926. It was adapted from Mildred Cram's 1925 short story
"Sadie of the Desert" and directed by Alfred Santell. The silent film
focuses on a relationship between New York salesgirl Sadie Hermann
(Dorothy Mackaill) and subway guard Herb McCarthy (Jack Mulhall), who
meet on a subway and become engaged. After Sadie receives a promotion,
she must choose between her new job and marrying Herb. The cast includes
Charles Murray, Peggy Shaw, Gaston Glass, and Bernard Randall. The film
began production in May 1926 and was distributed by First National
Pictures. Arthur Edeson served as cinematographer, shooting scenes in a
nightclub and a casino, and at Cleopatra's Needle in Central Park. Many
publications wrote positively of the film, praising its acting and
Santell's direction. Today, it remains unclear if a print of Subway
Sadie has survived. A poster of the film can be seen at the New York
Transit Museum.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_Sadie>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1309:

Reconquista: Forces of the Kingdom of Castile captured
Gibraltar from the Emirate of Granada, although they would lose control
of it 24 years later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Siege_of_Gibraltar>

1848:

Switzerland became a federal state with the adoption of a new
constitution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland>

1933:

Hungarian-American physicist Leo Szilard conceived of the idea
of the nuclear chain reaction while waiting for a traffic light in
Bloomsbury, London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Szilard>

1942:

A U-boat sank RMS Laconia with a torpedo off the coast of West
Africa and attempted to rescue the passengers, which included some 80
civilians, 160 Polish and 268 British soldiers and about 1800 Italian
POWs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconia_incident>

1980:

The Turkish Armed Forces ousted Prime Minister Süleyman
Demirel and would rule the country for three years before democracy was
restored.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gecko:
Any lizard of the family Gekkonidae. They are small, carnivorous, mostly
nocturnal animals with large eyes and adhesive toes enabling them to
climb on vertical and upside-down surfaces.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gecko>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Like it or not, we have placed our destiny in the hands of the
experts. A politician is, after all, a kind of expert, if self-styled.
Even the fact that competent experts must serve under politicians of
mediocre intelligence and little foresight is a problem that we are
stuck with, because the experts themselves cannot agree on any major
world issue. A logocracy of quarreling experts might be no better than
the rule of the mediocrities to which we are subject. The declining
intellectual quality of political leadership is the result of the
growing complexity of the world. Since no one, be he endowed with the
highest wisdom, can grasp it in its entirety, it is those who are least
bothered by this who strive for power.  
--Stanisław Lem
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem>

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[Daily article] September 11: Banksia coccinea Published On

Banksia coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet banksia, is an erect
shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae. It grows along the
southern coast of Western Australia on white or grey sand in shrubland,
heath or open woodland. Reaching up to 8 m (26 ft) in height, it is a
single-stemmed plant with oblong leaves. The prominent red and white
flower spikes appear mainly in the spring. As they age they develop
small follicles that store seeds until opened by bushfire. Though widely
occurring, it is highly sensitive to dieback, and large populations of
plants have succumbed to the disease. It was first collected and
described by Robert Brown in the early 19th century. The flowers attract
nectar- and insect-feeding birds, particularly honeyeaters, and a
variety of insects. A popular garden plant and one of the most important
Banksia species for the cut flower industry, it is grown commercially in
Australia, South Africa, Canada, the United States, New Zealand and
Israel. In cultivation, it grows well in a sunny location on well-
drained soil, but cannot survive in areas with humid or wet summers.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_coccinea>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1226:

The Catholic practice of Eucharistic adoration among lay people
formally began in Avignon, France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharistic_adoration>

1789:

Alexander Hamilton, co-writer of the Federalist Papers, became
the first US Secretary of the Treasury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton>

1893:

On the opening day of the first Parliament of the World's
Religions in Chicago, Swami Vivekananda introduced Hinduism to the
United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda>

1945:

The Japanese-run camp at Batu Lintang, Sarawak, in Borneo was
liberated by the Australian 9th Division, averting the planned massacre
of its 2,000-plus Allied POWs and civilian internees by four days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Lintang_camp>

1973:

A coup d'état in Chile led by General Augusto Pinochet
overthrew the government of President Salvador Allende and established a
junta.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

remembrance:
1. The act of remembering; a holding in mind, or bringing to mind;
recollection.
2. The state of being remembered, or held in mind; memory, recollection.
3. Something remembered; a person or thing kept in memory.
4. That which serves to keep in or bring to mind; a memento, a memorial, a
souvenir, a token; a memorandum or note of something to be remembered.
5. The power of remembering; the reach of personal knowledge; the period
over which one's memory extends.
6. (obsolete) Something to be remembered; an admonition, counsel,
instruction.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/remembrance>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Terrorists will never be able to defeat the United States. Their
only hope is to terrorize us into changing who we are or our way of
life. That's why we Americans will never give in to fear. And it's
why this weekend we remember the true spirit of 9/11. We're still the
America of heroes who ran into harm's way; of ordinary folks who took
down the hijackers; of families who turned their pain into hope. We are
still the America that looks out for one another, bound by our shared
belief that I am my brother's keeper, I am my sister's keeper. In
the face of terrorism, how we respond matters. We cannot give in to
those who would divide us. We cannot react in ways that erode the fabric
of our society. Because it's our diversity, our welcoming of all
talent, our treating of everybody fairly — no matter their race,
gender, ethnicity, or faith — that's part of what makes our country
great. It's what makes us resilient. And if we stay true to those
values, we'll uphold the legacy of those we've lost, and keep our
nation strong and free. God bless you, and God bless the United States
of America.  
--Barack Obama
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Barack_Obama>

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[Daily article] September 10: North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest Published On

The North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest in Norfolk,
England, is a Special Protection Area for birds and other wildlife,
included in the European Union's Natura 2000 network of protected sites.
Its habitats include reed beds, salt marshes, freshwater lagoons, and
sand or shingle beaches, across 7,700 ha (19,027 acres) of the
county's north coast. The wetlands are important for scarce breeding
birds such as pied avocets. The location also attracts rare migrating
birds, and ducks and geese winter along this coast in considerable
numbers. The area is archaeologically significant, with sites including
the mound of an Iron Age fort, a Roman naval port near Brancaster,
medieval ruins, and remnants of military use from both world wars. The
area attracts many tourists for birdwatching and other outdoor
activities. The threat of the sea's encroachment on this soft coast is
being met by managed retreat and the creation of new reserves inland.
The site is designated as a wetland of international importance, and
most of it is a Biosphere Reserve.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Norfolk_Coast_Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1561:

The Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima, one of the most cherished
tales in Japanese military history, the epitome of Japanese chivalry and
romance, took place in Shinano Province.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battles_of_Kawanakajima>

1897:

A peaceful labor demonstration made up of mostly Polish and
Slovak anthracite coal miners in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, US, was
fired upon by a sheriff's posse in the Lattimer massacre.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattimer_massacre>

1946:

While riding a train to Darjeeling, Sister Teresa Bojaxhiu,
later Mother Teresa, experienced what she later described as "the call
within the call", directing her "to leave the convent and help the poor
while living among them".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa>

1990:

Pope John Paul II consecrated the Basilica of Our Lady of Peace
in Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, one of the largest churches in the
world.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Peace>

2008:

CERN's Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and highest-
energy particle accelerator, was first powered up beneath the Franco-
Swiss border near Geneva.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Hadron_Collider>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chronophagous:
(rare) Time-consuming.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chronophagous>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  For those who believe, no explanation is necessary; for those who
do not believe, no explanation is possible.  
--Franz Werfel
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Franz_Werfel>

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[Daily article] September 9: Milos Raonic Published On

Milos Raonic (born 1990) is a Canadian professional tennis player. He
reached a career-high world No. 4 singles ranking in May 2015, as ranked
by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). His career highlights
include a Grand Slam final at the 2016 Wimbledon Championships and two
Grand Slam semifinals at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships and 2016
Australian Open. He was the 2011 ATP Newcomer of the Year, and has been
ranked continuously inside the top 20 since August 2012. Raonic is the
first player born in the 1990s to win an ATP title, to be ranked in the
top 10, and to qualify for the ATP World Tour Finals. He has eight ATP
singles titles, all won on hard courts. He is frequently described as
having one of the best serves among his contemporaries. Statistically,
he is among the strongest servers in the Open Era, winning 91% of
service games to rank third all-time. Aided by his serve, he plays an
all-court style with an emphasis on short points. Raonic has more ATP
titles and finals appearances in the Open Era than all other Canadian
men combined.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milos_Raonic>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1141:

Yelü Dashi, the Liao dynasty general who founded the Qara-
Khitai, defeated the Seljuq and Kara-Khanid forces at the Battle of
Qatwan near Samarkand, present-day Uzbekistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan>

1791:

The commissioners overseeing the construction of the United
States' new capital city named it in honor of the first president:
Washington, D.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.>

1892:

At Lick Observatory, Edward Emerson Barnard discovered
Amalthea, the third moon of Jupiter and the last natural satellite
discovered by direct visual observation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalthea_(moon)>

1939:

World War II: About 3,000 Polish Army forces began a nearly
month-long defence of the Hel Peninsula during the German invasion of
Poland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hel>

2001:

Ahmad Shah Massoud, leader of the Northern Alliance, was
assassinated in Afghanistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Massoud>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cleavage:
1. The act of cleaving or the state of being cleft. [from 19th c.]
2. The hollow or separation between a woman's breasts, especially as
revealed by a low neckline. [from 20th c.]
3. (by extension) Any similar separation between two body parts, such as
the buttocks or toes.
4. (biology) The repeated division of a cell into daughter cells after
mitosis. [from 19th c.]
5. (chemistry) The splitting of a large molecule into smaller ones.
6. (mineralogy) The tendency of a crystal to split along specific planes.
[from 19th c.]
7. (politics) The division of voters into voting blocs.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cleavage>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The strongest of all warriors are these two — Time and Patience.
 
--Leo Tolstoy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy>

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[Daily article] September 8: The Man Trap Published On

"The Man Trap" was the first episode to be broadcast in the American
science fiction television series Star Trek, but the sixth to be filmed.
It aired on NBC on September 8, 1966. The story was assigned to George
Clayton Johnson; his first draft was entitled "Damsel With a Dulcimer",
incorporating elements from his Twilight Zone episode "The Four of Us
Are Dying". Series creator Gene Roddenberry, producer Robert H. Justman
and story editor John D. F. Black all tweaked elements of the episode.
The story, part of Roddenberry's original Star Trek pitch to the studio,
was chosen for the first broadcast episode because the studio liked its
horror-based plot. "The Man Trap" placed first in the timeslot with a
Nielsen rating of 25.2 percent for the first half-hour and 24.2 for the
remainder. After broadcast, reviewers criticized the violent scenes but
praised the acting. More recent appraisals have been mixed; praise has
been given to the plot and diverse cast, but Hollywood.com listed it
among the worst episodes of the series. The creature, created by Wah
Chang and William Ware Theiss, has been dubbed the "salt vampire" by
fans.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Trap>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

617:

Li Yuan defeated a Sui dynasty army in the Battle of Huoyi,
opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the
eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Huoyi>

1755:

French and Indian War: British and French forces and their
respective Indian allies fought to a draw in the Battle of Lake George.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_George>

1941:

World War II: German forces severed the last land connection to
Leningrad, beginning a 28-month siege that would result in the deaths of
over 1 million of the city's civilians from starvation, making it one of
the most lethal battles in world history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad>

1966:

Queen Elizabeth II opened the Severn Bridge, hailing it as the
dawn of a new economic era for South Wales.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge>

1978:

Iranian Revolution: After the government of the Shah of Iran
declared martial law in response to protests, the Iranian Army shot and
killed at least 88 demonstrators in Tehran on Black Friday.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(1978)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

folio:
1. A leaf of a book or manuscript.
2. A page of a book, that is, one side of a leaf of a book.
3. (printing) A page number. The even folios are on the left-hand pages and
the odd folios on the right-hand pages.
4. (paper) A sheet of paper folded in half.
5. (books) A book made of sheets of paper each folded in half (two leaves
or four pages to the sheet); hence, a book of the largest kind,
exceeding 30 cm in height.
6. (accounting) A page in an account book; sometimes, two opposite pages
bearing the same serial number.
7. (law, dated, 19th to early 20th century) A leaf containing a certain
number of words; hence, a certain number of words in a writing, as in
England, in law proceedings 72, and in chancery, 90; in New York, 100
words.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/folio>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When you're a charmer the world applauds they don't know that
secretly charmers feel like they're frauds When you're a charmer you
hate yourself a victim of sideshow hypnosis like everyone else.  
--Aimee Mann
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Aimee_Mann>

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[Daily article] September 7: Krulak Mendenhall mission Published On

The Krulak Mendenhall mission was an American fact-finding expedition
sent by President Kennedy's administration to South Vietnam in 1963. It
investigated the progress of the war by the South Vietnamese regime and
their US military advisers against the Viet Cong insurgency. The mission
was led by Victor Krulak (pictured), a major general in the Marine
Corps, and Joseph Mendenhall, a senior Foreign Service officer
experienced in Vietnamese affairs. The four-day whirlwind trip came in
the wake of increasingly strained relations between the United States
and South Vietnam. In their submissions Krulak presented an optimistic
report on the progress of the war, but Mendenhall presented a bleak
picture of military failure and public discontent. Krulak said that the
Vietnamese soldiers' efforts in the field would not be affected by the
public's unease with President Ngô Đình Diệm's policies. Mendenhall
concluded that those policies increased the possibility of religious
civil war and led the South Vietnamese to believe that their quality of
life would improve under the Viet Cong. The contradictory reports
prompted Kennedy to ask, "You two did visit the same country, didn't
you?" (Full article...).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krulak_Mendenhall_mission>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1191:

Third Crusade: Forces under Richard I of England defeated
Ayyubid troops under Saladin in Arsuf, present-day Israel.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arsuf>

1812:

Napoleonic Wars: The French Grande Armée forced the Russians
to withdraw at the Battle of Borodino.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino>

1893:

British expatriates in Italy founded the Genoa Cricket &
Athletic Club, today one of Italy's oldest association football clubs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_C.F.C.>

1936:

The last thylacine died in captivity in Hobart Zoo in
Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thylacine>

1986:

Desmond Tutu became the first black person to lead the Church
of the Province of Southern Africa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu>

1996:

American rapper Tupac Shakur was fatally shot multiple times in
Las Vegas, dying from his injuries six days later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Tupac_Shakur>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

crickets:
[…] (US, slang, humorous) Used alone or in metaphorically descriptive
phrases: absolute silence; no communication.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crickets>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When a nation threatens another nation the people of the latter
forget their factionalism, their local antagonisms, their political
differences, their suspicions of each other, their religious
hostilities, and band together as one unit. Leaders know that, and that
is why so many of them whip up wars during periods of national crisis,
or when the people become discontented and angry. The leaders stigmatize
the enemy with every vice they can think of, every evil and human
depravity. They stimulate their people's natural fear of all other men
by channeling it into a defined fear of just certain men, or nations.
Attacking another nation, then, acts as a sort of catharsis,
temporarily, on men's fear of their immediate neighbors. This is the
explanation of all wars, all racial and religious hatreds, all
massacres, and all attempts at genocide.  
--Taylor Caldwell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Taylor_Caldwell>

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