[Daily article] October 31: Drowned God Published On

Drowned God is a science fiction adventure game developed by Epic
Multimedia Group, published by Inscape and released on October 31, 1996.
The game advances the conspiracy theory that all of accepted human
history is false and the human race's development and evolution have
been aided by extra-terrestrials. The player attempts to uncover the
truth within the game by traveling to different worlds, interacting with
historical and fictional characters, and solving puzzles. The game is
based on a forged manuscript written by Harry Horse in 1983. After
facing legal trouble and fines when he attempted to sell the text, Horse
shelved it for more than a decade before deciding a first person
adventure game would be the best way to tell its story. Producer Algy
Williams hired a team of multimedia artists and programmers to help
Horse develop the game. Upon its release, it sold well, but faded in
popularity due to software bugs. Its concept and visuals were widely
praised, but its gameplay, audio, and puzzles received a mixed
reception. A planned sequel never came to fruition.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drowned_God>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1517:

According to traditional accounts, Martin Luther first posted
his Ninety-five Theses onto the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg,
present-day Germany, marking the beginning of the Protestant
Reformation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses>

1822:

Emperor Agustín de Iturbide of the First Mexican Empire
dissolved the Mexican Congress and replaced it with a military junta
answerable only to him.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide>

1922:

Benito Mussolini became Prime Minister of Italy; three years
later he set up a legal dictatorship.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini>

1941:

More than 101 crew members of the USS Reuben James perished
when their vessel became the first United States Navy ship sunk by
hostile action during World War II after it was torpedoed by the German
submarine U-552.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Reuben_James_(DD-245)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

barghest:
1. (mythology, Britain) A legendary monstrous black dog, said to possess
large teeth and claws, and (sometimes) to be capable of changing form.
2. (mythology, Britain) Any ghost, wraith, hobgoblin, elf, or spirit.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/barghest>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  OH GREAT PUMPKIN, WHERE ARE YOU?!  
--It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/It%27s_the_Great_Pumpkin,_Charlie_Brown>

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[Daily article] October 30: Jack Parsons (rocket engineer) Published On

Jack Parsons (1914–1952) was an American rocket engineer and rocket
propulsion researcher, chemist, and Thelemite occultist. Associated with
the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), Parsons was one of the
principal founders of both the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and the
Aerojet Engineering Corporation. He invented the first rocket engine
using a castable composite rocket propellant, and helped develop both
liquid-fuel and solid-fuel rockets. Inspired by science fiction
literature, he developed an interest in rocketry in his childhood and in
1928 began amateur rocket experiments with school friend Ed Forman. In
1934 he united with Forman and graduate student Frank Malina to form the
Caltech-affiliated GALCIT Rocket Research Group, supported by Guggenheim
Aeronautical Laboratory chairman Theodore von Kármán. After working on
Jet-Assisted Take Off for the U.S. military, the GALCIT Group became JPL
in 1943. For his contributions to rocket engineering, his advocacy of
space exploration and human spaceflight, and his role in the founding of
JPL and Aerojet, Parsons is regarded as one of the most important early
figures of the U.S. space program.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Parsons_(rocket_engineer)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1485:

Having seized the throne of England after the War of the Roses,
Henry VII was formally crowned at Westminster Abbey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England>

1806:

War of the Fourth Coalition: Believing they were massively
outnumbered, the 5,300-man German garrison at Stettin, Prussia (now
Szczecin, Poland), surrendered to a much smaller French force without a
fight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin>

1905:

Russian Revolution: Tsar Nicholas II reluctantly signed the
"October Manifesto", establishing the State Duma as the elected
legislature in Imperial Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Manifesto>

1960:

Surgeon and scientist Michael Woodruff performed the first
successful kidney transplant in the United Kingdom at The Royal
Infirmary of Edinburgh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Woodruff>

1991:

The Madrid Conference, an attempt by the international
community to start a peace process through negotiations involving Israel
and the Arab countries, convened in Madrid.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

parge:
(construction) A coat of cement mortar on the face of rough masonry, the
earth side of foundation and basement walls.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parge>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A work is never completed except by some accident such as
weariness, satisfaction, the need to deliver, or death: for, in relation
to who or what is making it, it can only be one stage in a series of
inner transformations.  
--Paul Valéry
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry>

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[Daily article] October 29: Baron Munchausen Published On

Baron Munchausen is a fictional nobleman created by German writer Rudolf
Erich Raspe in his 1785 book Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his
Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia. The character is loosely
based on a real baron, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Freiherr von
Münchhausen (1720–1797). Born in Bodenwerder, Electorate of
Brunswick-Lüneburg, the real-life Münchhausen fought for the Russian
Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739. After retiring in 1760,
he became a minor celebrity within German aristocratic circles for
telling outrageous tall tales based on his military career. After
hearing some of Münchhausen's stories, Raspe adapted them anonymously
into literary form, first in German as magazine pieces, and then in
English. The fictional Baron's exploits, narrated in the first person,
focus on his impossible achievements as a sportsman, soldier, and
traveller, for instance riding on a cannonball, fighting a forty-foot
crocodile, and travelling to the Moon. The real-life Münchhausen was
deeply upset at the development of a fictional character bearing his
name, and threatened legal proceedings against the book's publisher.
Several concepts and medical conditions have been named after the
character, including Munchausen syndrome, the Münchhausen trilemma, and
Munchausen numbers.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Munchausen>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1618:

English courtier and explorer Walter Raleigh was executed in
London after King James I reinstated a fifteen-year-old death sentence
against him.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Raleigh>

1792:

Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouver's
discovery expedition, observed a peak in what is now Oregon, US, and
named it Mount Hood after British admiral Samuel Hood.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hood>

1948:

Arab–Israeli War: As the Israel Defense Forces captured the
Palestinian Arab village of Safsaf, they massacred at least 52
villagers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safsaf_massacre>

1986:

British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher opened the last
segment of the M25 motorway, one of Britain's busiest motorways.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M25_motorway>

1991:

Galileo became the first spacecraft to visit an asteroid when
it made a flyby of 951 Gaspra.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/951_Gaspra>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

shoe-leather:
Basic, old-fashioned or traditional; specifically (journalism) shoe-
leather journalism or shoe-leather reporting: journalism involving
walking from place to place observing things and speaking to people,
rather than sitting indoors at a desk.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shoe-leather>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  One of my principles is, Thou shall not bully. The only answer is
to muscle the bully. I'm very combative that way.  
--Bill Mauldin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bill_Mauldin>

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[Daily article] October 28: St. Elmo (1914 film) Published On

St. Elmo is a 1914 American silent drama film produced by the Balboa
Amusement Producing Company and distributed by William Fox's Box Office
Attractions Company. It was the first feature-length film adaptation of
Augusta Jane Evans's 1866 eponymous novel. The story follows the life of
the title character (played by William Jossey), who kills his cousin
(Francis McDonald) over the love of Agnes (Madeline Pardee), falls from
grace, and eventually finds redemption and love with Edna (Gypsy
Abbott). It is disputed who directed the film; many sources credit
Bertram Bracken, while others list St. Elmo as J. Gordon Edwards's
directorial debut. Some reviewers praised the scenery and overall
production quality, considering the film an improvement over stage
adaptations of the novel. Others found the scenery irrelevant and the
story confusing. Despite mixed reviews, the film was financially
successful, reportedly setting box office records. The following year, a
film adaptation of an unrelated Evans novel, Beulah, was marketed as a
sequel. As with most Balboa films, St. Elmo is now believed lost.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elmo_(1914_film)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1664:

The Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, the
forerunner to the Royal Marines, was established at the grounds of the
Honourable Artillery Company in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marines>

1835:

Māori chiefs signed the Declaration of the Independence of New
Zealand and established the United Tribes of New Zealand.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Tribes_of_New_Zealand>

1891:

The Nōbi Earthquake, Japan's strongest known inland
earthquake, struck the former provinces of Mino and Owari.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_Mino%E2%80%93Owari_earthquake>

1919:

The US Congress passed the Volstead Act over President Woodrow
Wilson's veto, reinforcing Prohibition in the United States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volstead_Act>

1971:

Prospero, the only British satellite to date launched on a
British rocket, lifted off from Launch Area 5B at Woomera, South
Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospero_(satellite)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

greeking:
(typography) Nonsense text that is inserted into a document to create a
dummy layout, or to demonstrate a type font.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greeking>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Apply just the right amount of force — never too much, never too
little. All of us know of people who have failed to accomplish what they
set out to do because of not properly gauging the amount of effort
required. At one extreme, they fall short of the mark; at the other,
they do not know when to stop.  
--Jigoro Kano
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jigoro_Kano>

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[Daily article] October 27: Norse-American medal Published On

The Norse-American medal was struck at the Philadelphia Mint in 1925,
pursuant to an act of the United States Congress. It was issued for the
100th anniversary of the voyage that brought early Norwegian immigrants
to the United States on the ship Restauration. Minnesota Congressman Ole
Juulson Kvale, a Norse-American, wanted a commemorative for the
centennial celebrations. Rebuffed by the Treasury Department when he
sought the issuance of a special coin, he instead settled for a medal.
Sculpted by Buffalo nickel designer James Earle Fraser, the medals
recognize those immigrants' Viking heritage, depicting a warrior on the
obverse and a vessel on the reverse. They also recall the early Viking
explorations of North America. Once they were authorized by Congress,
they were produced in various metals and sizes, for the most part prior
to the celebrations near Minneapolis in June 1925. Only 53 were issued
in gold, and these are rare and valuable today; those struck in silver
or bronze trade for much less. The medals are sometimes collected as
part of the commemorative coin series.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse-American_medal>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1644:

English Civil War: The combined armies of Parliament inflicted
a tactical defeat on the Royalists, but failed to gain any strategic
advantage in the Second Battle of Newbury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Newbury>

1810:

The United States annexed West Florida, the western portion of
the Spanish colony of Florida.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Florida>

1904:

The first underground segment of the New York City Subway (City
Hall station pictured), today one of the most extensive public
transportation systems in the world, opened, connecting New York City
Hall with Harlem.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Subway>

1944:

World War II: German forces captured Banská Bystrica, the
center of anti-Nazi opposition in Slovakia, bringing the Slovak National
Uprising to an end.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansk%C3%A1_Bystrica>

1999:

Armed men led by Nairi Hunanyan attacked the National Assembly
of Armenia, killing Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Speaker of
Parliament Karen Demirchyan, and six others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_parliament_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Wonder Woman:
(by extension of the proper noun) A woman of extraordinary powers; a
superwoman.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wonder_Woman>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  An attitude of moderation is apt to be misunderstood when passions
are greatly excited and when victory is apt to rest with the extremists
on one side or the other; yet I think it is in the long run the only
wise attitude...  
--Theodore Roosevelt
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt>

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[Daily article] October 26: Bud Dunn Published On

Bud Dunn (1918–2001) was a horse trainer who specialized in training
and showing Tennessee Walking Horses. Born in 1918 on a farm in Scott
County, Kentucky, he later moved to Florence, Alabama, where he owned
and operated Bud Stables, a show horse training stable that produced
twenty World Championships. He additionally trained and rode two horses
who won the World Grand Championship at the Tennessee Walking Horse
National Celebration, a national-level horse show held annually in or
near Shelbyville, Tennessee. Dunn's first World Grand Championship came
in 1992 with the bay stallion Dark Spirit's Rebel, and the second in
1999 with a son of that stallion, RPM. At the time of RPM's win, Dunn
was 81 years old, making him the oldest winning rider on record. For his
contributions, he was twice named Trainer of the Year, and was inducted
into the Tennessee Walking Horse Hall of Fame and the Lauderdale County
Sports Hall of Fame. Dunn's son Steve also became a successful horse
trainer, winning two World Grand Championships.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Dunn>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1341:

The Byzantine army proclaimed chief minister John VI
Kantakouzenos emperor, triggering a civil war between his supporters and
those of John V Palaiologos, the heir to the throne.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%9347>

1597:

Twelve Korean ships commanded by Admiral Yi Sun-sin defeated a
large Japanese invasion fleet of at least 120 at the Battle of
Myeongnyang in the Myeongnyang Strait.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Myeongnyang>

1881:

The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral, one of the most famous
gunfights in the history of the American Old West, took place in
Tombstone, Arizona, between Ike Clanton's gang and lawmen led by Wyatt
Earp (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral>

1944:

World War II: In one of the largest naval battles in modern
history, Allied forces defeated the Imperial Japanese Navy at the Battle
of Leyte Gulf in the seas surrounding the Philippine island of Leyte.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf>

1994:

Israel and Jordan signed a peace treaty settling relations
between the two countries and pledging that neither would allow its
territory to become a staging ground for military strikes by a third
country.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

superman:
1. (chiefly philosophy) An imagined superior type of human being
representing a new stage of human development; an übermensch, an
overman.
2. A person of extraordinary or seemingly superhuman powers.
3. (plural supermans) A motorcycling stunt in which the rider releases both
hands from the handlebars in mid-air.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/superman>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  O, I believe fate smiled and destiny laughed as she came to my
cradle know this child will be able laughed as she came to my mother
know this child will not suffer laughed as my body she lifted know this
child will be gifted with love, with patience and with faith she'll make
her way  
--Natalie Merchant
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Natalie_Merchant>

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[Daily article] October 25: Operation Barras Published On

Operation Barras was a British Army operation in Sierra Leone in 2000
that rescued five soldiers of the Royal Irish Regiment and 21 Sierra
Leonean civilians being held by the West Side Boys militia group. The
soldiers were part of a patrol returning from a visit to Jordanian
peacekeepers attached to the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
(UNAMSIL) at Masiaka. The ground operation was conducted by D Squadron,
22 Regiment Special Air Service, with a diversionary assault by elements
of 1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment. At least 25 West Side Boys and one
soldier in the rescue party were killed, and 18 West Side
Boys—including the gang's leader, Foday Kallay—were taken prisoner
and later transferred to the custody of the Sierra Leone Police. Many
West Side Boys fled the area during the assault, and over 300
surrendered to UNAMSIL forces within a fortnight. After the operation,
the British government increased its support of UNAMSIL and its efforts
to bring the Sierra Leone Civil War to an end, both politically, through
the United Nations Security Council, and through the provision of staff
officers to support UNAMSIL.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barras>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1616:

The Dutch sailing ship Eendracht reached Shark Bay on the
western coastline of Australia, as documented on the Hartog Plate
(replica pictured) etched by explorer Dirk Hartog.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartog_Plate>

1812:

War of 1812: USS United States captured HMS Macedonian, which
later became the first British warship to be brought into an American
harbor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian>

1861:

The Toronto Stock Exchange, the stock exchange with the most
mining and petrochemical companies listed in the world, was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange>

1971:

The UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758, replacing the
Republic of China with the People's Republic of China as China's
representative at the United Nations.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations>

2001:

Windows XP, one of the most popular and widely used versions of
the Microsoft Windows operating system, was released for retail sale.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

flash:
1. To briefly illuminate a scene.
2. To blink; to shine or illuminate intermittently.
3. To be visible briefly. […]
4. (transitive, intransitive, informal) To briefly, and in most cases
inadvertently, expose one's naked body or underwear, or part of it, in
public. (Contrast streak.)
5. (figuratively) To break forth like a sudden flood of light; to show a
momentary brilliance.
6. To flaunt; to display in a showy manner.
7. To communicate quickly.
8. To move, or cause to move, suddenly.
9. (transitive) To telephone a person, only allowing the phone to ring
once, in order to request a call back. […]
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flash>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The highest proof of virtue is to possess boundless power without
abusing it.  
--Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay>

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[Daily article] October 24: Subway (Homicide: Life on the Street) Published On

"Subway" is the seventh episode of the sixth season of the American
police television drama Homicide: Life on the Street, and the 84th
episode overall. It first aired on NBC in the United States on December
5, 1997. In the episode, John Lange (Vincent D'Onofrio) becomes pinned
between a subway train and the station platform. The Baltimore homicide
department is informed that Lange will be dead within an hour, and
Pembleton tries to determine if the case is a homicide while comforting
Lange in his final minutes. "Subway" received overwhelmingly positive
reviews but ranked number three in its time-slot during its original
broadcast, capturing 10.3 million viewers but falling behind ABC's 20/20
and CBS's Nash Bridges. The episode won a Peabody Award for excellence
in television broadcasting and was nominated for two Emmy Awards, one
for Yoshimura's script and one for D'Onofrio's guest performance. Vince
Gilligan, an X-Files screenwriter, said that "Subway" directly
influenced an episode he wrote that featured Bryan Cranston, and
Cranston's performance led to his casting in Gilligan's series Breaking
Bad.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subway_(Homicide:_Life_on_the_Street)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1260:

Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, was assassinated by a fellow
Mamluk leader, Baibars, who then seized power for himself.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars>

1795:

As a result of the Third Partition of Poland, the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ceased to exist as an independent state
as its territory was divided between Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth>

1912:

First Balkan War: Serbian forces defeated the Ottoman army at
the Battle of Kumanovo in Vardar Macedonia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo>

1949:

The cornerstone of the United Nations Headquarters building in
New York City was laid.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations>

2007:

Chang'e 1, the first satellite in the Chinese Lunar Exploration
Program, was launched from Xichang Satellite Launch Center.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang%27e_1>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

batman:
(historical) A unit of mass used in the Ottoman Empire and among Turkic
peoples of the Russian Empire, the value of which varied from place to
place throughout history. In the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century it
was equal to six okas (16 pounds 8 ounces avoirdupois; 7.484 kilograms),
and when the Turkish system of weights and measures was metricated in
1931 the oka was fixed at 1 kilogram and the batman at 10 okas (10
kilograms).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/batman>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  To serve the people, one must write for the ideal reader. Only for
the ideal reader. And who or what is that ideal reader? God. One must
imagine, One must deeply imagine that great Attention Only so,
In lonely dialog, can one reach the people.  
--Denise Levertov
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Denise_Levertov>

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[Daily article] October 23: The Left Hand of Darkness Published On

The Left Hand of Darkness is a science fiction novel by Ursula K. Le
Guin, published in 1969. It became immensely popular, winning both the
Hugo and Nebula Awards, and establishing Le Guin as a major author of
science fiction. The novel tells the story of Genly Ai, an Earthman sent
to the planet of Gethen as an envoy of the Ekumen. He is stymied by the
cultural barrier created by the Gethenians' lack of a fixed gender
identity. The novel is part of the Hainish Cycle, a series of novels and
short stories by Le Guin set in the fictional Hainish universe, which
she introduced in 1964. The book was among the first published in the
feminist science fiction genre. The effect of sex and gender on culture
and society, a major theme throughout the novel, touched off a feminist
debate when it was first published. Left Hand has been reprinted more
than 30 times, and has received a highly positive response from
reviewers. Widely influential, it has been described as a seminal work
in the genre of science fiction. In 1987 the literary critic Harold
Bloom said, "Le Guin, more than Tolkien, has raised fantasy into high
literature, for our time".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1641:

Irish Catholic gentry in Ulster tried to seize control of
Dublin Castle, the seat of English rule in Ireland, to force concessions
to Catholics.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641>

1812:

General Claude François de Malet began a conspiracy to
overthrow Napoleon, claiming that the Emperor died in Russia and that he
was now the commandant of Paris.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malet_coup_of_1812>

1942:

World War II: Japanese forces began their ill-fated attempt to
recapture Henderson Field from the Americans.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_for_Henderson_Field>

1983:

Lebanese Civil War: Suicide bombers destroyed two barracks in
Beirut, killing 241 U.S. servicemen and 58 French paratroopers of the
international peacekeeping force.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Beirut_barracks_bombing>

2002:

Chechen separatists seized a crowded theater in Moscow, taking
approximately 700 patrons and performers hostage.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_theater_hostage_crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

atom:
1. (now historical) The smallest medieval unit of time, equal to fifteen
ninety-fourths of a second. [from 10th c.]
2. (history of science) A hypothetical particle posited by Greek
philosophers as an ultimate and indivisible component of matter. [from
15th c.]
3. (chemistry, physics) The smallest possible amount of matter which still
retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a
nucleus surrounded by electrons. [from 16th c.]
4. (now generally regarded figuratively) The smallest, indivisible
constituent part or unit of something. [from 17th c.]
5. A mote of dust in a sunbeam. [from 16th c.]
6. A very small amount (of something immaterial); a whit. [from 17th c.]
7. (computing, programming, Lisp) An individual number or symbol, as
opposed to a list; a scalar value.
8. (mathematics) A non-zero member of a Boolean algebra that is not a union
of any other elements. [from 20th c.]
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atom>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If we are to be a great democracy, we must all take an active role
in our democracy. We must do democracy. That goes far beyond simply
casting your vote. We must all actively champion the causes that ensure
the common good.  
--Martin Luther King III
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_III>

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[Daily article] October 22: 2003–04 Arsenal F.C. season Published On

The 2003–04 season was the 109th in the history of Arsenal Football
Club, with competitive matches played between August and May. Managed by
Arsène Wenger (pictured) and nicknamed "The Invincibles", the club
ended the Premier League campaign as champions with a record of 26 wins,
12 draws and no defeats. Arsenal fared less well in the other
competitions, eliminated in the FA Cup by Manchester United and in the
UEFA Champions League by Chelsea in the space of a week. Over five
competitions, 34 players represented the club, including 15 goalscorers.
Arsenal's top goalscorer was Thierry Henry, who scored 39 goals in 51
games. The Frenchman was given the accolades of PFA Players' Player of
the Year by his peers and the FWA Footballer of the Year by football
writers. Awarded a golden replica trophy by the Premier League once the
season concluded, Arsenal later set a new league record of 49 matches
unbeaten. In 2012, the team of 2003–04 won the "Best Team" category in
the Premier League 20 Seasons Awards.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Arsenal_F.C._season>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1633:

Ming Chinese naval forces defeated a Dutch East India Company
fleet in the Taiwan Strait, the largest naval encounter between Chinese
and European forces before the First Opium War two hundred years later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay>

1727:

George II and Caroline of Ansbach were crowned King and Queen
of Great Britain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach>

1844:

Millerites, including future members of the Seventh-day
Adventist Church, were greatly disappointed that Jesus did not return as
predicted by American preacher William Miller.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Disappointment>

2008:

India launched Chandrayaan-1, the country's first unmanned
lunar mission.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandrayaan-1>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

surmise:
To conjecture, to opine or to posit with contestable premises.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/surmise>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Ideally, what should be said to every child, repeatedly,
throughout his or her school life is something like this: "You are in
the process of being indoctrinated. We have not yet evolved a system of
education that is not a system of indoctrination. We are sorry, but it
is the best we can do. What you are being taught here is an amalgam of
current prejudice and the choices of this particular culture. The
slightest look at history will show how impermanent these must be. You
are being taught by people who have been able to accommodate themselves
to a regime of thought laid down by their predecessors. It is a self-
perpetuating system. Those of you who are more robust and individual
than others will be encouraged to leave and find ways of educating
yourself — educating your own judgements. Those that stay must
remember, always, and all the time, that they are being moulded and
patterned to fit into the narrow and particular needs of this particular
society."  
--Doris Lessing
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Doris_Lessing>

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[Daily article] October 21: S. O. Davies Published On

Stephen Owen Davies (died 25 February 1972) was a Welsh coal miner and
Labour Party politician who was Member of Parliament for Merthyr Tydfil
from 1934 to 1972. In 1918 he became miners' agent for the Dowlais
district of the South Wales Miners' Federation, and in 1924 was
appointed its chief organiser, legal adviser, and vice-president.
Elected to parliament in 1934, Davies consistently defied official
Labour policy to champion causes such as disarmament and Welsh
nationalism, with a persistence that brought him several suspensions and
ensured that he was never offered ministerial office. After a spoil heap
at a coal mine collapsed in the village of Aberfan on 21 October 1966
killing 116 schoolchildren and 28 adults, Davies controversially said
that he had long thought that it was unsafe. He had not reported his
suspicions for fear that an enquiry would cause the closures of local
pits. In 1970 he was deselected as parliamentary candidate by his local
party association on account of his age, but won the seat in the general
election as an Independent, a rare example in British politics of an
independent candidate defeating a major party's organisation.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._O._Davies>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1096:

The Seljuk forces of Kilij Arslan destroyed the army of the
People's Crusade as it marched toward Nicaea.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Crusade>

1858:

French composer Jacques Offenbach's operetta Orpheus in the
Underworld, featuring music most associated with the can-can (audio
featured) was first performed at the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens in
Paris.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus_in_the_Underworld>

1910:

HMS Niobe arrived in Halifax Harbour to become the first large
ship of the Royal Canadian Navy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Niobe_(1897)>

1966:

A coal tip fell on the village of Aberfan, Wales, killing 144
people, mostly schoolchildren.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberfan_disaster>

1983:

At the seventeenth General Conference on Weights and Measures,
the length of a metre was redefined as the distance light travels in
vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

parking ticket:
1. A legal summons issued for parking a motor vehicle in a place where such
parking is restricted, or beyond the time paid for.
2. A small ticket issued as proof of payment for the right to park a motor
vehicle.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parking_ticket>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All knowledge is local, all truth is partial. … No truth can
make another truth untrue. All knowledge is part of the whole knowledge.
… Once you have seen the larger pattern, you cannot get back to seeing
the part as the whole.  
--Ursula K. Le Guin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin>

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[Daily article] October 20: No. 91 Wing RAAF Published On

No. 91 (Composite) Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) wing
active during the Korean War and its immediate aftermath. It was formed
on 20 October 1950 to administer No. 77 (Fighter) Squadron, No. 30
Communications Flight, No. 391 (Base) Squadron, and No. 491
(Maintenance) Squadron. The wing and its units were headquartered at
Iwakuni, Japan, except for No. 77 Squadron, which was based in Korea
and tasked by the US Fifth Air Force. No. 30 Flight was re-designated
No. 30 Communications Unit in November 1950, No. 30 Transport Unit a
year later, and No. 36 (Transport) Squadron in March 1953. Operating
mainly C-47 Dakotas, it undertook medical evacuation, cargo and troop
transport, and courier flights. No. 77 Squadron converted from P-51
Mustangs to Gloster Meteors (pictured) between April and July 1951, and
operated primarily in the ground attack role. It remained in Korea on
garrison duty following the July 1953 armistice, and returned to
Australia in November 1954; No. 491 Squadron disbanded the same month.
No. 36 Squadron returned to Australia in March 1955; the following
month, No. 391 Squadron and No. 91 Wing headquarters disbanded.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._91_Wing_RAAF>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1572:

Eighty Years' War: Soldiers of the Spanish Tercios waded across
the river Scheldt at its mouth, walking overnight in water to chest
height, to relieve the siege of Goes in the Spanish Netherlands.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_of_Goes>

1818:

The United Kingdom and the United States signed the Treaty of
1818, which settled the Canada–United States border on the 49th
parallel between the Rocky Mountains and Lake of the Woods.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_1818>

1941:

World War II: German soldiers began a massacre of thousands of
civilians in Kragujevac in Nazi-occupied Serbia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kragujevac_massacre>

1986:

Aeroflot Flight 6502 crashed on approach to Kurumoch Airport in
Samara (then Kuibyshev in the Soviet Union), killing 70 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroflot_Flight_6502>

2011:

Libyan Civil War: Muammar Gaddafi, the deposed leader of Libya,
was captured during the Battle of Sirte and killed less than an hour
later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Muammar_Gaddafi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

creature comfort:
(idiomatic, often plural) Any small item or detail that makes a person
feel comfortable and at home.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/creature_comfort>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Denounce ye not one another, ere the Day-Star of ancient eternity
shineth forth above the horizon of His sublimity. We have created you
from one tree and have caused you to be as the leaves and fruit of the
same tree, that haply ye may become a source of comfort to one another.
Regard ye not others save as ye regard your own selves, that no feeling
of aversion may prevail amongst you so as to shut you out from Him Whom
God shall make manifest on the Day of Resurrection. It behooveth you all
to be one indivisible people; thus should ye return unto Him Whom God
shall make manifest.  
--The Báb
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b>

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[Daily article] October 19: Komm, du süße Todesstunde, BWV 161 Published On

Komm, du süße Todesstunde (Come, o sweet hour of death), BWV 161, is a
church cantata composed by Johann Sebastian Bach in Weimar for the 16th
Sunday after Trinity Sunday, and probably first performed in 1716. The
text, provided by the court poet Salomon Franck, was based on the
prescribed gospel reading about the young man from Nain, and reflected
on longing for death, seen as a transition to a life united with Jesus.
The cantata in six movements opens with alternating arias and
recitatives, leading to a chorus and a concluding chorale, a stanza of
the hymn "Herzlich tut mich verlangen" by Christoph Knoll. The chorale
tune appears in the first movement, played by the organ, providing a
unity to the composition. Bach scored the work for alto and tenor
soloists, a four-part choir, and a Baroque chamber ensemble of
recorders, strings and continuo. In one recitative, he creates the
images of sleep, of waking up, and of funeral bells. Although the
libretto was published in a collection in 1715, Bach probably did not
perform it until September 1716, due to a long period of public mourning
in the duchy for the brother of Duke Ernst August.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komm,_du_s%C3%BC%C3%9Fe_Todesstunde,_BWV_161>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1469:

Ferdinand II of Aragon married Isabella I of Castile (both
pictured), a marriage that paved the way to the unification of Aragon
and Castile into a single country, Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile>

1864:

American Civil War: Despite incurring nearly twice as many
casualties as the Confederates, the Union Army emerged victorious in the
Battle of Cedar Creek.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cedar_Creek>

1900:

German physicist Max Planck produced his law of black body
emission, a pioneer result of modern physics and quantum theory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_law>

1943:

Streptomycin, the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis, was
first isolated by researchers at Rutgers University.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycin>

1986:

President of Mozambique Samora Machel and 43 others were killed
when his presidential aircraft crashed in the Lebombo Mountains just
inside the border of South Africa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samora_Machel>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Pullman:
1. (rail transport, US) A railroad passenger car; especially one of the
luxurious ones named after the eponymous Pullman Palace Car Company.
2. A train made up of Pullman coaches.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pullman>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Be substantially great in thyself, and more than thou appearest
unto others.  
--Thomas Browne
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Thomas_Browne>

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[Daily article] October 18: Freida Pinto Published On

Freida Pinto (born 18 October 1984) is an Indian actress who has
appeared mainly in American and British films. Born and raised in
Mumbai, she decided to become an actress at a young age. She was
educated at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, where she took part in amateur
plays. After graduation, she briefly worked as a model and then as a
television presenter. Pinto made her cinematic debut with the British
drama Slumdog Millionaire (2008), for which she received several
nominations at the British Academy Film Awards, the MTV Movie Awards and
the Teen Choice Awards. Her biggest commercial success came with the
2011 science fiction film Rise of the Planet of the Apes. The same year,
she portrayed the title character in Michael Winterbottom's Trishna. Her
performance in the biographical film Desert Dancer (2014) received
critical acclaim. Although the Indian media has credited Pinto with
breaking stereotypes of Indian women in foreign films, she has been a
lesser-known figure in Indian cinema. She is a vocal advocate for
underprivileged children and women.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freida_Pinto>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1009:

Under orders from Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church now within the walled
Old City of Jerusalem, was destroyed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre>

1356:

The most significant earthquake to have occurred in Central
Europe in recorded history destroyed Basel, Switzerland, and caused much
destruction in a vast region extending into France and Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1356_Basel_earthquake>

1775:

American Revolutionary War: In an act of retaliation against
ports that supported Patriot activities in the early stages of the war,
the Royal Navy destroyed what is now Portland, Maine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Falmouth>

1954:

The first commercial transistor radio, the Regency TR-1, was
introduced in Indianapolis, Indiana, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor_radio>

2007:

A suicide attack on a motorcade carrying former Prime Minister
of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto in Karachi caused at least 139 deaths and 450
injuries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Karsaz_attack>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chintzy:
1. Of or decorated with chintz.
2. (figuratively) Tastelessly showy; cheap, gaudy, or tacky.
3. (figuratively) Excessively reluctant to spend; miserly, stingy.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chintzy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The past is to be respected and acknowledged, but not to be
worshipped. It is our future in which we will find our greatness.
 
--Pierre Trudeau
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau>

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[Daily article] October 17: Melford Stevenson Published On

Melford Stevenson (17 October 1902 – 26 December 1987) was an English
High Court judge. He was Judge Advocate at the 1945 war crimes trial of
submariners from the U-852 for the Peleus affair. In 1954 Stevenson
represented the UK Government during Jomo Kenyatta's unsuccessful appeal
against his conviction for his part in the Mau Mau Uprising. He
represented the litigants in the Crichel Down affair, which led to
changes in the law on compulsory purchase. In 1955 he defended Ruth
Ellis, the last woman to be executed in the UK, and in 1957 took part in
the unsuccessful prosecution of suspected serial killer John Bodkin
Adams. As a High Court judge he gave life sentences in 1969 to the Kray
twins for murder, and in 1971 gave Jake Prescott of the Angry Brigade
fifteen years for conspiracy to cause explosions. When another judge,
Sir Robin Dunn, described him as "the worst judge since the war", Lord
Roskill pointed out that Stevenson could be merciful to those he saw as
victims. He retired in 1979, and died in 1987.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melford_Stevenson>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1558:

Poczta Polska, the Polish postal service, was founded by order
of King Sigismund II Augustus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Poland>

1604:

German astronomer Johannes Kepler observed an exceptionally
bright star, now known as Kepler's Supernova (remnant nebula pictured),
which had suddenly appeared in the constellation Ophiuchus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepler%27s_Supernova>

1943:

The Empire of Japan completed the Burma Railway to support its
forces in the Burma Campaign of World War II at the cost of
approximately 100,000 lives of forced labourers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Railway>

1989:

The 6.9 Mw Loma Prieta earthquake struck California's San
Francisco Bay Area, killing 63 people, injuring 3,757, and leaving at
least 8,000 homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Loma_Prieta_earthquake>

2001:

Israeli Minister of Tourism Rehavam Ze'evi became the first
Israeli minister to be assassinated in a terrorist attack.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehavam_Ze%27evi>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chiromancer:
One who practices chiromancy; a palm reader.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chiromancer>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Poetry, as nearly as I can understand it, is a statement in words
about a human experience, whether the experience be real or
hypothetical, major or minor; but it is a statement of a particular
kind. Words are symbols for concepts, and the philosopher or scientist
endeavors as far as may be to use them with reference to nothing save
their conceptual content. Most words, however, connote feelings and
perceptions, and the poet, like the writer of imaginative prose,
endeavors to use them with reference not only to their denotations but
to their connotations as well. Such writers endeavor to communicate not
only concepts, arranged, presumably, either in rational order or in an
order of apprehensible by the rational mind, but the feeling or emotion
which the rational content ought properly to arouse.  
--Yvor Winters
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Yvor_Winters>

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[Daily article] October 16: History of Ipswich Town F.C. Published On

Ipswich Town F.C. has a long history as an English association football
club based in Ipswich, Suffolk. Founded on 16 October 1878, they have
played at Portman Road, their home stadium, since 1884. They won their
first trophy in the 1886–87 season over Ipswich School in the Suffolk
Challenge Cup. The team played amateur football until 1936 when they
turned professional and were elected into the Southern League. On 30 May
1938 they were elected into Division Three of the Football League in
place of Gillingham F.C. They won the Football League Championship in
1961–62, one season after winning promotion from the Second Division.
A decade later, under the guidance of Bobby Robson (pictured), they
achieved success both in the FA Cup and in European competition, winning
the UEFA Cup in 1981. Both Robson and Sir Alf Ramsey moved on from
Ipswich to manage the England national football team, presiding over the
team's best results in the World Cup: fourth place in 1990 and world
champions in 1966.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Ipswich_Town_F.C.>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1793:

Marie Antoinette, queen consort of Louis XVI, was guillotined
at the Place de la Révolution in Paris at the height of the French
Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette>

1841:

The Church of Scotland established Queen's College in Kingston,
Ontario, Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University>

1916:

Margaret Sanger established the United States' first family
planning clinic in Brooklyn, New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger>

1986:

Italian mountaineer Reinhold Messner made his ascent of Lhotse,
making him the first person to climb all fourteen "eight-thousanders".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Messner>

1996:

At least 83 people were killed and more than 140 injured in a
stampede at Guatemala City's Estadio Mateo Flores during a 1998 FIFA
World Cup qualification match between Guatemala and Costa Rica.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Doroteo_Guamuch_Flores>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

food desert:
Somewhere where food, especially healthy food, is difficult to obtain.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/food_desert>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All art is at once surface and symbol. Those who go beneath the
surface do so at their peril. Those who read the symbol do so at their
peril. It is the spectator, and not life, that art really mirrors.
Diversity of opinion about a work of art shows that the work is new,
complex, and vital.  
--The Picture of Dorian Gray
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray>

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[Daily article] October 15: H-58 (Michigan county highway) Published On

H-58 is a county-designated highway in the US state of Michigan that
runs east–west 69 miles (111 km) between the communities of Munising
and Deer Park in the Upper Peninsula. The western section is routed
through Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore, a national park on Lake
Superior that was created on October 15, 1966, and through the adjacent
Lake Superior State Forest in Alger County. A roadway was present along
parts of today's H-58 by the late 1920s; initially, this gravel and
earth county road between Munising and Kingston Corners connected with
other roads to Grand Marais. In the 1930s, another segment was built to
connect to Deer Park and to fill in the gap between Kingston Corners and
Grand Marais. The H-58 designation was created after the county-
designated highway system itself was formed in 1970. Federal legislation
from the 1990s allowed the National Park Service to fund improvements to
H-58 as the main access road to the park. Paving projects were completed
between 2006 and 2010 along the entire length of H-58 in Alger County;
the segment in Luce County is still a gravel road.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-58_(Michigan_county_highway)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1529:

The Siege of Vienna ended as the Austrians repelled the
invading Turks, turning the tide against almost a century of unchecked
conquest throughout eastern and central Europe by the Ottoman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna>

1894:

Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish artillery officer in the French
military, was wrongly arrested for treason.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair>

1932:

Air India (aircraft pictured), the flag carrier airline of
India, began operations under the name Tata Airlines.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_India>

1951:

Mexican chemist Luis E. Miramontes completed the first
synthesis of norethisterone, the progestin that would later be used in
one of the first two oral contraceptives.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_E._Miramontes>

2006:

An offshore earthquake measuring 6.7 Mw occurred 10 km (6
miles) southwest of the Island of Hawaii.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Hawaii_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pip pip:
1. (Britain, colloquial) Goodbye; cheerio, toodeloo (toodle-oo), toodle pip
(mostly used by the upper classes).
2. (Britain, colloquial) A general greeting, mostly used by the upper
classes.
3. (Britain, colloquial) Used to create enthusiasm, mostly by the upper
classes.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pip_pip>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  This is my belief: that through difficulties and problems God
gives us the opportunity to grow. So when your hopes and dreams and
goals are dashed, search among the wreckage, you may find a golden
opportunity hidden in the ruins.  
--A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam>

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[Daily article] October 14: Norman conquest of England Published On

The Norman conquest of England was the invasion and occupation of
England by an army of Norman, Breton, and French soldiers, led by Duke
William II of Normandy, later styled as William the Conqueror. The
invasion culminated in the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066.
William's claim to the English throne derived from his familial
relationship with the childless Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor,
who died in January 1066 and was succeeded by his brother-in-law Harold
Godwinson. After the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada invaded northern
England in September, Harold defeated and killed him at the Battle of
Stamford Bridge. Within days, William landed in southern England. Harold
marched south to confront him, but left a significant portion of his
army in the north, and was defeated and killed by William's force at
Hastings. William faced rebellions for years, and was not secure on his
throne until after 1072. He confiscated the lands of the resisting
English elite, some of whom fled into exile. To control his new kingdom,
William gave lands to his followers and built castles commanding
military strongpoints.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1863:

American Civil War: In the Battle of Bristoe Station, the Union
II Corps was able to surprise and repel the Confederate attack on the
Union rear guard, resulting in a Union victory.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bristoe_Station>

1888:

French inventor Louis Le Prince filmed Roundhay Garden Scene,
the earliest surviving motion picture, in Roundhay, Leeds, West
Yorkshire, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince>

1913:

The worst mining accident in the United Kingdom's history took
place when an explosion took the lives of 439 people at the Universal
Colliery in Senghenydd, Wales.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senghenydd_colliery_disaster>

1956:

B. R. Ambedkar, a leader of India's "Untouchable" caste,
publicly converted to Buddhism, becoming the leader of the Dalit
Buddhist movement.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalit_Buddhist_movement>

1973:

After student protests against the Thai military government
turned to violence, King Bhumibol Adulyadej announced that Prime
Minister Thanom Kittikachorn had resigned.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Thai_popular_uprising>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sich:
(historical) An administrative and military centre for the Zaporozhian
and Danube Cossacks.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sich>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Character in many ways is everything in leadership. It is made up
of many things, but I would say character is really integrity. When you
delegate something to a subordinate, for example, it is absolutely your
responsibility, and he must understand this. You as a leader must take
complete responsibility for what the subordinate does. I once said, as a
sort of wisecrack, that leadership consists of nothing but taking
responsibility for everything that goes wrong and giving your
subordinates credit for everything that goes well.  
--Dwight D. Eisenhower
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower>

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[Daily article] October 13: Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990 Published On

The Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990 entered the atmosphere
above Czechoslovakia and Poland and, after 9.8 seconds, returned to
space. Named EN131090, the 44-kilogram (97 lb) meteoroid was observed
travelling 409 kilometres (254 mi) at a speed of 42 km/s (26 mi/s) by
cameras of the European Fireball Network. Its apparent magnitude peaked
at −6.3, several times brighter than Venus's peak magnitude.
Observations of such events are quite rare; this was the second recorded
by scientific astronomical instruments (after the 1972 Great Daylight
Fireball) and the first recorded from two distant positions, which
enabled the calculation of several of its orbital characteristics. The
encounter with Earth significantly changed its orbit and, to a smaller
extent, some of its physical properties, including its mass and the
structure of its upper layer. If the meteoroid had reached the lower
atmosphere, it would have overheated and exploded high above the ground,
leaving at most a few small meteorites that posed no danger to the
Earth's surface.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth-grazing_meteoroid_of_13_October_1990>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1710:

Queen Anne's War: The French surrender ending the Siege of Port
Royal gave the British permanent possession of Nova Scotia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Port_Royal_(1710)>

1812:

War of 1812: British troops and Mohawk warriors repelled an
American invasion from across the Niagara River at the Battle of
Queenston Heights near Queenston, Ontario.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights>

1911:

Prince Arthur, a son of Queen Victoria, became the first
Governor General of Canada of royal descent, as well as the first Prince
of Great Britain and Ireland to hold that position.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn>

1921:

The Soviet republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and
Georgia signed the Treaty of Kars with the Grand National Assembly of
Turkey to establish the contemporary borders between Turkey and the
South Caucasus states.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars>

1958:

The first book featuring the English children's literature
character Paddington Bear (statue pictured), created by Michael Bond and
primarily illustrated by Peggy Fortnum, was published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_Bear>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

overnourished:
1. Excessively nourished.
2. (often euphemistic) Overweight.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overnourished>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It may be the cock that crows, but it is the hen that lays the
eggs.  
--Margaret Thatcher
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher>

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[Daily article] October 12: Gold dollar Published On

The gold dollar was a coin struck as a regular issue by the United
States Bureau of the Mint from 1849 to 1889. The coin had three types
over its lifetime, all designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B.
Longacre. The Type 1 issue had the smallest diameter of any United
States coin ever minted. A gold dollar had been proposed several times
in the 1830s and 1840s, but was not initially adopted. Congress was
finally galvanized into action by the increased supply of bullion from
the California gold rush, and in 1849 authorized a gold dollar. In its
early years, silver coins were being hoarded or exported, and the gold
dollar found a ready place in commerce. Silver again circulated after
Congress required in 1853 that new coins of that metal be made lighter,
and the gold dollar became a rarity in commerce even before federal
coins vanished from circulation amid the economic disruption of the
American Civil War. Gold did not circulate again in most of the nation
until 1879, and even then, the gold dollar did not regain its place in
commerce. In its final years, struck in small numbers, it was hoarded by
speculators and mounted in jewelry.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_dollar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1847:

Werner von Siemens, a German inventor, founded Siemens &
Halske, which later became Siemens, the largest engineering company in
Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens>

1871:

The Criminal Tribes Act entered into force in British India,
giving law enforcement sweeping powers to arrest, control, and monitor
the movements of the members of 160 specific ethnic or social
communities that were defined as "habitually criminal".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Tribes_Act>

1917:

First World War: New Zealand troops suffered 2,735 casualties,
including 845 deaths, in the First Battle of Passchendaele, making it
the nation's largest loss of life in one day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Passchendaele>

1960:

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev reportedly pounded his shoe on
a desk during the Plenary Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly
in response to Filipino delegate Lorenzo Sumulong's assertion of Soviet
colonial policy being conducted in Eastern Europe.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoe-banging_incident>

1992:

A 5.8 MB earthquake struck south of Cairo, Egypt, killing 545
people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Cairo_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mantilla:
1. A lace veil of Spanish origin worn over a woman's hair and shoulders.
2. A woman's light cloak or cape made of silk, velvet, lace, or other
material.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mantilla>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  And this shall be a statute for ever unto you: that in the seventh
month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and
do no work at all, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger
that sojourneth among you: for on that day shall the priest make an
atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your
sins before the Lord. It shall be a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye
shall afflict your souls, by a statute for ever. And the priest, whom
he shall anoint, and whom he shall consecrate to minister in the
priest's office in his father's stead, shall make the atonement, and
shall put on the linen clothes, even the holy garments: and he shall
make an atonement for the holy sanctuary, and he shall make an atonement
for the tabernacle of the congregation, and for the altar, and he shall
make an atonement for the priests, and for all the people of the
congregation. And this shall be an everlasting statute unto you, to
make an atonement for the children of Israel for all their sins once a
year.  
--Book of Leviticus
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus>

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[Daily article] October 11: Zapata rail Published On

The Zapata rail (Cyanolimnas cerverai) is a medium-sized, dark-coloured
rail. It has brown upperparts, greyish-blue underparts, a red-based
yellow bill, white undertail coverts, and red eyes and legs. Its short
wings render it almost flightless. It is endemic to the wetlands of the
Zapata Peninsula in southern Cuba, where its only known nest was found
in sawgrass tussocks. Little is known of its diet or reproductive
behaviour, and its described calls may belong to a different species.
The Zapata rail was discovered by Spanish zoologist Fermín Zanón
Cervera in March 1927 in the Zapata Swamp near Santo Tomás, in the
southern Matanzas Province of Cuba. The swamp holds one other bird found
nowhere else, the Zapata wren, and also gives its name to the Zapata
sparrow. Due to ongoing habitat loss in its limited range, its small
population size, and predation by introduced mammals and catfish, the
Zapata rail is evaluated as critically endangered on the International
Union for the Conservation of Nature's Red List of threatened species.
The swamp is listed as an internationally important wetland by the
Convention on Wetlands.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapata_rail>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1311:

The peerage and clergy of the Kingdom of England imposed the
Ordinances of 1311 to restrict King Edward II's powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinances_of_1311>

1614:

A group of merchants led by Adriaen Block presented a petition
to the States General of the Netherlands to receive exclusive trading
privileges for the New Netherland colony.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaen_Block>

1797:

French Revolutionary Wars: The Royal Navy captured eleven Dutch
Navy ships without any losses in the Battle of Camperdown.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown>

1941:

Armed insurgents from the People's Liberation Army of Macedonia
attacked Axis-occupied zones in the city of Prilep, beginning the
National Liberation War of Macedonia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia>

1968:

Apollo 7 (lift-off pictured), the first manned mission of
NASA's Apollo program, and the first three-man American space mission,
launched from Complex 34 in Cape Canaveral, Florida.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_7>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Nikon choir:
(chiefly Britain, idiomatic) A large group of photographers
simultaneously capturing images of a celebrity, producing numerous
photographic flashes along with an accompanying din of clicking camera
shutters.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nikon_choir>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We face the future fortified with the lessons we have learned from
the past. It is today that we must create the world of the future.
 
--Eleanor Roosevelt
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt>

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[Daily article] October 10: Wendell Willkie Published On

Wendell Willkie (1892–1944) was an American corporate executive and
the 1940 Republican candidate for president. In 1933 he became president
of Commonwealth & Southern Corporation (C&S;), a utility holding
company. He fought against President Franklin Roosevelt's Tennessee
Valley Authority (TVA), a publicly owned competitor of C&S; though
unsuccessful, he sold C&S;'s property to the TVA for a good price, and
gained public esteem. A longtime Democratic activist, Willkie changed
his party registration to Republican in late 1939. He did not run in the
1940 presidential primaries, but positioned himself as an acceptable
choice for a deadlocked convention. As German forces under Hitler
rampaged through Western Europe in the spring of 1940, many Republicans
did not wish to nominate an isolationist like Thomas E. Dewey, and
turned to Willkie, who was nominated on the sixth ballot. His support
for aid to Britain paralleled Roosevelt's, defying Republican
opposition. Roosevelt won a third term, taking 38 of the 48 states and
55 percent of the vote. Willkie made two wartime foreign trips as
Roosevelt's informal envoy.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendell_Willkie>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

680:

Husayn ibn Ali, grandson of Muhammad, was killed in the Battle
of Karbala by the forces of Yazid I, whom Husayn had refused to
recognise as caliph.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala>

1780:

One of the deadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record struck the
Caribbean Sea, killing at least 22,000 people over the next several
days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hurricane_of_1780>

1846:

English astronomer William Lassell discovered Triton, the
largest moon of the planet Neptune.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_(moon)>

1943:

World War II: The Kempeitai, the military police arm of the
Imperial Japanese Army, arrested and tortured over 50 civilians and
civilian internees on suspicion of their involvement in a raid on
Singapore Harbour during Operation Jaywick.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Tenth_incident>

1998:

General Augusto Pinochet was indicted for human rights
violations committed in his native Chile and arrested in London six days
later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment_and_arrest_of_Augusto_Pinochet>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

biannual:
1. Occurring twice a year; semiannual.
2. (proscribed, through conflation with biennial) Occurring once every
two years; biennial.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/biannual>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I do not think that any civilization can be called complete until
it has progressed from sophistication to unsophistication, and made a
conscious return to simplicity of thinking and living, and I call no man
wise until he has made the progress from the wisdom of knowledge to the
wisdom of foolishness, and become a laughing philosopher, feeling first
life's tragedy and then life's comedy. For we must weep before we can
laugh. Out of sadness comes the awakening, and out of the awakening
comes the laughter of the philosopher, with kindliness and tolerance to
boot.  
--Lin Yutang
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lin_Yutang>

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[Daily article] October 9: Russian battleship Potemkin Published On

The Russian battleship Potemkin was a pre-dreadnought battleship built
for the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet and launched 9 October
1900. The crew's rebellion against the officers in June 1905 (during
that year's revolution) is now viewed as a first step towards the
Russian Revolution of 1917. After the mutineers sought asylum in
Constanța, Romania, and the Russians recovered the ship, her name was
changed to Panteleimon. She accidentally sank a Russian submarine in
1909 and was badly damaged when she ran aground in 1911. During World
War I, Panteleimon participated in the Battle of Cape Sarych in late
1914 and covered several bombardments of the Ottoman Bosphorus
fortifications in early 1915. The ship was relegated to secondary roles
after the first Russian dreadnought battleship entered service in late
1915. Panteleimon was captured when the Germans took Sevastopol in May
1918 and was handed over to the Allies after the Armistice in November
1918. She was abandoned when the White Russians evacuated the Crimea in
1920 and was finally scrapped by the Soviets in 1923. The 1905 mutiny
inspired Sergei Eisenstein's 1925 silent propaganda film The Battleship
Potemkin.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_battleship_Potemkin>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1446:

Scholars in the court of Sejong the Great promulgated the new
Korean alphabet, now known as Hangul (sample pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul>

1831:

Ioannis Kapodistrias, the Greek head of state and the founder
of Greek independence, was assassinated in Nafplion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias>

1913:

The ocean liner SS Volturno caught fire in the middle of a
gale in the North Atlantic, burned, and sank, resulting in about 130
deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Volturno_(1906)>

1986:

The Phantom of the Opera, a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber
currently the longest-running Broadway show in history, opened in
London's West End.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(1986_musical)>

2006:

North Korea conducted a nuclear test, reportedly near Kilchu,
with an explosive force of less than one kiloton, that was condemned and
denounced by many countries and the United Nations Security Council.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

up sticks:
(Britain, colloquial) To go live in a different place.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/up_sticks>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The celebrated Mr. K. Performs his feat on Saturday at Bishops
Gate The Hendersons will dance and sing As Mr. Kite flies through the
ring don't be late Messrs. K and H. assure the public Their production
will be second to none And of course Henry the Horse dances the waltz!
 
--John Lennon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Lennon>

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[Daily article] October 8: 2006 UAW-Ford 500 Published On

The 2006 UAW-Ford 500 was an American stock car racing competition. Held
on October 8 at Talladega Superspeedway, the 188-lap race was the 30th
in the 2006 NASCAR Nextel Cup Series and the fourth in the ten-race,
season-ending Chase for the Nextel Cup. Brian Vickers (pictured) of
Hendrick Motorsports won the first race of his career; Kasey Kahne
finished second, and Kurt Busch came in third. David Gilliland, who had
the pole position, was passed immediately by teammate Dale Jarrett. The
race lead changed 63 times, with Dale Earnhardt Jr. leading for the most
laps (37). On the final lap, Jimmie Johnson and Vickers made a move to
pass Earnhardt, but Vickers clipped Johnson. Then Johnson clipped
Earnhardt, and both were knocked into the infield. The race was halted,
giving Vickers the win, although the crowd booed, and he was later
criticized for hurting his teammate Johnson in the points standings.
After the race Jeff Burton maintained his Drivers' Championship points
lead, while Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers'
Championship, 51 points ahead of Dodge and 52 ahead of Ford with six
races remaining in the season.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_UAW-Ford_500>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

451:

The Council of Chalcedon, a Christian ecumenical council,
opened, and went on to repudiate the Eutychian doctrine of monophysitism
and set forth the Chalcedonian Creed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon>

1076:

Demetrius Zvonimir, the last native king who exerted any real
power over the entire Croatian state, was crowned.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demetrius_Zvonimir_of_Croatia>

1897:

Composer Gustav Mahler was appointed the director of the Vienna
Court Opera.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Mahler>

1952:

Three trains collided (wreckage pictured) at Harrow &
Wealdstone station in London killing 112 people and injuring 340.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_and_Wealdstone_rail_crash>

2001:

In response to the September 11 attacks, U.S. President George
W. Bush announced the creation of the Office of Homeland Security, with
former Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge as its director.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

John Hancock:
(idiomatic) One's signature.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/John_Hancock>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Every day that we allow ourselves to take things for granted,
every day that we allow some little physical infirmity or worldly worry
to come between us and our obstinate, indignant, defiant exultation, we
are weakening our genius for life.  
--John Cowper Powys
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys>

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