[Daily article] November 30: Scotland national football team Published On

The Scotland national football team has represented Scotland in
association football since the world's first international football
match on St. Andrew's Day (Scotland's National Day), 30 November 1872.
Controlled by the Scottish Football Association, the team competes in
the two major professional tournaments, the FIFA World Cup and the UEFA
European Championship, but not the Olympic Games. Most of their home
matches are played at the national stadium, Hampden Park. They have a
long-standing rivalry with England, with annual matches from 1872 until
1989, and six matches since then. They have qualified for the FIFA World
Cup on eight occasions and the UEFA European Championship twice; they
have never progressed beyond the first group stage of a finals
tournament, but they did once beat the FIFA World Cup winners –
England, in 1967. Their supporters are collectively known as the Tartan
Army. The Scottish Football Association operates a roll of honour for
every player who has made more than 50 appearances for the team. Kenny
Dalglish, with 102 appearances between 1971 and 1986, holds the record
for Scotland; he also shares the record for goals scored (30), with
Denis Law.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_national_football_team>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1700:

Great Northern War: Swedish forces led by King Charles XII
defeated the Russian army of Tsar Peter the Great at the Battle of
Narva.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1700)>

1853:

Russian warships led by Pavel Nakhimov destroyed an Ottoman
fleet of frigates at the Battle of Sinop, precipitating the Crimean War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_War>

1962:

Burmese diplomat U Thant became United Nations Secretary-
General, following the death of Dag Hammarskjöld in September 1961.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Thant>

1979:

The Wall, a rock opera and concept album by Pink Floyd, was
first released.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall>

1993:

US President Bill Clinton signed the Brady Handgun Violence
Prevention Act into law, requiring purchasers of handguns to pass a
background check.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brady_Handgun_Violence_Prevention_Act>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

saltire:
1. (heraldry) An ordinary (geometric design) in the shape of an X. It
usually occupies the entire field in which it is placed.
2. The Saint Andrew's cross, the flag of Scotland.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saltire>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Laws are like Cobwebs which may catch small Flies, but let Wasps
and Hornets break through. But in Oratory the greatest Art is to hide
Art.  
--Jonathan Swift
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift>

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[Daily article] November 29: SMS Lützow Published On

SMS Lützow was the second Derfflinger-class battlecruiser built by the
German Imperial Navy before World War I. Launched on 29 November 1913,
the ship was named in honor of the Prussian general Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm
von Lützow who fought in the Napoleonic Wars. Due to engine damage
during trials, Lützow did not join the I Scouting Group until March
1916. She missed most of the major actions conducted by the German
battlecruiser force, taking part in only one bombardment operation, at
Yarmouth and Lowestoft, on 24–25 April 1916. One month after becoming
Admiral Franz von Hipper's flagship, Lützow sank the British
battlecruiser HMS Invincible during the Battle of Jutland (31 May –
1 June); she is sometimes given credit for sinking the armored cruiser
HMS Defence as well. Heavily damaged by around 24 heavy-caliber shell
hits that flooded her bow, the ship was unable to make the return voyage
to German ports. Her crew was evacuated and she was sunk by torpedoes
fired by one of her escorts, the torpedo boat G38.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_L%C3%BCtzow>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1549:

After the death of Pope Paul III, a papal conclave with an
unprecedented number of cardinal electors convened to determine his
successor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_conclave,_1549%E2%80%9350>

1899:

FC Barcelona, one of the most successful clubs in Spanish
football, was founded by Swiss football pioneer Joan Gamper.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona>

1929:

American explorer Richard E. Byrd and three others completed
the first flight over the South Pole.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Byrd>

1963:

Five minutes after takeoff from Montreal, Trans-Canada Air
Lines Flight 831 crashed, killing all 118 people aboard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Canada_Air_Lines_Flight_831>

2012:

The United Nations General Assembly voted to accord non-member
observer state status to Palestine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_resolution_67/19>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pink-collar:
Of or pertaining to employees in predominately female service
industries.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pink-collar>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Critics who treat adult as a term of approval, instead of as a
merely descriptive term, cannot be adult themselves. To be concerned
about being grown up, to admire the grown up because it is grown up, to
blush at the suspicion of being childish; these things are the marks of
childhood and adolescence. And in childhood and adolescence they are, in
moderation, healthy symptoms. Young things ought to want to grow. But to
carry on into middle life or even into early manhood this concern about
being adult is a mark of really arrested development. When I was ten, I
read fairy tales in secret and would have been ashamed if I had been
found doing so. Now that I am fifty I read them openly. When I became a
man I put away childish things, including the fear of childishness and
the desire to be very grown up.  
--C. S. Lewis
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis>

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[Daily article] November 28: Keith Miller with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 Published On

The Australian cricketer Keith Miller toured England in 1948 as a member
of The Invincibles, a team that went undefeated in their 34 tour
matches. Miller (28 November 1919 – 11 October 2004) was an all-
rounder: a fast bowler and a right-handed middle-order batsman. Don
Bradman, the team captain, typically used him and Ray Lindwall in short
bursts with the new ball. Miller took 13 wickets at an average of 26.28,
playing a key role in subduing England's leading batsmen, Len Hutton and
Denis Compton, with a barrage of short-pitched bowling. In the First
Test, Miller took seven wickets, including Hutton and Compton twice,
bearing a large part of the bowling workload. With the bat, he scored
184 runs in the Tests at an average of 23.15, including 74 in the second
innings of the Second Test at Lord's, and a rapid 58 in the Fourth Test
that helped Australia regain the momentum in the match. In all first-
class matches on the tour, he took 56 wickets at 17.58 and scored 1,088
runs at 47.30. A carefree cricketer, Miller was seen as charismatic; his
joie de vivre on the field alienated his captain, and his friendship
with Princess Margaret was particularly scrutinised by the media.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Miller_with_the_Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

936:

Shi Jingtang was enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin
by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt against Emperor Fei of
Later Tang.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi_Jingtang>

1443:

Having deserted the army of the Ottoman Empire, Skanderbeg went
to Krujë in Middle Albania and using a forged letter from Sultan Murad
II to the Governor of Krujë, became lord of the city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanderbeg>

1905:

Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith first presented his Sinn
Féin policy, declaring that the 1800 Act of Union of Great Britain and
Ireland was illegal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in>

1943:

World War II: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime
Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin (all three
pictured) met at the Tehran Conference to discuss war strategy against
the Axis powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran_Conference>

1971:

Prime Minister of Jordan Wasfi al-Tal was assassinated by the
Black September unit of the Palestine Liberation Organization in Cairo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasfi_al-Tal>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sickle:
(agriculture) An implement having a semicircular blade and short handle,
used for cutting long grass and cereal crops.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sickle>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  He that is down needs fear no fall; He that is low, no pride; He
that is humble, ever shall Have God to be his guide. I am content with
what I have, Little be it or much: And, Lord, contentment still I crave,
Because thou savest such.  
--John Bunyan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Bunyan>

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[Daily article] November 27: Banksia canei Published On

Banksia canei (mountain banksia) is a shrub of the subalpine areas of
the Great Dividing Range between Melbourne and Canberra in southeastern
Australia. First collected on 27 November 1962, it superficially
resembles B. marginata, but is more closely related to another subalpine
species, B. saxicola. Although no subspecies are recognised, four
geographically isolated populations have been described, as there is
significant variation in the shape of both adult and juvenile leaves
between populations. B. canei is generally encountered as a many-
branched shrub with narrow leaves that grows up to 3 m (9.8 ft) high,
with yellow inflorescences (flower spikes) from late summer to early
winter. The old flowers fall off the spikes, and up to 150 finely furred
follicles develop, which remain closed until burnt in a bushfire. Each
follicle bears two winged seeds. Birds such as the yellow-tufted
honeyeater and various insects forage among the flower spikes. B. canei
is frost tolerant in cultivation, but copes less well with aridity or
humidity, and is often short-lived in gardens. One cultivar, Banksia
"Celia Rosser", was registered in 1978, but has vanished.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_canei>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1856:

King-Grand Duke William III unilaterally revised the
constitution of Luxembourg, greatly expanding his powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_Coup_of_1856>

1895:

Swedish chemist and industrialist Alfred Nobel signed his last
will and testament, setting aside the bulk of his estate to establish
the Nobel Prize after his death.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Nobel>

1944:

Between 3,500 and 4,000 tonnes of ordnance exploded at the RAF
Fauld underground munitions storage depot in the largest non-nuclear
explosion in the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Fauld_explosion>

1978:

San Francisco mayor George Moscone and openly gay supervisor
Harvey Milk were assassinated by supervisor Dan White.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscone%E2%80%93Milk_assassinations>

1999:

The Labour Party defeated the governing National Party in the
New Zealand general election, making Labour's Helen Clark the first
woman to win the office of Prime Minister at an election.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Clark>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

garlicky:
Tasting or smelling of garlic.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/garlicky>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Here is a conclusion I've come to after many years: among all
the errors we may have committed, the greatest of them all was that we
believed that someone really knew something about socialism, or that
someone actually knew how to build socialism. It seemed to be a sure
fact, as well-known as the electrical system conceived by those who
thought they were experts in electrical systems. Whenever they said:
"That's the formula", we thought they knew.  
--Fidel Castro
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro>

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[Daily article] November 26: Warlugulong Published On

Warlugulong (1977) is an acrylic painting by Indigenous Australian
artist Clifford Possum Tjapaltjarri. In 2007 it was purchased by the
National Gallery of Australia for A$2.4 million, a record auction price
for a contemporary Indigenous Australian art work. The painting
illustrates eight dreamings of traditional locations the artist had
knowledge of, and depicts the story of an ancestral creature called
Lungkata or the Blue-Tongue Lizard Man, who created bushfire. The
painting portrays the aftermath of a fire caused by Lungkata to punish
his two sons who had not shared a kangaroo with him that they had
caught. The sons' skeletons are on the right-hand side of the image,
shown against a background representing smoke and ashes. The painting
exemplifies a distinctive style developed by Papunya Tula artists in the
1970s, blending representation of landscape with ceremonial iconography.
Art critic Benjamin Genocchio describes it as "a work of real national
significance [and] one of the most important 20th-century Australian
paintings".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlugulong>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1161:

A Song dynasty fleet defeated Jin dynasty ships in a naval
engagement on the Yangtze river during the Jin–Song Wars.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caishi>

1842:

The University of Notre Dame (main administration building
pictured) was founded by Rev. Edward Sorin, of the Congregation of Holy
Cross, as an all-male institution in South Bend, Indiana, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame>

1943:

Second World War: The British troop ship HMT Rohna was sunk in
the Mediterranean by a Luftwaffe bomb, killing more than 1,100 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMT_Rohna>

1983:

Six robbers broke into the Brink's-Mat warehouse at London
Heathrow Airport and stole three tonnes (6,612 lb) of gold bullion,
much of which has never been recovered.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brink%27s-Mat_robbery>

2011:

US-led NATO forces engaged Pakistani security forces at two
Pakistani military checkposts along the Afghanistan–Pakistan border in
a friendly fire incident.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_NATO_attack_in_Pakistan>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

on the wagon:
1. (idiomatic) Abstaining from drinking any alcoholic drink, usually in the
sense of having given it up (as opposed to never having partaken);
teetotal.
2. (by extension) Maintaining a program of self-improvement or abstinence
from some other undesirable habit.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/on_the_wagon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Dreams are reality at its most profound, and what you invent is
truth because invention, by its nature, can't be a lie. Writers who
try to prove something are unattractive to me, because there is nothing
to prove and everything to imagine. So I let words and images emerge
from within. If you do that, you might prove something in the process.
 
--Eugène Ionesco
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco>

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[Daily article] November 25: Killer Instinct Gold Published On

Killer Instinct Gold is a fighting video game based on the arcade game
Killer Instinct 2. It was developed by Rare and initially released on
November 25, 1996, by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game console.
As in other series entries, players press buttons to punch and kick
their opponent in chains of successive hits, known as combos. Large
combo chains lead to stronger attacks and brutal, stylistic finisher
moves. Characters—including a gargoyle, a ninja, and a femme
fatale—fight in settings including a jungle and a spaceship. The Gold
release lacks the arcade version's full-motion video sequences, but adds
a training mode, new camera views, and improved audiovisuals. It was
later included in Rare's 2015 Xbox One retrospective compilation, Rare
Replay. Reviewers appreciated the game's sound and environment
backdrops, but felt that its graphical upgrades and memorization-based
combo gameplay were insufficient when compared to fighting games like
Tekken 2 and Virtua Fighter 2. Gold ultimately did not replicate the
success of its Super NES predecessor, and the series remained dormant
through its 2002 acquisition by Microsoft until its 2013 reboot.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Instinct_Gold>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1120:

William Adelin, the only legitimate son of King Henry I of
England, drowned in the White Ship Disaster, leading to eighteen years
of civil war, a period later known as the Anarchy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Ship>

1491:

Reconquista: The Granada War was effectively brought to an end
with the signing of the Treaty of Granada between Castile-Aragon and the
Emirate of Granada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada_War>

1795:

Stanisław August Poniatowski, the last King of Poland, was
forced to abdicate after the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian
Commonwealth.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski>

1936:

Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan signed the Anti-Comintern
Pact, agreeing that if the Soviet Union attacked one of them, they would
consult each other on what measures to take "to safeguard their common
interests".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact>

1970:

Failing to instigate a military coup to restore the powers of
the Emperor of Japan, author Yukio Mishima publicly committed the ritual
suicide seppuku.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukio_Mishima>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

affluenza:
A feeling of dissatisfaction, anxiety, etc., caused by the dogged and
ongoing pursuit of more goods and possessions.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/affluenza>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The future is too interesting and dangerous to be entrusted to any
predictable, reliable agency. We need all the fallibility we can get.
Most of all, we need to preserve the absolute unpredictability and total
improbability of our connected minds. That way we can keep open all the
options, as we have in the past.  
--Lewis Thomas
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lewis_Thomas>

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[Daily article] November 24: Alben W. Barkley Published On

Alben W. Barkley (November 24, 1877 – April 30, 1956) was the 35th
Vice President of the United States, from 1949 to 1953. He was elected
U.S. Representative from Kentucky's First District in 1912 as a liberal
Democrat, supporting President Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom domestic
agenda and foreign policy. In 1926 he entered the U.S. Senate, where he
supported the New Deal, and was elected to succeed Senate Majority
Leader Joseph T. Robinson upon Robinson's death in 1937. He resigned as
majority leader after President Franklin D. Roosevelt ignored his advice
and vetoed the Revenue Act of 1943, but the veto was overridden and he
was unanimously re-elected to the position. Barkley had a better working
relationship with Harry S. Truman, who ascended to the presidency after
Roosevelt's death in 1945. At the 1948 Democratic National Convention,
Barkley gave a keynote address that energized the delegates. Truman
selected him as a running mate for the upcoming election and the
Democratic ticket scored an upset victory.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1542:

Anglo-Scottish Wars: England captured about 1,200 Scottish
prisoners with its victory in the Battle of Solway Moss.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss>

1859:

On the Origin of Species by British naturalist Charles Darwin
was first published, and sold out its initial print run on the first
day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species>

1906:

A local newspaper accused members of two teams of conspiring to
deliberately lose games, the first major scandal in American football.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_Bulldogs%E2%80%93Massillon_Tigers_betting_scandal>

1922:

Irish Civil War: Author and Irish nationalist Robert Erskine
Childers was executed by the Irish Free State for illegally carrying a
semi-automatic pistol.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Erskine_Childers>

1976:

The Çaldıran-Muradiye earthquake in eastern Turkey killed at
least 4,000 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_%C3%87ald%C4%B1ran%E2%80%93Muradiye_earthquake>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

thank you:
An expression of gratitude or politeness in response to something done
or given.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thank_you>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I am grateful for what I am & have. My thanksgiving is perpetual.
It is surprising how contented one can be with nothing definite — only
a sense of existence. Well, anything for variety. I am ready to try this
for the next 1000 years, & exhaust it. How sweet to think of! My
extremities well charred, and my intellectual part too, so that there is
no danger of worm or rot for a long while. My breath is sweet to me. O
how I laugh when I think of my vague indefinite riches. No run on my
bank can drain it — for my wealth is not possession but enjoyment.
 
--Henry David Thoreau
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau>

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[Daily article] November 23: The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold Published On

The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold is a novel by the British writer Evelyn
Waugh (pictured), his next-to-last full-length work of fiction, first
published in July 1957. He called it his "mad book"—a largely
autobiographical account concerning the early months of 1954 when he was
hallucinating as a result of his addictions. In search of a peaceful
environment in which he could resume writing, he had embarked on a sea
voyage, but was driven to the point of madness by imagined voices. These
experiences are mirrored in the novel: Pinfold, as an antidote to his
weariness and chronic insomnia, is dosing himself with a mixture of
barbiturates and alcohol, and hearing voices that insult, taunt and
threaten him. He is advised that the voices are imaginary, but Pinfold
ascribes his rapid cure to a private victory over the forces of evil,
not to the cessation of his drug habit. General critical reception to
the book was muted; some reviewers admired the opening self-portrait of
Waugh, but generally not the ending. The book has been dramatised for
radio and as a stage play.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ordeal_of_Gilbert_Pinfold>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1499:

Perkin Warbeck, a pretender to the English throne during the
reign of King Henry VII, was hanged after allegedly attempting to escape
from the Tower of London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck>

1733:

African slaves from Akwamu in the Danish West Indies revolted
against their owners, one of the earliest and longest slave revolts in
the Americas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1733_slave_insurrection_on_St._John>

1934:

An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden
encountered a garrison of Somalis in Italian service at Walwal, which
led to the Abyssinia Crisis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis>

1980:

An earthquake struck the Irpinia region of Italy, killing 2,914
people, injuring more than 10,000 and leaving 300,000 homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Irpinia_earthquake>

1996:

Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 was hijacked, then crashed into
the Indian Ocean near the Comoros after running out of fuel, killing 125
of the 175 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines_Flight_961>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

scream blue murder:
(idiomatic) To protest loudly or angrily.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scream_blue_murder>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  A stupid person can make only certain, limited types of errors;
the mistakes open to a clever fellow are far broader. But to the one who
knows how smart he is compared to everyone else, the possibilities for
true idiocy are boundless.  
--Steven Brust
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Steven_Brust>

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[Daily article] November 22: Star Trek: First Contact Published On

Star Trek: First Contact is an American science fiction film, released
on November 22, 1996. It is the eighth in the Star Trek film franchise
and the first without any characters from the original series. On mid-
21st century Earth, characters from the television series Star Trek: The
Next Generation struggle to save their future from the cybernetic Borg.
After the seventh film, Star Trek Generations (1994), Paramount tasked
writers Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore with developing a sequel. Cast
member Jonathan Frakes made his directorial debut. Production designer
Herman Zimmerman and illustrator John Eaves created a sleeker starship
than its predecessor, and Industrial Light & Magic's traditional optical
effects techniques were supplemented with computer-generated imagery.
First Contact made $146 million worldwide. Critical reception was
mostly positive, especially for the Borg and the special effects. The
film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Makeup and won three
Saturn Awards. Scholarly analysis of the film has focused on the nature
of the Borg and on Captain Jean-Luc Picard's parallels to Herman
Melville's Ahab.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Trek:_First_Contact>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1635:

Dutch colonial forces on Taiwan launched a three-month
pacification campaign against Taiwanese aborigines.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_pacification_campaign_on_Formosa>

1830:

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey, one of the primary architects of
the Reform Act 1832 and namesake of Earl Grey tea, began his term as the
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey>

1910:

The crews of the Brazilian warships Minas Geraes, São Paulo,
Bahia—all commissioned only months before—and several smaller
vessels mutinied against what they called the "slavery" being practiced
by the Brazilian Navy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Lash>

1928:

Boléro (audio featured), Maurice Ravel's most famous musical
composition, made its debut at the Paris Opéra.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%A9ro>

1986:

Mike Tyson defeated Trevor Berbick to claim the heavyweight
boxing championship of the World Boxing Council, and became the youngest
boxing champion ever.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Tyson>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

glass harp:
A musical instrument consisting of wine glasses tuned by putting
different amounts of liquid into them. Sound is produced by rubbing
one's fingers around the edges of the glasses, causing them to vibrate.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glass_harp>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  With what reason canst thou expect that thy children should follow
thy good instructions, when thou thyself givest them an ill example?
Thou dost but as it were beckon to them with thy head, and shew them the
way to heaven by thy good counsel, but thou takest them by the hand and
leadest them in the way to hell by thy contrary example.  
--John Tillotson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Tillotson>

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[Daily article] November 21: CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship Published On

The CMLL World Light Heavyweight Championship (Campeonato Mundial Semi
Completo de CMLL in Spanish) is a professional wrestling championship
promoted by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) since 1991. As with
other professional wrestling championships, it is not an actual
competition, but is won according to a scripted ending to a match, and
sometimes awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline. The light
heavyweight division in Mexico ranges between 92 kg (203 lb) and
97 kg (214 lb), but the weight limits are not always strictly adhered
to. Because CMLL puts more emphasis on the lower weight classes, this
division is considered more important in Mexico; the heavyweight
division is considered the most important championship by most
promotions outside of Mexico. The current CMLL World Light Heavyweight
Champion in his first reign is La Máscara (pictured), who won it by
defeating Ángel de Oro in April 2016. La Máscara is the 15th overall
champion and the 13th wrestler to officially hold the championship. The
title has been vacated only once since its creation in 1991.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMLL_World_Light_Heavyweight_Championship>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1386:

Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur captured and sacked the Georgian
capital of Tbilisi, forcing King Bagrat V to convert to Islam.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur%27s_invasions_of_Georgia>

1894:

First Sino-Japanese War: After capturing the city of
Lüshunkou, the Japanese Second Army killed more than 1,000 Chinese
servicemen and civilians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur_massacre_(China)>

1950:

Two trains collided near Valemount, British Columbia, Canada;
the subsequent trial catapulted future Prime Minister of Canada John
Diefenbaker into the political limelight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoe_River_train_crash>

1996:

A propane explosion at the Humberto Vidal shoe store in Río
Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico, killed 33 people and wounded 69 others
when the building collapsed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humberto_Vidal_explosion>

2006:

Lebanese politician Pierre Amine Gemayel, a vocal critic of
Syria's military presence in and political domination of Lebanon, was
assassinated in Jdeideh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Amine_Gemayel>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

happy:
1. Having a feeling arising from a consciousness of well-being or of
enjoyment; enjoying good of any kind, such as comfort, peace, or
tranquillity; blissful, contented, joyous.
2. Experiencing the effect of favourable fortune; favored by fortune or
luck; fortunate, lucky, propitious.
3. Content, satisfied (with or to do something); having no objection (to
something).
4. Of acts, speech, etc.: appropriate, apt, felicitous.
5. (as a suffix to a noun) Favoring or inclined to use.
6. (rare) Of persons, especially when referring to their ability to express
themselves (often followed by at or in): dexterous, ready, skilful.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/happy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Money is always to be found when men are to be sent to the
frontiers to be destroyed: when the object is to preserve them, it is no
longer so.  
--Voltaire
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Voltaire>

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[Daily article] November 20: Divisional Cavalry Regiment (New Zealand) Published On

The Divisional Cavalry Regiment, New Zealand's first armoured unit, was
formed in September 1939 after the country entered the Second World War.
After being sent to Egypt with the 2nd New Zealand Division, the
regiment deployed to Greece as part of W Force, the British contingent
sent to defend the country from Nazi Germany in March 1941. The regiment
was scattered during the retreat from Greece; most of it ended up in
Crete, but had to evacuate in May after a German paratroop attack. Its
men fought in Operation Crusader and spent a brief interlude in Syria
before engaging in the First Battle of El Alamein, equipped with four
recaptured Stuart tanks (pictured). They fought again in the Second
Battle of El Alamein, at El Agheila, and at the Mareth Line. After the
German retreat from Tunisia, they were sent to Italy with the division
in September, and fought in the Italian Campaign. In October 1944, the
regiment was reorganized into an infantry battalion, fighting until the
end of the war in Europe in May 1945. In March 1946 they arrived in
Japan as a regiment of J Force, the New Zealand contribution to the
occupation. The regiment was disbanded in September 1947.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisional_Cavalry_Regiment_(New_Zealand)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1739:

War of Jenkins' Ear: A British naval force captured the
settlement of Portobello in the Spanish Main (modern Panama).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Bello>

1845:

Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata: The Argentine
Confederation were defeated in the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, but the
losses ultimately made the United Kingdom and France give up the
blockade.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vuelta_de_Obligado>

1917:

First World War: The Battle of Cambrai began with British
forces having initial success over Germany's Hindenburg Line.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)>

1947:

Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King George VI of the United
Kingdom, married Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten (both pictured), who was
given the title Duke of Edinburgh.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh>

1994:

In accordance with the Lusaka Protocol, the Angolan government
signed a ceasefire with UNITA rebels in a failed attempt to end the
Angolan Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka_Protocol>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

countrify:
(transitive) To make rural or rustic.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/countrify>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Let's dedicate ourselves to what the Greeks wrote so many years
ago: to tame the savageness of man and make gentle the life of this
world. Let us dedicate ourselves to that, and say a prayer for our
country and for our people.  
--Robert F. Kennedy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy>

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[Daily article] November 19: Columbian half dollar Published On

The Columbian half dollar is the first US commemorative coin, struck at
the Mint from November 19, 1892, until early 1893. It was issued both to
raise funds for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition and to mark the
quadricentennial of the first voyage to the Americas of Christopher
Columbus, the first historical person to be depicted on an American coin
(pictured). Fair official James Ellsworth wanted the new half dollar to
be based on a 16th-century painting he owned by Lorenzo Lotto, reputedly
of Columbus, and pushed for this throughout the design process. When
initial sketches by Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber proved
unsatisfactory, the fair's organizers turned to a design by artist Olin
Levi Warner that was modified by Barber and his assistant, George T.
Morgan. Some five million half dollars were struck, far beyond the
actual demand, and half of them were returned to the Mint and melted
after the fair closed. Sales of the coins did not cure the fair's
financial woes; fewer than 400,000 were sold at a premium price. Some
two million were released into circulation, where they remained as late
as the 1950s.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_half_dollar>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1816:

The University of Warsaw, the largest university in Poland, was
established as Congress Poland found itself a territory without a
university.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Warsaw>

1863:

American Civil War: US President Abraham Lincoln delivered the
Gettysburg Address at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery
in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Address>

1941:

World War II: The Australian light cruiser HMAS Sydney and the
German auxiliary cruiser Kormoran destroyed each other in the Indian
Ocean.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_between_HMAS_Sydney_and_German_auxiliary_cruiser_Kormoran>

1969:

Playing for Santos against Vasco da Gama in Rio de Janeiro,
Brazilian footballer Pelé scored his 1000th goal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C3%A9>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

turd:
1. (mildly vulgar) A piece of solid animal or human feces.
2. (derogatory) A pejorative term, typically directed at a person.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/turd>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I have always said that my whole public life was an experiment to
determine whether an intelligent people would sustain a man in acting
sensibly on each proposition that arose, and in doing nothing for mere
show or demagogical effect.  
--James A. Garfield
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield>

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[Daily article] November 18: Black American Sign Language Published On

Black American Sign Language (BASL) is a dialect of American Sign
Language (ASL), usually encountered among deaf African Americans. The
divergence from ASL was influenced largely by segregation in the
American South. Like other schools at the time, schools for the deaf
were segregated by race, creating two language communities: White deaf
signers at White schools and Black deaf signers at Black schools. Today,
BASL is still used by signers in the South despite the gradual
desegregation of deaf schools after 1954, the year of the US Supreme
Court's Brown v. Board of Education decision declaring racial
segregation in schools unconstitutional. Linguistically, BASL differs
from other varieties of ASL in its phonology, syntax, and lexicon. In
ASL, signs are generally produced near the body, but BASL tends to have
a larger signing space. Signers of BASL also tend to prefer two-handed
variants of signs while signers of ASL tend to prefer one-handed
variants. Some signs are different in BASL as well, with some borrowings
from African American English.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1210:

Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated by Pope Innocent
III after he commanded the Pope to annul the Concordat of Worms.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor>

1878:

Soprano Marie Selika Williams became the first African-American
artist to perform at the White House.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Selika_Williams>

1928:

Walt Disney's Steamboat Willie, the first completely post-
produced synchronized sound animated cartoon, was released.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat_Willie>

1956:

In the Polish embassy in Moscow Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev
said "We will bury you" while addressing Western envoys, prompting them
to leave the room.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_will_bury_you>

1991:

Croatian War of Independence: The Yugoslav People's Army
captured the Croatian city of Vukovar, ending an 87-day siege.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

kooky:
1. Eccentric, strange, or foolish; crazy or insane; kookish.
2. (surfing) Behaving like a kook (a person with poor style or skill);
kook-like.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kooky>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The fabric of democracy is always fragile everywhere because it
depends on the will of citizens to protect it, and when they become
scared, when it becomes dangerous for them to defend it, it can go very
quickly.  
--Margaret Atwood
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Atwood>

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[Daily article] November 17: Bluebuck Published On

The bluebuck (Hippotragus leucophaeus), now extinct, was a South African
antelope. Classified in the same genus as the roan antelope and sable
antelope, it was smaller than either. The largest mounted bluebuck
specimen is 119 centimetres (47 in) tall at the withers, with horns
measuring 56.5 centimetres (22.2 in) along the curve. The bluebuck's
coat was bluish-grey, with a pale whitish belly. It was a grazer, and
may have calved where rainfall would peak. When encountered by
Europeans, it was confined to a 4,300-square-kilometre (1,700 sq mi)
grassland habitat of the southwestern Cape, but fossils and rock
paintings give evidence of a larger distribution. The first published
mention of the bluebuck is from 1681. The few 18th-century illustrations
appear to have been based on stuffed specimens. Hunted by European
settlers, the bluebuck was the first large African mammal that went
extinct in historical times, around 1800. Only four mounted specimens
remain, in museums in Leiden, Stockholm, Vienna, and Paris; other
museums contain skulls and horns.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebuck>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1292:

John Balliol was chosen to be King of Scots over Robert de
Brus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Balliol>

1796:

French Revolutionary Wars: French forces defeated the Austrians
at the Battle of Arcole in a manoeuvre to cut the latter's line of
retreat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole>

1839:

Giuseppe Verdi's first opera Oberto, Conte di San Bonifacio,
was first performed at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberto_(opera)>

1905:

Influenced by the result of the Russo-Japanese War, the Empire
of Japan and the Korean Empire signed the Eulsa Treaty, effectively
depriving Korea of its diplomatic sovereignty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905>

1993:

General Sani Abacha ousted Ernest Shonekan to become chairman
of the Provisional Ruling Council of Nigeria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani_Abacha>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

roots-rock:
(music) A genre of popular rock music influenced by Americana and roots
music.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/roots-rock>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Those who, by the essence of their belief, are committed to Direct
Action only are — just who? Why, the non-resistants; precisely those
who do not believe in violence at all! Now do not make the mistake of
inferring that I say direct action means non-resistance; not by any
means. Direct action may be the extreme of violence, or it may be as
peaceful as the waters of the Brook of Siloa that go softly. What I say
is, that the real non-resistants can believe in direct action only,
never in political action. For the basis of all political action is
coercion; even when the State does good things, it finally rests on a
club, a gun, or a prison, for its power to carry them through.  
--Voltairine de Cleyre
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Voltairine_de_Cleyre>

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[Daily article] November 16: Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines Published On

Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodlines is an action role-playing video
game developed by Troika Games (founders pictured) and first released on
November 16, 2004, by Activision for Microsoft Windows. Based on White
Wolf Publishing's role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade, it follows
a male or female character who is killed and revived as a fledgling
vampire in 21st-century Los Angeles. Bloodlines is presented from first-
and third-person perspectives. Characters may use violent and nonviolent
methods to achieve their goals while moving freely between the available
hubs: Santa Monica, Hollywood, downtown Los Angeles, and Chinatown.
Troika's 32-member team began development in 2001, using Valve
Corporation's brand-new Source game engine, also used for Valve's own
Half-Life 2. Bloodlines was incomplete at its first release, with
disappointing sales of fewer than 80,000 copies initially. It divided
critics at the time, who faulted it for technical flaws. It now has a
cult following as a rarely replicated example of a game that succeeds in
both gameplay and narrative; critical opinion now styles it as a flawed
masterpiece.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire:_The_Masquerade_%E2%80%93_Bloodlines>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1384:

Jadwiga was officially crowned as "King of Poland" instead of
"Queen" to reflect the fact that she was a sovereign in her own right
and not merely a royal consort.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland>

1491:

Several Jews and conversos were executed in Toledo, Spain, for
the alleged ritual murder of an infant, who was later revered as the
Holy Child of La Guardia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Child_of_La_Guardia>

1855:

Explorer David Livingstone became the first European to see
Victoria Falls, one of the largest waterfalls in the world, on what is
now the Zambia–Zimbabwe border.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Falls>

1938:

Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann first synthesized the psychedelic
drug LSD at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Hofmann>

1992:

In Suffolk, England, an amateur metal detectorist found the
largest hoard of Roman gold, silver and bronze coins from the late
fourth and early fifth centuries ever discovered within the former Roman
Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

machine elf:
A kind of otherworldly humanoid figure sometimes seen during
dimethyltryptamine (DMT) hallucinations.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/machine_elf>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Wittgenstein, Elizabeth Taylor, Bertrand Russell, Thomas Merton,
Yogi Berra, Allen Ginsberg, Harry Wolfson, Thoreau, Casey Stengel, The
Lubavitcher Rebbe, Picasso, Moses, Einstein, Hugh Hefner, Socrates,
Henry Ford, Lenny Bruce, Baba Ram Dass, Gandhi, Sir Edmund Hillary,
Raymond Lubitz, Buddha, Frank Sinatra, Columbus, Freud, Norman Mailer,
Ayn Rand, Baron Rothschild, Ted Williams, Thomas Edison, H.L. Mencken,
Thomas Jefferson, Ralph Ellison, Bobby Fischer, Emma Goldman, Peter
Kropotkin, you, and your parents. Is there really one kind of life which
is best for each of these people?  
--Robert Nozick
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Nozick>

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[Daily article] November 15: Hurricane Kate (1985) Published On

Hurricane Kate formed northeast of Puerto Rico on November 15, 1985, as
the eleventh named storm of the annual hurricane season. Kate made its
first landfall on the northern coast of Cuba at Category 2 intensity,
then emerged as a slightly weaker storm during the evening hours of
November 19. Heavy rainfall in Cuba caused numerous mudslides and
flooding, killing 10 people and leading to severe agricultural damage.
Wind gusts also damaged crops, and resulted in widespread power outages
and significant building damage; the cost in Cuba totaled $400 million,
the most from a hurricane strike on that island in many decades. Once
clear of land, Kate intensified to Category 3, and the following day it
attained its peak winds of around 120 mph (195 km/h). It came ashore
near Mexico Beach, Florida, as a minimal Category 2 hurricane with
winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) on November 21, the latest day ever in an
Atlantic hurricane season that a hurricane-strength storm has struck the
United States. There were 17 deaths attributable to the storm, in
Jamaica and Cuba, and the total damage caused was at least
$700 million.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Kate_(1985)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

565:

On his deathbed, Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I informed his
chamberlain that his nephew Justin II was to be his successor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_II>

1864:

American Civil War: Union Army General William T. Sherman began
his "March to the Sea", inflicting significant damage to property and
infrastructure on his way from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman>

1889:

Brazilian Emperor Pedro II was overthrown in a coup led by
Deodoro da Fonseca, and Brazil was proclaimed a republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_and_fall_of_Pedro_II_of_Brazil>

1943:

The Holocaust: Heinrich Himmler ordered that Romanies were to
be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porajmos>

1988:

The Soviet Buran spacecraft, a reusable vehicle built in
response to NASA's Space Shuttle program, was launched, unmanned, on her
only flight.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

philanthropy:
1. (chiefly uncountable) Benevolent altruism with the intention of
increasing the well-being of mankind.
2. (uncountable) Charitable giving, charity.
3. (countable) A philanthropic act.
4. (countable) A charitable foundation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/philanthropy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There is no greater mindlessness and absurdity than to force
conscience and the spirit with external power, when only their creator
has authority for them.  
--Ferenc Dávid
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ferenc_D%C3%A1vid>

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[Daily article] November 14: The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati Published On

"The Sixth Extinction II: Amor Fati" is the second episode of the
seventh season of the American science fiction television series The
X-Files. Originally airing November 14, 1999, on the Fox network, it
was directed by Michael Watkins and written by series creator Chris
Carter and lead actor David Duchovny, who plays Fox Mulder. Mimi Rogers
(pictured) guest-starred in her last appearance in the series. The
X-Files centers on Federal Bureau of Investigation special agents Mulder
and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), who work on cases linked to the
paranormal, called X-Files. In this episode, Scully returns from Africa
to discover Mulder in a coma induced by exposure to shards from an alien
spaceship wreck. After Mulder awakens from his coma, he realizes his
duty to prevent alien colonization. Carter explored themes of
extraterrestrial involvement in ancient mass extinctions in this
episode, the third in a trilogy focused on Mulder's severe reaction to
an alien artifact. Initial reviews were mixed, but later critics viewed
the episode in a more positive light and several writers named it among
the show's best.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sixth_Extinction_II:_Amor_Fati>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1910:

Aviator Eugene Burton Ely performed the first takeoff from a
ship, flying from a makeshift deck on the USS Birmingham in Hampton
Roads, Virginia, US.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Burton_Ely>

1941:

Second World War: After suffering torpedo damage the previous
day, the British aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal sank as she was being
towed to Gibraltar for repairs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)>

1960:

Ruby Bridges became the first black child to attend an all-
white elementary school in Louisiana as part of the New Orleans school
desegregation crisis.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_school_desegregation_crisis>

1984:

Cesar Climaco, mayor of Zamboanga City, the Philippines, was
assassinated by an unknown gunman.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesar_Climaco>

2003:

Astronomers Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David L.
Rabinowitz discovered the trans-Neptunian object 90377 Sedna (artist's
impression pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90377_Sedna>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

yurt:
A large, round, semi-permanent tent with vertical walls and a conical
roof, usually associated with Central Asia and Mongolia (where it is
known as a ger).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yurt>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Great causes and little men go ill together.  
--Jawaharlal Nehru
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru>

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[Daily article] November 13: Heavy metals Published On

Heavy metals are metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights,
or atomic numbers, depending on the context. They are usually the denser
metals in metallurgy, or the metals with higher atomic numbers in
physics, whereas chemists distinguish heavy metals by their chemical
behaviour. Heavy metals tend to be less chemically reactive than light
metals such as sodium, magnesium, and aluminium. The earliest known
metals are heavy metals, including common metals such as iron, copper,
and tin, and precious metals such as silver, gold, and platinum. Less
familiar metals such as gallium, hafnium, and thallium are also heavy
metals, as are the essential nutrients iron, cobalt, and zinc. Some are
toxic in larger amounts or certain forms (silver and indium, for
example); others, like cadmium, mercury, and lead, are highly poisonous.
Sources of heavy metal poisoning may include mining and industrial
waste, agricultural runoff, occupational exposure, paints and treated
timber. Heavy metals are relatively scarce in the Earth's crust, but are
present in many manufactured products.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metals>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1002:

King Æthelred II ordered the massacre of all Danes in England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Brice%27s_Day_massacre>

1841:

Scottish surgeon James Braid observed a demonstration of animal
magnetism, which inspired him to study the subject he eventually called
hypnotism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Braid_(surgeon)>

1927:

The Holland Tunnel, connecting New York City's Manhattan with
Jersey City, New Jersey, under the Hudson River, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland_Tunnel>

1966:

The Israeli military conducted a large cross-border assault on
the Jordanian-controlled West Bank village of Samu in response to an al-
Fatah land mine incident two days earlier near the West Bank border.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samu_Incident>

1982:

South Korean boxer Kim Duk-koo suffered fatal brain injuries
during a match with American Ray Mancini near Las Vegas' Caesars Palace,
leading to significant rule changes in the sport.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Duk-koo>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

spoils of war:
Any profits extracted as the result of winning a war or other military
activity.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spoils_of_war>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It was pride that changed angels into devils; it is humility that
makes men as angels.  
--Augustine of Hippo
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo>

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[Daily article] November 12: Mughal-e-Azam Published On

Mughal-e-Azam (The Emperor of the Mughals) is a 1960 Indian epic
historical drama film directed by K. Asif and produced by Shapoorji
Pallonji, re-released in colour on 12 November 2004. Starring Prithviraj
Kapoor, Dilip Kumar, Madhubala, and Durga Khote, it follows the love
affair between Mughal Prince Salim (who went on to become Emperor
Jahangir) and Anarkali, a court dancer. Salim's father, Emperor Akbar,
disapproves, and war ensues. Sixteen years in development, the film cost
more to produce than any previous Indian motion picture, and had the
widest release. The soundtrack, inspired by Indian classical and folk
music, is often cited as one of the finest soundtracks in Bollywood
cinematic history. It became the highest-grossing Bollywood film at the
time, and won one National Film Award and three Filmfare Awards.
Mughal-e-Azam was the first black-and-white Hindi film to be digitally
coloured and re-released theatrically. Considered a milestone of its
genre, it earned praise from critics for its grandeur and attention to
detail. Film scholars have welcomed its portrayal of enduring themes,
but question its historical accuracy.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal-e-Azam>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1028:

Future Byzantine empress Zoë first took the throne as empress
consort to Romanos III Argyros.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zo%C3%AB_Porphyrogenita>

1892:

William Heffelfinger was paid $525 by the Allegheny Athletic
Association, becoming the first professional American football player on
record.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Heffelfinger>

1912:

The bodies of Robert Falcon Scott and his companions were
discovered, roughly eight months after their deaths during the ill-fated
British Antarctic Expedition 1910.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Falcon_Scott>

1991:

In Dili, East Timor, Indonesian forces opened fire on student
demonstrators protesting the occupation of East Timor, killing at least
250 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz_massacre>

2006:

Although the Georgian government declared it illegal, South
Ossetia held a referendum on independence, with about 99 percent of
voters supporting, to preserve the region's status as a de facto
independent state.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Ossetian_independence_referendum,_2006>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

periegesis:
A description of an area or territory.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periegesis>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Magnified, sanctified, be thy holy name Vilified, crucified, in
the human frame A million candles burning for the help that never came
You want it darker Hineni, hineni I'm ready, my Lord.  
--Leonard Cohen
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Leonard_Cohen>

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[Daily article] November 11: George S. Patton Published On

George S. Patton (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a general
who commanded the U.S. Seventh and Third armies during World War II. He
had been wounded during World War I leading the newly formed Tank Corps
of the American Expeditionary Forces into combat. In 1942 he led U.S.
troops in the invasion of Casablanca, and later commanded the Seventh
Army during the Allied invasion of Sicily. After slapping two soldiers,
he was removed from battlefield command, but returned to lead the Third
Army following the invasion of Normandy in June 1944. After a successful
armored drive across France, his army helped rescue beleaguered American
troops during the Battle of the Bulge. He died from an automobile
accident in Germany. While Allied leaders held sharply differing
opinions on Patton, he was regarded highly by his opponents in the
German High Command. His emphasis on aggressive offensive action proved
effective, but his hard-driving personality and success as a commander
were at times overshadowed by controversial public statements. He joined
his troops on the front lines and inspired them with vulgarity-ridden
speeches, as recounted in a 1970 award-winning biographical film.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_S._Patton>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1778:

American Revolutionary War: British forces and their Seneca
allies attacked a fort and the village of Cherry Valley, New York,
killing 14 soldiers and 30 civilians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_Valley_massacre>

1805:

War of the Third Coalition: French, Austrian and Russian units
all suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Dürenstein.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein>

1918:

The armistice treaty between the German Empire and the Allies
was signed in a railway carriage in the Forest of Compiègne of France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918>

1926:

The plan for the United States Numbered Highway System was
approved by the American Association of State Highway Officials.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Numbered_Highway_System>

1975:

During a constitutional crisis in Australia, Governor-General
John Kerr dismissed the government of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam and
dissolved Parliament for a double dissolution election.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

saddle shoe:
A shoe, resembling an oxford, which has a saddle of a leather or color
different from the rest of the shoe.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saddle_shoe>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Tiger got to hunt, Bird got to fly; Man got to sit and wonder,
"Why, why, why?" Tiger got to sleep, Bird got to land; Man got to tell
himself he understand.  
--Cat's Cradle
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cat%27s_Cradle>

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[Daily article] November 10: Millipede Published On

Millipedes are a class (Diplopoda) of arthropods, characterised by two
pairs of jointed legs on most body segments. Most species have long
cylindrical or flattened bodies with more than 20 segments, while pill
millipedes are shorter and can roll into a ball. There are around 12,000
named species, making Diplopoda the largest class of myriapods. Despite
their name (from the Latin for "thousand feet"), no known species has
1,000 legs; the most recorded is 750. Most species are detritivores,
eating decaying leaves and other dead plant matter. Millipedes are
generally harmless to humans, although some can become household or
garden pests. Most defend themselves with a variety of chemicals
secreted from pores along the body, while the tiny bristle millipedes
are covered with tufts of detachable bristles. First appearing in the
Silurian period, millipedes are some of the oldest known land animals.
While the largest modern species can reach lengths of 38 cm (15 in),
some prehistoric millipedes grew to over 2 m (6 ft 7 in).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millipede>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1202:

The first major action of the Fourth Crusade and the first
attack against a Catholic city by Catholic crusaders, the Siege of Zara,
began in Zadar, Croatia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Zara>

1766:

William Franklin, the last Royal Governor of New Jersey, signed
the charter establishing Queen's College, now known as Rutgers
University.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutgers_University>

1940:

A magnitude 7.7 ML earthquake struck the Vrancea region of
Romania, the country's strongest earthquake in the 20th century.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_Vrancea_earthquake>

1958:

Merchant Harry Winston donated the Hope Diamond, the "most
famous diamond in the world", to the Smithsonian Institution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Diamond>

2006:

Prominent Sri Lankan Tamil politician and human rights lawyer
Nadarajah Raviraj was assassinated in Colombo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadarajah_Raviraj>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

stemware:
Drinking glasses that have a stem, such as wine glasses or champagne
flutes.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stemware>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  All your questions can be answered, if that is what you want. But
once you learn your answers, you can never unlearn them.  
--American Gods
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/American_Gods>

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[Daily article] November 9: William Howard Taft Published On

William Howard Taft (1857–1930) was the 27th President of the United
States (1909–1913) and the 10th Chief Justice of the United States
(1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices. Taft initially
served as a state and federal judge, and as governor of the Philippines
beginning in 1900. In 1904 Theodore Roosevelt made him Secretary of War.
Taft declined repeated offers to become a Supreme Court justice. He was
Roosevelt's hand-picked successor in 1908, and easily defeated William
Jennings Bryan for the presidency. In the White House, he focused on the
Far East more than Europe, and repeatedly intervened in Latin America.
Taft was allied with the conservative wing of the Republican Party,
while Roosevelt became more liberal after 1909. Roosevelt unsuccessfully
challenged Taft for renomination in 1912, then bolted the party and ran
as a third-party candidate. The split in the Republican vote left Taft
with little chance of re-election, and he lost to Woodrow Wilson,
winning only Utah and Vermont. In 1921 Taft was appointed Chief Justice,
and served until a month before his death. He posted a conservative
record, and reformed the court's administration.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1799:

The coup of 18 Brumaire led by Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès and
Napoleon deposed the French government, replacing the Directory with the
Consulate.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire>

1822:

USS Alligator engaged three piratical schooners off the coast
of Cuba in one of the West Indies anti-piracy operations of the United
States.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_9_November_1822>

1938:

Kristallnacht began as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed
and ransacked Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues in Germany and
Austria, resulting in at least 90 deaths and the deportation of over
25,000 others to concentration camps.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht>

1998:

With the passing of the Human Rights Act, the European
Convention on Human Rights was incorporated into United Kingdom law.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998>

2005:

The European Space Agency launched the Venus Express mission,
the first long-term observation of the Venusian atmosphere.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Express>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

puissance:
1. Power, might or potency.
2. (equestrianism) Often Puissance: The high-jump component of the sport of
show jumping.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/puissance>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We wish to pursue the truth no matter where it leads — but to
find the truth we need imagination and skepticism both. We will not be
afraid to speculate — but we will be careful to distinguish
speculation from fact. The Cosmos is full beyond measure of elegant
truths, of exquisite interrelationships, of the awesome machinery of
nature. The surface of the Earth is the shore of the cosmic ocean. On
this shore we've learned most of what we know. Recently we've waded a
little way out, maybe ankle deep, and the water seems inviting. Some
part of our being knows this is where we came from. We long to return.
And we can. Because the cosmos is also within us. We're made of star-
stuff. We are a way for the cosmos to know itself.  
--Carl Sagan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carl_Sagan>

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[Daily article] November 8: HMS Collingwood (1908) Published On

HMS Collingwood was a St Vincent-class dreadnought battleship built for
the British Royal Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. Launched
on 7 November 1908 and commissioned in April 1910, the ship was equipped
with armour 10 inches (254 mm) thick, and ten 12-inch guns. She served
in the Home Fleet and Grand Fleet, at times as the flagship of Rear-
Admiral Ernest Gaunt. Prince Albert (later King George VI) spent several
years aboard the ship before and during World War I. At the Battle of
Jutland in 1916, the largest naval battle of the war, Collingwood was in
the middle of the battleline; she did some damage to the German
battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger, and shelled the light cruiser
SMS Wiesbaden. Apart from that battle and the inconclusive Action of 19
August, her service during the war generally consisted of routine
patrols and training in the North Sea. The ship was deemed obsolete
after the war, reduced to reserve, and used as a training ship before
being sold for scrap in 1922.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Collingwood_(1908)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1278:

Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of Vietnam's Trần
dynasty, took up the post of Retired Emperor, but continued to co-rule
with his son Trần Khâm for eleven more years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Th%C3%A1nh_T%C3%B4ng>

1644:

The Shunzhi Emperor, the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, was
enthroned in Beijing after the collapse of the Ming dynasty as the first
Qing emperor to rule over China.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunzhi_Emperor>

1895:

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen produced and detected
electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range known today as X-ray
(first radiograph pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray>

1966:

Former Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke became the
first African American elected to the United States Senate since
Reconstruction.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brooke>

1987:

A Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb exploded during a
Remembrance Sunday ceremony in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, killing at
least eleven people and injuring sixty-three others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vote:
1. A formalized choice on matters of administration or other democratic
activities.
2. An act or instance of participating in such a choice, e.g., by
submitting a ballot.
3. (obsolete) An ardent wish or desire; a vow; a prayer.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vote>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Mercy is a sweet gracious working in love, mingled with plenteous
pity: for mercy worketh in keeping us, and mercy worketh turning to us
all things to good. Mercy, by love, suffereth us to fail in measure and
in as much as we fail, in so much we fall; and in as much as we fall, in
so much we die: for it needs must be that we die in so much as we fail
of the sight and feeling of God that is our life. Our failing is
dreadful, our falling is shameful, and our dying is sorrowful: but in
all this the sweet eye of pity and love is lifted never off us, nor the
working of mercy ceaseth. For I beheld the property of mercy, and I
beheld the property of grace: which have two manners of working in one
love.  
--Julian of Norwich
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich>

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[Daily article] November 7: From The Doctor to my son Thomas Published On

"From The Doctor to my son Thomas" is a viral video recorded by the
Scottish actor Peter Capaldi (pictured) and sent to Thomas Goodall, an
autistic nine-year-old who was grieving over the death of his
grandmother. Thomas's father Ross posted the video to YouTube on 6
November 2014 so that his whole family could see it, but the video had
wide appeal, and was viewed more than 200,000 times over the next 48
hours. Less than a week later it had over 900,000 views. In the video
Capaldi portrays his character, the Twelfth Doctor, from the BBC
science-fiction series Doctor Who. His message had a positive effect on
Thomas; the father said the boy smiled for the first time since learning
of his grandmother's death, and gained the courage to go to her funeral.
The video was praised as a deeply affecting piece in The Guardian, The
Daily Telegraph, The Independent, Hollywood Life, and various Spanish
and Dutch publications, and by CNN and MTV News. It also had a positive
impact on many viewers who suffered from autism and other mental health
problems.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/From_The_Doctor_to_my_son_Thomas>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1665:

The London Gazette, the oldest surviving English-language
newspaper, was first published as the Oxford Gazette.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette>

1885:

Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway, the first
transcontinental railroad across Canada, concluded with the driving of
the "last spike" in Craigellachie, British Columbia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Spike_(Canadian_Pacific_Railway)>

1916:

In the Congressional election, Jeannette Rankin became the
first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin>

1941:

World War II: German aircraft sank the Soviet hospital ship
Armenia while she was evacuating civilians and wounded soldiers from
Crimea, killing an estimated 5,000 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_hospital_ship_Armenia>

1991:

Professional basketball player Magic Johnson announced his
retirement from the game because of his infection with HIV.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Johnson>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

vitriolic:
1. (chemistry) Of or pertaining to vitriol; derived from or resembling
vitriol; vitriolous.
2. (figuratively) Bitterly scathing, caustic.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vitriolic>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Humanity needs practical men, who get the most out of their work,
and, without forgetting the general good, safeguard their own interests.
But humanity also needs dreamers, for whom the disinterested development
of an enterprise is so captivating that it becomes impossible for them
to devote their care to their own material profit.  
--Marie Curie
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marie_Curie>

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[Daily article] November 6: Emma Stone Published On

Emma Stone (born November 6, 1988) is an American actress. She has won
two Screen Actors Guild Awards and has been nominated for an Academy
Award, two British Academy Film Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards.
Born and raised in Scottsdale, Arizona, Stone was drawn to acting as a
child, and her first role onstage was in 2000. As a teenager, she
relocated to Los Angeles with her mother, and made her film debut in
Superbad (2007). The 2010 teen comedy Easy A, Stone's first starring
role, earned her nominations for the BAFTA Rising Star Award and for a
Golden Globe Award for Best Actress. This breakthrough role was followed
by the commercially successful film Crazy, Stupid, Love (2011), and a
supporting part in the critically acclaimed drama The Help (2011). The
actress received wider recognition for playing Gwen Stacy in the 2012
superhero film The Amazing Spider-Man, and its sequel in 2014. She was
nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the role
of a recovering drug addict in the black comedy Birdman (2014). Stone
won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress for playing an aspiring actress in
the musical La La Land (2016).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Stone>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1856:

Scenes of Clerical Life, the first work by English author
George Eliot, was submitted for publication.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes_of_Clerical_Life>

1869:

In the first official American football game, Rutgers College
defeated the College of New Jersey, 6–4, in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_American_football>

1944:

The Hanford Atomic Facility in the US state of Washington
produced its first plutonium, and it would go on to create more for
almost the entire American nuclear arsenal.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanford_Site>

1963:

Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ was appointed to head the South Vietnamese
government by the military junta of General Dương Văn Minh, five days
after the latter deposed and assassinated President Ngô Đình Diệm.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%C6%A1>

2004:

A man committing suicide parked his car on the railway tracks
in Ufton Nervet, Berkshire, England, causing a derailment that killed
seven people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufton_Nervet_rail_crash>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

ballot:
1. Originally, a small ball placed in a container to cast a vote; now, by
extension, a piece of paper or card used for this purpose, or some other
means used to signify a vote.
2. The process of voting, especially in secret; a round of voting.
3. The total of all the votes cast in an election.
4. (chiefly US) A list of candidates running for office; a ticket.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ballot>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Why was it everything was always so goddam complicated? Even the
simplest things was so goddam complicated when you come to doing them.
 
--James Jones
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Jones>

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