[Daily article] January 29: Titchwell Marsh Published On

Titchwell Marsh is an English nature reserve owned and managed by the
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. Its 171 hectares (420 acres)
on the north coast of Norfolk, about 8 km (5.0 mi) east of the seaside
resort of Hunstanton, include reed beds, saltmarshes, a freshwater
lagoon, a sandy beach, and woodland. The reserve is important for some
scarce breeding birds, such as pied avocets on the islands, and western
marsh harriers, Eurasian bitterns and bearded reedlings in the reeds. It
has regularly attracted rarities, as its location is important for
migrating birds, and shelters the endangered European water vole.
Facilities include three bird hides, a seawatching platform, two nature
trails, and a visitor centre. In 2010 and 2011 the banks around the
freshwater lagoon were improved and the brackish lagoon was converted to
tidal saltmarsh (pictured), a more effective barrier to encroachment by
the sea. Titchwell Marsh is archaeologically significant, with artefacts
dating to the Upper Paleolithic, and has remains of military
constructions from both world wars.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titchwell_Marsh>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1856:

Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issued a Warrant under the
Royal sign-manual that established the Victoria Cross, originally to
recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the
Crimean War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross>

1891:

Liliʻuokalani, the last monarch and only queen regnant of the
Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, ascended to the throne.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liliuokalani>

1944:

World War II: At least 38 people were killed and about a dozen
injured when the Polish village of Koniuchy (present-day Kaniūkai,
Lithuania) was attacked by Soviet partisan units.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koniuchy_massacre>

1967:

The Mantra-Rock Dance, called the "ultimate high" of the hippie
era, took place in San Francisco, featuring Swami Bhaktivedanta, Janis
Joplin, The Grateful Dead, and Allen Ginsberg (poster pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantra-Rock_Dance>

2006:

India's Irfan Pathan became the first bowler to take a Test
cricket hat-trick in the opening over of a match.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irfan_Pathan>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

receptacle:
1. A container.
2. (botany) The part of the flower stalk (peduncle or pedicel) to which the
floral parts are attached; a thalamus, a torus.
3. In the Asteraceae (aster or sunflower family), the end of the peduncle
to which all of the florets of the flower head are attached.
4. (phycology) A structure at the end of a branch of an alga containing
conceptacles (reproductive organs).
5. (electricity, US) A contact device installed at an outlet for the
connection of an attachment plug and flexible cord to supply portable
appliances or equipment.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/receptacle>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When a person doesn't understand something, he feels internal
discord: however he doesn't search for that discord in himself, as he
should, but searches outside of himself. Thence a war develops with that
which he doesn't understand.  
--Anton Chekhov
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anton_Chekhov>

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[Daily article] January 28: Thomas C. Hindman Published On

Thomas Carmichael Hindman, Jr. (January 28, 1828 – September 27, 1868)
was a United States Representative from Arkansas before serving as a
major general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil
War. During the Mexican–American War, he became a captain of his
company. He was a member of the Mississippi House of Representatives
from 1854 to 1856, and a Democratic representative in the Thirty-sixth
Congress from 1859 to 1861. Despite being re-elected, he declined to
serve after Arkansas seceded from the Union. Instead, Hindman joined the
armed forces of the Confederacy. He was promoted to brigadier general in
September 1861 and to major general the following April. He commanded
the Trans-Mississippi Department, and later raised and commanded
"Hindman's legion". After the war, he avoided surrender to the federal
government by fleeing to Mexico City. He worked in Mexico as a coffee
planter, and attempted to practice law. After returning to Arkansas,
Hindman was murdered at his home by an unknown assailant in 1868.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Hindman>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1393:

King Charles VI of France was nearly killed when several
dancers' costumes caught fire during a masquerade ball.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal_des_Ardents>

1821:

Alexander Island, the largest island of Antarctica, was
discovered by explorer Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen of the
Imperial Russian Navy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Island>

1922:

Snowfall from the biggest recorded snowstorm in Washington,
D.C., history caused the roof of the Knickerbocker Theatre to collapse,
killing 98 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knickerbocker_Theatre_(Washington,_D.C.)>

1958:

The Lego Group, a Danish toy company, patented the design of
Lego bricks (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego>

1977:

A deadly blizzard hit upstate New York and Southern Ontario,
creating snowdrifts of up to 30 ft (9 m) in affected areas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Blizzard>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

forthdraw:
(transitive, obsolete or poetic) To draw or bring forth.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forthdraw>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Up, abysmal thought, out of my depths! I am your rooster and dawn,
you sleepy worm: Up! Up! My voice will yet crow you awake! Unsnap the
straps of your ears: listen! Because I want to hear you! Up! Up! Here
there is thunder enough to make even graves learn to listen! And wipe
the sleep and all that befogs and blinds you from your eyes! Hear me
with your eyes too: my voice is a remedy even for those born blind. And
once you are awake, you shall remain awake eternally. It is not my
manner to wake great-grandmothers from their sleep only to tell them —
go back to sleep! You stir, you stretch, you gasp? Up! Up! No gasping
— you will speak to me! Zarathustra summons you, the godless one! I,
Zarathustra, the advocate of life, the advocate of suffering, the
advocate of the circle — you I summon, my most abysmal thought! Hail
to me! You are coming – I hear you! My abyss speaks, I have unfolded
my ultimate depth to the light!  
--Friedrich Nietzsche
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche>

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[Daily article] January 27: New wave of British heavy metal Published On

The new wave of British heavy metal began in the late 1970s and achieved
international attention by the early 1980s. Encompassing diverse
mainstream and underground styles, the music often infused 1970s heavy
metal music with the intensity of punk rock to produce fast and
aggressive songs. The do-it-yourself ethic of the new metal bands led to
the spread of raw-sounding, self-produced recordings and a proliferation
of independent record labels. Song lyrics were usually about escapist
themes from mythology, fantasy, horror or the rock lifestyle. The
movement involved mostly young, white, male musicians and fans of the
heavy metal subculture, whose behavioural and visual codes were quickly
adopted by metal fans worldwide after the spread of the music to Europe,
North America and Japan. The movement spawned perhaps a thousand bands,
but only a few survived the rise of MTV and glam metal. Among them,
Motörhead and Saxon had considerable success, and Iron Maiden and Def
Leppard became international stars.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_wave_of_British_heavy_metal>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1142:

Despite having saved the Southern Song dynasty from attempts by
the northern Jin dynasty to conquer it, Chinese general Yue Fei was
executed by the Song government.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue_Fei>

1945:

The Soviet Red Army liberated more than 7,500 prisoners left
behind by Nazi personnel in the Auschwitz concentration camp in
Oświęcim, Poland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp>

1967:

The Apollo 1 fire killed astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward H.
White and Roger Chaffee at Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 34, and destroyed
the spacecraft.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_1>

1996:

Mahamane Ousmane, the first democratically elected president of
Niger, was deposed by Colonel Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara in a military
coup d'état.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamane_Ousmane>

2011:

Arab Spring: The Yemeni Revolution began as more than 16,000
protesters demonstrated in Sana'a to demand governmental changes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemeni_Revolution>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sharawadgi:
(historical or obsolete) A style of landscape gardening or
architecture in which rigid lines and symmetry are avoided in favour of
an organic appearance.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sharawadgi>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  For the last two years, the minute hand of the Doomsday Clock
stayed set at three minutes before the hour, the closest it had been to
midnight since the early 1980s. In its two most recent annual
announcements on the Clock, the Science and Security Board warned: "The
probability of global catastrophe is very high, and the actions needed
to reduce the risks of disaster must be taken very soon." In 2017, we
find the danger to be even greater, the need for action more urgent. It
is two and a half minutes to midnight, the Clock is ticking, global
danger looms. Wise public officials should act immediately, guiding
humanity away from the brink. If they do not, wise citizens must step
forward and lead the way.  
--Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_Atomic_Scientists>

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[Daily article] January 26: Ferugliotheriidae Published On

Ferugliotheriidae is one of three known families in the order
Gondwanatheria, an enigmatic group of extinct mammals. Ferugliotheriids
coexisted with dinosaurs, mainly during the Late Cretaceous epoch
(84–66 million years ago) in Argentina, where they may have lived in a
marshy or seashore environment. Genera in the family, including
Trapalcotherium and Argentodites, are known from isolated low-crowned
teeth and possibly a fragment of a lower jaw. The best-known
representative of the family is Ferugliotherium windhauseni, a small
mammal, around 70 g (2.5 oz), which may have eaten insects and plants.
Ferugliotheriid incisors are long and procumbent and contain a band of
enamel on only part of the tooth. The jaw fragment contains a long tooth
socket for the incisor and bears a bladelike fourth lower premolar,
resembling those of multituberculates. Low-crowned and bladelike teeth
as seen in ferugliotheriids may have been evolutionary precursors of the
high-crowned teeth of the family Sudamericidae.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferugliotheriidae>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1564:

Livonian War: A Lithuanian surprise attack resulted in a
decisive defeat of the numerically superior Russian forces.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ula>

1808:

Governor of New South Wales William Bligh was deposed by the
New South Wales Corps in the only successful armed takeover of
government in Australia's recorded history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Rebellion>

1905:

The Cullinan Diamond, the largest gem-quality rough diamond
ever found at 3,106.75 carats (621.350 g), was discovered at the
Premier Mine in Cullinan, Gauteng, South Africa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullinan_Diamond>

1950:

Indian independence movement: India officially became a
republic under a new constitution, with Rajendra Prasad as its first
president.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India>

2009:

Rioting broke out in Antananarivo, Madagascar, sparking a
political crisis that led to the deposal of President Marc Ravalomanana.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Malagasy_political_crisis>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mallee:
1. (Australia) A type of scrubland with low-growing thick eucalypts,
characteristic of certain parts of Australia.
2. (Australia) Any semi-desert region of Australia where such scrub is the
predominant vegetation.
3. (Australia) Any of several low-growing eucalypts characteristic of such
scrubland, especially Eucalyptus dumosa, Eucalyptus oleosa, and
Eucalyptus socialis.
4. (botany, Australia) The growth habit of certain eucalypt species that
grow with multiple stems springing from an underground lignotuber,
shared by species of related genera.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mallee>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Whatever it is, it's OK because it's what it is. Don't be
looking for perfection. Don't be short-tempered with yourself. And
you'll be a whole lot nicer to be around with everyone else.  
--Mary Tyler Moore
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore>

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[Daily article] January 25: She Shoulda Said No! Published On

"She Shoulda Said 'No'!" is a 1949 exploitation film in the spirit of
morality tales such as the 1936 films Reefer Madness and Marihuana.
Directed by Sam Newfield (listed as Sherman Scott) and starring Lila
Leeds, it was inspired by the 1948 arrest of movie stars Robert Mitchum
and Leeds for marijuana possession. The actors, along with two others,
were arrested after smoking marijuana at Leeds' home and were charged
with the felony of narcotics possession. Public empathy for Mitchum
resulted in his charge being downgraded, and his sentence of sixty days
in jail was set aside in 1951. Leeds served sixty days in prison, and
after her release found no work in Hollywood until she was cast in this
film. The film was issued under many titles and struggled to find a
distributor until film presenter Kroger Babb reissued it as The Story of
Lila Leeds and Her Exposé of the Marijuana Racket. It failed to achieve
success under that title, and Babb eventually changed it to "She Shoulda
Said 'No'!" (Full article...).

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Shoulda_Said_No!>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1533:

Anne Boleyn, already pregnant with future queen Elizabeth,
secretly married Henry VIII of England, the second of his six
marriages.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn>

1573:

Sengoku period: The forces of Takeda Shingen defeated those of
Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Mikatagahara in Mikatagahara, north of
Hamamatsu, Mikawa Province.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mikatagahara>

1704:

English colonists from the Province of Carolina and their
native allies began a series of raids against a largely pacific
population of Apalachee in Spanish Florida.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apalachee_massacre>

1971:

Idi Amin seized power in a military coup d'état from President
Milton Obote, beginning eight years of military rule in Uganda.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_Amin>

2004:

The Five Cross Flag was restored to official use as the
national flag of Georgia after a hiatus of some 500 years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_(country)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Burns night:
An event held on the evening of 25th January in celebration of the
Scottish poet and lyricist Robert Burns (born on that day in 1759),
usually involving Scottish foods and recitals of his poetry.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Burns_night>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Hypocrisy is the most difficult and nerve-racking vice that any
man can pursue; it needs an unceasing vigilance and a rare detachment of
spirit. It cannot, like adultery or gluttony, be practised at spare
moments; it is a whole-time job.  
--W. Somerset Maugham
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham>

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[Daily article] January 24: In Our Time (short story collection) Published On

In Our Time is Ernest Hemingway's first American collection of short
stories, published in 1925 by Boni & Liveright. Its title is derived
from "Give peace in our time, O Lord" from the English Book of Common
Prayer. Hemingway first used the title for a collection of six
nonfiction vignettes of 75 to 187 words, commissioned by Ezra Pound for
The Little Review. He added 12 more vignettes for in our time (with
lower-case title), published in 1924 in Paris, about matadors, the
Battle of Mons, the Greco-Turkish War and the execution of six Greek
cabinet ministers. The 1925 New York collection combined these and
fourteen newly written short stories, including "Indian Camp" and "Big
Two-Hearted River", two of his best-known Nick Adams stories. He added
"On the Quai at Smyrna" for the 1930 edition. The collection resonates
with themes of alienation, loss, grief and separation, and includes
descriptions of war, bullfighting and current events. It is the earliest
Hemingway work to employ his iceberg theory of writing, in which the
underlying meaning is hinted at, rather than explicitly stated. The
volume attracted attention from reviewers and is an important work in
his canon.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Our_Time_(short_story_collection)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

41:

Cassius Chaerea and the disgruntled Praetorian Guards murdered
Roman emperor Caligula, replacing him with his uncle Claudius.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula>

1458:

The 14-year-old Matthias Corvinus was unanimously proclaimed
King of Hungary after the Estates were persuaded to do so by his uncle
Michael Szilágyi.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Corvinus>

1848:

James W. Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill
(reconstruction pictured) in Coloma, California, leading to the
California Gold Rush.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Gold_Rush>

1978:

The Soviet nuclear powered satellite Kosmos 954 burned up
during reentry, scattering radioactive debris across Canada's Northwest
Territories.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmos_954>

2011:

A suicide bomber killed 37 people at Domodedovo International
Airport in Moscow.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domodedovo_International_Airport_bombing>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

kakistocracy:
Government under the control of a nation's worst or least-qualified
citizens.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kakistocracy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We contemplate eternity Beneath the vast indifference of heaven.
 
--Warren Zevon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Warren_Zevon>

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[Daily article] January 23: Jochen Rindt Published On

Jochen Rindt (1942–1970) was the only racing driver to be posthumously
awarded the Formula One World Drivers' Championship, after his death
during the 1970 racing season. His debut in Formula One came in 1964 at
the Austrian Grand Prix. He began racing for Cooper in 1965, then moved
to Brabham for 1968 and Lotus in 1969. It was at Lotus that Rindt found
a competitive car, although he had concerns about its safety. He won his
first Formula One race at the 1969 United States Grand Prix. He had a
very successful 1970 season, winning five of the first nine races,
mainly in the revolutionary Lotus 72. In practice for the Italian Grand
Prix, he spun into the guardrails after a failure on his brake shaft,
and died from throat injuries. Overall, he competed in 62 Grand Prix
races, winning 6 and achieving 13 podium finishes. He was also
successful in sports car racing, winning the 1965 24 Hours of Le Mans
paired with Masten Gregory in a Ferrari 250LM. Rindt was a popular
figure in Austria and his success increased interest there in
motorsport, and Formula One in particular.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jochen_Rindt>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1264:

King Louis IX of France issued the Mise of Amiens, a settlement
between King Henry III of England and barons led by Simon de Montfort
heavily favouring the former, which later led to the Second Barons' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mise_of_Amiens>

1793:

The Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia partitioned the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth for the second time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland>

1915:

The Chilembwe uprising, regarded as a key moment in the history
of Malawi, began as rebels, led by a minister, attacked local plantation
owners.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilembwe_uprising>

1997:

Madeleine Albright was sworn in as the first female United
States Secretary of State, becoming the highest-ranking woman in the
history of the U.S. government at that time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine_Albright>

2001:

Five people attempted to set themselves on fire in Beijing's
Tiananmen Square, an act that many people later claimed was staged by
the Communist Party of China to frame Falun Gong and thus escalate their
persecution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_self-immolation_incident>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

forspeak:
1. (transitive, dialectal, Northern England and Scotland) To injure or
cause bad luck through immoderate praise or flattery; to affect with the
curse of an evil tongue, which brings ill luck upon all objects of its
praise.
2. (transitive, obsolete) To bewitch, to charm.
3. (transitive, obsolete) To forbid, to prohibit; to oppose.
4. (transitive, obsolete) To say bad things about; to slander.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/forspeak>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Ignorance is king. Many would not profit by his abdication. Many
enrich themselves by means of his dark monarchy. They are his Court, and
in his name they defraud and govern, enrich themselves and perpetuate
their power. Even literacy they fear, for the written word is another
channel of communication that might cause their enemies to become
united. Their weapons are keen-honed, and they use them with skill. They
will press the battle upon the world when their interests are
threatened, and the violence which follows will last until the structure
of society as it now exists is leveled to rubble, and a new society
emerges. I am sorry: But that is how I see it.  
--Walter M. Miller, Jr.
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walter_M._Miller,_Jr.>

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[Daily article] January 22: Lockheed C-130 Hercules in Australian service Published On

In Australian service, Lockheed C-130 Hercules transport aircraft have
been operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). A total of
forty-eight of the aircraft have served the RAAF since 1958, when
No. 36 Squadron began replacing its Douglas C-47 Dakotas, and the
C-130J model is still in Australian service today. As the RAAF's first
strategic airlifters, the aircraft have frequently been used to deliver
disaster relief in Australia and the Pacific region, as well as to
support military deployments overseas. They saw extensive service during
the Vietnam War, transporting troops and cargo to South East Asia and
undertaking aeromedical evacuation. Nineteen of the RAAF's fleet of
twenty-four C-130s took part in relief efforts in 1974–75 after
Cyclone Tracy struck Darwin. Since then, the aircraft have been involved
in humanitarian missions to New Guinea, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Cambodia,
Bali, Sumatra, and New Zealand. They have also seen service during the
Iranian Revolution in 1979, the Fijian coups in 1987, operations in
Somalia in 1993, INTERFET operations in East Timor in 1999–2000, and
beginning in 2001, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules_in_Australian_service>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1517:

Ottoman–Mamluk War: Ottoman forces defeated the Egyptian
Mamluk army in the Battle of Ridaniya and brought the severed head of
the last Mamluk sultan Tuman bay II into Cairo.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ridaniya>

1689:

The Convention Parliament convened to justify the overthrow of
James II, the last Roman Catholic King of England, who had vacated the
throne when he fled to France in 1688.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England>

1906:

The SS Valencia was wrecked off the coast of Vancouver Island,
British Columbia, Canada, in a location so treacherous it was known as
the Graveyard of the Pacific.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Valencia>

1957:

New York City police arrested George Metesky, better known as
the "Mad Bomber", for planting over 30 bombs over 16 years throughout
the city.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Metesky>

1969:

Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev survived an assassination
attempt, an incident that was not revealed to the public until after the
fall of the Soviet Union.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezhnev_assassination_attempt>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

posology:
1. (pharmacy) The study of the dosages of drugs, especially the
determination of appropriate dosages.
2. (mathematics, historical, rare) In the works of English philosopher
Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832): the study of quantity; mathematics.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Men must know that in this theater of Man's life it is reserved
only for God and Angels to be lookers on.  
--Francis Bacon
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Francis_Bacon>

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[Daily article] January 21: Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid Published On

Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid (882–946) was an Abbasid commander who
became the ruler of Egypt and parts of Syria from 935 until his death.
His Ikhshidid dynasty ruled until the Fatimid conquest of 969. In his
turbulent early career, he was imprisoned along with his father Tughj
ibn Juff by the Abbasids in 905, participated in the murder of the
vizier al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i in 908, and fled Iraq to enter
the service of the governor of Egypt, Takin al-Khazari. He became
governor himself, and quickly defeated a Fatimid invasion. His reign
marks a rare period of peace and good government for early Islamic
Egypt. He vied with other regional strongmen for control over Syria,
without which Egypt was vulnerable to invasion from the east, but unlike
many other Egyptian leaders, he was prepared to bide his time and
compromise with his rivals. In 944 he received recognition of his
hereditary rule over Egypt, Syria and the Hejaz for thirty years from
Caliph al-Muttaqi of Baghdad. Ibn Tughj's son Unujur succeeded him,
under the guardianship of the powerful Ethiopian eunuch Abu al-Misk
Kafur.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Tughj_al-Ikhshid>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

763:

The Abbasid Caliphate crushed the Alid Revolt when one of the
rebellion leaders was mortally wounded in battle near Basra in what is
now Iraq.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alid_Revolt_(762%E2%80%93763)>

1789:

The Power of Sympathy by William Hill Brown, widely considered
to be the first American novel, was published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Sympathy>

1941:

Sparked by the murder of a German officer the previous day in
Bucharest, Romania, members of the Iron Guard engaged in a rebellion and
pogrom, killing 125 Jews.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom>

1972:

Tripura, part of the former independent Twipra Kingdom, became
a full-fledged state in India.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura>

1997:

The U.S. House of Representatives voted 395–28 to reprimand
Newt Gingrich for ethics violations, making him the first Speaker of the
House to be so disciplined.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newt_Gingrich>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mundialization:
An ideology based on the solidarity and diversity of global citizens and
the creation of supranational laws, intended as a response to
dehumanizing aspects of globalization.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mundialization>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  No single law — no set of laws can eliminate evil from the
world, or prevent every senseless act of violence in our society. But
that can't be an excuse for inaction.  
--Barack Obama
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Barack_Obama>

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[Daily article] January 20: Impala Published On

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a medium-sized antelope in eastern
and southern Africa. First described by German zoologist Hinrich
Lichtenstein in 1812, it reaches 70–92 centimetres (28–36 inches) at
the shoulder, weighs 40–76 kilograms (88–168 pounds), and has a
glossy, reddish brown coat. The male's slender, lyre-shaped horns can
reach 45–92 centimetres (18–36 in), measured along the curve.
Active mainly during the day, the impala may be gregarious or
territorial. Three distinct social groups can be observed – the
territorial males, bachelor herds and female herds. Browsers as well as
grazers, impala feed on monocots, dicots, forbs, fruits and acacia pods.
An annual, three-week-long rut takes place toward the end of the wet
season, typically in May, and gestation lasts six to seven months.
Calves are suckled for four to six months. The impala is found close to
water, in woodlands and sometimes at the interface between woodlands and
savannahs. The common impala is widespread across its range and has been
reintroduced in Gabon and southern Africa, but the black-faced
subspecies has been classified as a vulnerable species.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impala>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

250:

Pope Fabian was martyred during a widespread persecution of
Christians for refusing to demonstrate loyalty to the Roman Empire.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Fabian>

1877:

The Constantinople Conference concluded with the Great Powers
declaring the need for political reforms that the Ottoman Empire refused
to undertake, which later led to the Russo-Turkish War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople_Conference>

1942:

The Holocaust: SS-Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich and
other senior Nazi officials met at the Wannsee Conference in the Berlin
suburb of Wannsee to discuss implementation of the "Final Solution to
the Jewish Question".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee_Conference>

1969:

Bengali student activist Amanullah Asaduzzaman was shot and
killed by East Pakistani police, one of the catalysts that led to the
Bangladesh Liberation War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanullah_Asaduzzaman>

2007:

A three-man team, using only skis and kites, completed a
1,093-mile (1,759 km) trek to reach the southern pole of
inaccessibility for the first time since 1958, and for the first time
ever without mechanical assistance.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

aul:
A village encampment in the Caucasus, Central Asia or the Southern
Urals.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aul>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Sadly, the American dream is dead. But if I get elected president,
I will bring it back bigger and better and stronger than ever before,
and we will make America great again.  
--Donald Trump
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Donald_Trump>

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[Daily article] January 19: Hope (painting) Published On

Hope is an 1886 Symbolist oil painting by the English artist George
Frederic Watts. Radically different from previous treatments of the
subject, it shows a lone blindfolded female figure sitting on a globe,
playing a lyre which has only a single string remaining. Watts
intentionally used symbolism not traditionally associated with hope to
make the painting's meaning ambiguous. As reproductions began to
circulate in large quantities worldwide, it became a widely popular
image. Theodore Roosevelt displayed a copy at his Sagamore Hill home in
New York, and a 1922 film was based on the painting. Although Watts was
rapidly falling out of fashion by this time and Hope was increasingly
seen as outdated and sentimental, it remained influential. Martin Luther
King Jr. based a 1959 sermon on the theme of the painting, as did
Jeremiah Wright in 1990. Among the congregation for the latter was the
young Barack Obama, who took "The Audacity of Hope" as the theme of his
2004 Democratic National Convention keynote address, and as the title of
his 2006 book; he based his successful 2008 presidential campaign around
the theme of "Hope".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_(painting)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1607:

San Agustin Church in Manila, the oldest extant church in the
Philippines, was completed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Agustin_Church_(Manila)>

1862:

American Civil War: In their first significant victory, Union
forces defeated the Confederates at the Battle of Mill Springs near
modern Nancy, Kentucky.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mill_Springs>

1945:

World War II: Soviet forces liberated the Łódź Ghetto; only
877 Jews of the initial population of 164,000 remained at that time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto>

1972:

The French newspaper l'Aurore revealed that the Nazi SS officer
Klaus Barbie, the "Butcher of Lyon", had been found to be living in
Peru.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Barbie>

2007:

Turkish-Armenian journalist and human rights activist Hrant
Dink was assassinated by a Turkish nationalist.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Hrant_Dink>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unpaid:
1. Not paid (for).
2. Of work: done without agreed payment, usually voluntarily.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unpaid>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If justice be a natural principle, then it is necessarily an
immutable one; and can no more be changed — by any power inferior to
that which established it — than can the law of gravitation, the laws
of light, the principles of mathematics, or any other natural law or
principle whatever; and all attempts or assumptions, on the part of any
man or body of men — whether calling themselves governments, or by any
other name — to set up their own commands, wills, pleasure, or
discretion, in the place of justice, as a rule of conduct for any human
being, are as much an absurdity, an usurpation, and a tyranny, as would
be their attempts to set up their own commands, wills, pleasure, or
discretion in the place of any and all the physical, mental, and moral
laws of the universe. If there be any such principle as justice, it is,
of necessity, a natural principle; and, as such, it is a matter of
science, to be learned and applied like any other science. And to talk
of either adding to, or taking from, it, by legislation, is just as
false, absurd, and ridiculous as it would be to talk of adding to, or
taking from, mathematics, chemistry, or any other science, by
legislation.  
--Lysander Spooner
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lysander_Spooner>

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[Daily article] January 18: Sesame Street international co-productions Published On

Sesame Street international co-productions are educational children's
television series based on the American Sesame Street but tailored to
the countries in which they are produced. Shortly after the debut of
Sesame Street in the US in 1969, television producers, teachers, and
officials of several countries approached the show's producers and the
executives of Children's Television Workshop (CTW) about the possibility
of airing international versions of the show. Creator Joan Ganz Cooney
hired former CBS executive Mike Dann to field offers to produce versions
of the show in other countries, with original sets, characters, and
curriculum goals. CTW's new shows included both dubbed versions of the
American show and versions created, developed, and produced to reflect
each country's needs, educational priorities, and culture. For example,
the first HIV-positive Muppet, Kami, from the South African co-
production Takalani Sesame, was created in 2003 to address the epidemic
of AIDS. In 2001, there were more than 120 million viewers of all
international versions of Sesame Street, and by the US show's
40th anniversary in 2009, they were being seen in more than
140 countries.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_international_co-productions>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1535:

Conquistador Francisco Pizarro founded Ciudad de los Reyes,
present-day Lima, Peru, as the capital of the lands he conquered for the
Spanish Crown.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Lima>

1871:

A number of independent German states unified into the German
Empire, with Prussian King Wilhelm I being proclaimed as its first
Emperor.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany>

1919:

World War I: The Paris Peace Conference opened, to set the
peace terms for the Central Powers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919>

1958:

African Canadian Willie O'Ree of the Boston Bruins played his
first game in the National Hockey League, breaking the colour barrier in
professional ice hockey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_O%27Ree>

1977:

The mysterious Legionnaires' disease was found to be caused by
a previously unknown bacterium now known as Legionella (pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pooh-pooh:
(transitive) To dismiss idly with contempt or derision.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pooh-pooh>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Most animals, including most domesticated primates (humans) show a
truly staggering ability to "ignore" certain kinds of information —
that which does not "fit" their imprinted/conditioned reality-tunnel. We
generally call this "conservatism" or "stupidity", but it appears in all
parts of the political spectrum, and in learned societies as well as in
the Ku Klux Klan.  
--Robert Anton Wilson
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson>

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[Daily article] January 17: Dorset Ooser Published On

The Dorset Ooser is a wooden head that featured in the nineteenth-
century folk culture of Melbury Osmond, a village in the southwestern
English county of Dorset. The head was hollow, thus perhaps serving as a
mask, and included a humanoid face with horns, a beard, and a hinged
jaw. Although sometimes used to scare people during practical jokes, its
main recorded purpose was as part of a local variant of the custom known
as "rough music", in which it was used to humiliate those who were
deemed to have behaved in an immoral manner. It was first brought to
public attention in 1891, when it was owned by the Cave family of
Melbury Osmond's Holt Farm, but it went missing around 1897. In 1975 a
replica of the original Ooser was produced by John Byfleet, which has
since been on display at Dorset County Museum in Dorchester. This mask
retains a place in Dorset folk culture, and is used in local Morris
dancing processions held by the Wessex Morris Men on Saint George's Day
and May Day. The design of the Ooser has inspired copies used as
representations of the Horned God in the modern Pagan religion of Wicca
in both the United Kingdom and United States.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_Ooser>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1773:

On James Cook's second voyage, his ship HMS Resolution became
the first to cross the Antarctic Circle.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_voyage_of_James_Cook>

1912:

Robert Falcon Scott's ill-fated Terra Nova Expedition reached
the South Pole, only to find that Roald Amundsen's team had beaten them
by 33 days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition>

1946:

The United Nations Security Council, the organ of the United
Nations charged with the maintenance of international peace and
security, held its first meeting at Church House in London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council>

1961:

Three days before leaving office, U.S. President Dwight D.
Eisenhower delivered a farewell speech to the nation, in which he warned
about the dangers of the military–industrial complex.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisenhower%27s_farewell_address>

2010:

The first spate of violence between Muslims and Christians
began in Jos, Nigeria, and would end in more than 200 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Jos_riots>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

knuckle sandwich:
(slang) A punch to the face, especially to the mouth.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/knuckle_sandwich>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  It is our fundamental belief in the power of hope that has allowed
us to rise above the voices of doubt and division, of anger and fear
that we have faced in our own lives and in the life of this country. Our
hope that if we work hard enough and believe in ourselves, then we can
be whatever we dream, regardless of the limitations that others may
place on us. The hope that when people see us for who we truly are,
maybe, just maybe they, too, will be inspired to rise to their best
possible selves.  
--Michelle Obama
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Michelle_Obama>

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[Daily article] January 16: Night of January 16th Published On

Night of January 16th is a play by Russian-American author Ayn Rand,
inspired by the death of Ivar Kreuger, an industrialist and accused
swindler known as the Match King. The play is set in a courtroom during
a murder trial, and members of the audience are chosen to play the jury.
The court hears the case of Karen Andre, a former secretary and lover of
businessman Bjorn Faulkner, of whose murder she is accused. The jury
must rely on character testimony to decide whether Andre is guilty; the
play's ending depends on their verdict. Rand wanted to dramatize a
conflict between individualism and conformity. The play was first
produced in 1934 in Los Angeles under the title Woman on Trial. Producer
Al Woods took it to Broadway for the 1935–36 season and re-titled it
Night of January 16th. It became a hit and ran for seven months. The
play has been adapted as a movie, as well as for television and radio.
Rand had many disputes with Woods over the play, and in 1968 re-edited
it for publication as her "definitive" version.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_January_16th>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1362:

The Danish settlement of Rungholt was reportedly sunk into the
North Sea by a massive windstorm.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungholt>

1780:

Anglo-Spanish War: The British Royal Navy gained their first
major naval victory over their European enemies in the war when they
defeated a Spanish squadron in the Battle of Cape St. Vincent
(pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)>

1920:

The League of Nations, the first intergovernmental organisation
whose principal mission was to maintain world peace, held its first
council meeting in Paris.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations>

1942:

TWA Flight 3 crashed into Potosi Mountain in Nevada, killing
actress Carole Lombard and all of the other 21 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_3>

1964:

The musical Hello, Dolly! opened at the St. James Theatre on
Broadway, and went on to win ten Tony Awards, a record that stood for 37
years.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Dolly!_(musical)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cereology:
The investigation, or practice, of creating crop circles.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cereology>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Real art has the capacity to make us nervous. By reducing the work
of art to its content and then interpreting that, one tames the work of
art. Interpretation makes art manageable, comformable.  
--Susan Sontag
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Susan_Sontag>

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[Daily article] January 15: The Pale Emperor Published On

The Pale Emperor is the ninth studio album by American rock band Marilyn
Manson, released on January 15, 2015. In place of their usual industrial
rock style, the album features a sparser, blues-rock-influenced sound.
It was the band's first album to be co-produced by score composer Tyler
Bates, who had met frontman Marilyn Manson (pictured) through their
mutual involvement in the television series Californication. It was
released through the singer's Hell, etc. label to generally positive
reviews, with several publications referring to it as the band's best
album in over a decade. It went on to appear on multiple best-album
lists for 2015. It was also a commercial success, debuting at number
eight on the Billboard 200 with the band's highest opening week sales
since 2007. The album was dedicated to Manson's mother, who died of
Alzheimer's disease during its production. To promote the record, the
band embarked on The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour, which ran for almost two
years along with two co-headlining tours: The End Times with The
Smashing Pumpkins, and a summer 2016 tour with Slipknot.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pale_Emperor>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1759:

The British Museum in London, today containing one of the
largest and most comprehensive collections in the world, opened to the
public in Montagu House, Bloomsbury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum>

1865:

American Civil War: The Union Army captured Fort Fisher, the
last seaport of the Confederacy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Fort_Fisher>

1937:

Spanish Civil War: Nationalists and Republican forces both
withdrew after suffering heavy losses, ending the Second Battle of the
Corunna Road.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Corunna_Road>

1967:

The Green Bay Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the
American football championship game now known as Super Bowl I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_I>

1991:

Elizabeth II, as Queen of Australia, signed letters patent
allowing Australia to become the first Commonwealth realm to institute
its own separate Victoria Cross award in its own honours system.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Cross_for_Australia>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cut-out:
1. A hole or space produced when something is removed by cutting. Also
attributive.
2. A piece cut out of something
3. A free-standing, rigid print (usually life-sized), often displayed for
promotional purposes; a standee.
4. A trusted middleman or intermediary, especially in espionage. […]
5. (electronics) Any of several devices that halts the flow of a current,
especially an electric current; a trip-switch or trip.
6. (telegraphy) A switch that changes the current from one circuit to
another, or for shortening a circuit. […]
7. (US, agriculture) The separation of a group of cattle from a herd; the
place where they are collected.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cut-out>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The great problem facing modern man is that, that the means by
which we live have outdistanced the spiritual ends for which we live. So
we find ourselves caught in a messed-up world. The problem is with man
himself and man's soul. We haven't learned how to be just and honest and
kind and true and loving. And that is the basis of our problem. The real
problem is that through our scientific genius we've made of the world a
neighborhood, but through our moral and spiritual genius we've failed to
make of it a brotherhood. And the great danger facing us today is not so
much the atomic bomb that was created by physical science. Not so much
that atomic bomb that you can put in an aeroplane and drop on the heads
of hundreds and thousands of people — as dangerous as that is. But the
real danger confronting civilization today is that atomic bomb which
lies in the hearts and souls of men, capable of exploding into the
vilest of hate and into the most damaging selfishness — that's the
atomic bomb that we've got to fear today.  
--Martin Luther King, Jr.
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr.>

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[Daily article] January 14: Interstate 275 (Michigan) Published On

Interstate 275 (I-275) in the US state of Michigan is a western bypass
around the Detroit metropolitan area, completed on January 14, 1977. The
freeway is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation as
part of the larger state trunkline highway system. It runs through the
western suburbs near Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport,
terminating in an interchange with I-75 near Newport, northeast of
Monroe. Early planning maps for the Interstate Highway System in the
1950s included a highway roughly parallel to the modern I-275. As plans
developed through the 1960s and into the early 1970s, the freeway was to
run from I-75 near Newport north to Novi and connect back to I-75 near
Davisburg, but the state canceled the northern section after local
opposition. Additional plans to extend the highway through Oakland
County were kept on the drawing boards through the 1980s, but failed to
materialize. Highway M-5, the Haggerty Connector, opened along part of
the former I-275/M-275 right-of-way between 1994 and 2000.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_275_(Michigan)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1301:

The Árpád dynasty, which had ruled Hungary since the late 9th
century, ended with the death of King Andrew III.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty>

1814:

Sweden and Denmark–Norway signed the Treaty of Kiel, whereby
Frederick VI of Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in return for the Swedish
holdings in Pomerania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel>

1907:

A 6.5 Mw earthquake struck Kingston, Jamaica (damage pictured),
resulting in at least 800 deaths, which was at the time considered one
of the deadliest recorded earthquakes.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_Kingston_earthquake>

1957:

Kripalu Maharaj became the fifth Jagadguru ("world teacher"), a
Hindu spiritual leader.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kripalu_Maharaj>

1967:

The counterculture Human Be-In was held in San Francisco's
Golden Gate Park, launching the Summer of Love.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Be-In>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

illapse:
1. (rare) A gliding in; an immission or entrance of one thing into another.
2. (rare) A sudden descent or attack.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/illapse>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  May the men who hold the destiny of peoples in their hands,
studiously avoid anything that might cause the present situation to
deteriorate and become even more dangerous. May they take to heart the
words of the Apostle Paul: "If it be possible, as much as lieth in you,
live peaceably with all men." These words are valid not only for
individuals, but for nations as well. May these nations, in their
efforts to maintain peace, do their utmost to give the spirit time to
grow and to act.  
--Albert Schweitzer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer>

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[Daily article] January 13: Jersey Act Published On

The Jersey Act was a 1913 regulation by the British Jockey Club and the
owners of the General Stud Book that prevented most American-bred
Thoroughbred horses from registering with them. It was intended to halt
the increasing importation of racehorses of possibly impure bloodlines
after a series of bans on gambling by US states, including gambling on
horse races. The loss of breeding records during the American Civil War
and the late beginning of the registration of American Thoroughbreds led
many in the British racing establishment to doubt that the American-bred
horses were purebred. The Act prohibited the registration of horses
unless all of their Thoroughbred ancestors had been registered. Despite
protests from American breeders the regulation was in force until 1949.
By then, ineligible horses were increasingly successful in races in
Europe, British and Irish breeders had lost access to French
Thoroughbreds during and after the Second World War, and any impure
ancestors of the American bloodlines had receded far back in most
horses' ancestry.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_Act>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1797:

French Revolutionary Wars: A naval battle off the coast of
Brittany between two British frigates and a French ship of the line
ended with over 900 deaths when the latter ran aground.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797>

1910:

The first public radio broadcast, a live performance of
Cavalleria rusticana from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City,
was sent over the airwaves.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_of_public_radio_broadcasting>

1915:

About 30,000 people in Avezzano, Italy—96% of its
population—were killed when an earthquake struck the region.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1915_Avezzano_earthquake>

1968:

American singer Johnny Cash recorded his landmark album At
Folsom Prison live at the Folsom State Prison in California.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Folsom_Prison>

2000:

Steve Ballmer replaced Bill Gates as Chief Executive Officer of
Microsoft.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ballmer>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Hilary term:
1. The second term of the legal year, running from January to March or
April, during which the upper courts of England and Wales, and Ireland,
sit to hear cases.
2. The second academic term of the universities of Oxford and Dublin,
running from January to March. The term was modelled after the legal
term, but does not begin and end on the same dates.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hilary_term>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  RELIGION IS DOING; a man does not merely think his religion or
feel it, he lives his religion as much as he is able, otherwise it is
not religion but fantasy or philosophy. Whether he likes it or not he
shows his attitude towards religion by his actions and he can show his
attitude only by his actions.  
--G. I. Gurdjieff
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/G._I._Gurdjieff>

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[Daily article] January 12: The Monster (novella) Published On

The Monster is an 1898 novella by American author Stephen Crane
(1871–1900), a study of prejudice, fear and isolation in a small town.
In the fictional Whilomville, New York, an African-American coachman
named Henry Johnson, who is employed by the town's physician, Dr.
Trescott, becomes horribly disfigured after he saves Trescott's son from
a fire. When Henry is branded a "monster" by the town's residents,
Trescott vows to shelter and care for him, resulting in his family's
exclusion from the community. Whilomville, which is used in 14 other
Crane stories, was based on Port Jervis, New York, where he spent part
of his youth. He probably took inspiration from several local men who
were similarly disfigured. Modern critics have connected themes of
racial division in the story to the 1892 lynching in Port Jervis of an
African-American man named Robert Lewis. The novella was included in The
Monster and Other Stories—the last collection of Crane's work to be
published during his lifetime. Both the novella and the collection
received mixed reviews from critics, but The Monster is now considered
one of Crane's best works.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Monster_(novella)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1554:

Bayinnaung, who later assembled the largest empire in the
history of Southeast Asia, was crowned king of the Burmese Taungoo
Dynasty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayinnaung>

1777:

Mission Santa Clara de Asís, a Spanish mission that formed the
basis of both the city of Santa Clara, California and Santa Clara
University, was established.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs>

1911:

The University of the Philippines College of Law was founded;
many leading Filipino political figures have since graduated from it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_College_of_Law>

1967:

Seventy-three-year-old psychology professor James Bedford
became the first person to be cryonically frozen with intent of future
resuscitation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics>

2007:

Comet McNaught reached perihelion and became the brightest
comet in over 40 years with an apparent magnitude of −5.5.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/2006_P1>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

filibuster:
1. A mercenary soldier; a freebooter; specifically, a mercenary who
travelled illegally in an organized group from the United States to a
country in Central America or the Spanish West Indies in the mid-19th
century seeking economic and political benefits through armed force.
2. (politics, US) A tactic (such as giving long, often irrelevant speeches)
employed to delay the proceedings of, or the making of a decision by, a
legislative body, particularly the United States Senate.
3. (politics, US) A member of a legislative body causing such an
obstruction; a filibusterer.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filibuster>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The people never give up their liberties but under some delusion.
 
--Edmund Burke
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke>

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[Daily article] January 11: Dover Athletic F.C. Published On

Dover Athletic Football Club is an association football club formed in
1983, based in the town of Dover, Kent, England. In the 1989–90 season
Dover Athletic won the Southern League championship, but failed to gain
promotion to the Football Conference as the club's ground did not meet
the required standard. Three seasons later the team won the title again
and this time gained promotion to the Conference, where they spent nine
seasons before being relegated. The club was transferred to the Isthmian
League Premier Division in 2004, but another poor season led the club to
a further relegation. After three seasons in the Isthmian League
Division One South, the club won the championship and promotion back to
the Premier Division, and the following season won another championship
and promotion to Conference South. In the 2013–14 season, Dover
defeated Ebbsfleet United to return to the Conference Premier after a
twelve-year absence. Nicknamed the Whites for their white shirts, they
have played at the Crabble Athletic Ground since the club's formation.
Their best performance in the FA Cup was reaching the third round proper
in both the 2010–11 and 2014–15 seasons.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Athletic_F.C.>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1055:

Theodora (pictured on coin) became sole ruler of the Byzantine
empire after the death of her brother-in-law Constantine IX Monomachos.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(11th_century)>

1693:

An intensity XI earthquake, the most powerful in Italian
history, struck the island of Sicily.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1693_Sicily_earthquake>

1912:

Immigrant textile workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts, U.S.,
went on strike in response to a pay cut corresponding to a new law
shortening the working week.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Lawrence_textile_strike>

1923:

Troops from France and Belgium invaded the Ruhr to force the
German Weimar Republic to pay its reparations in the aftermath of World
War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ruhr>

2013:

French special forces failed in an attempted rescue of a DGSE
agent who had been taken hostage in July 2009 by Al-Shabaab in Bulo
Marer, Somalia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulo_Marer_hostage_rescue_attempt>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

oose:
(Scotland) Fluff, particularly from a textile source such as cotton or
wool.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oose>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There is a realm of time where the goal is not to have but to be,
not to own but to give, not to control but to share, not to subdue but
to be in accord. Life goes wrong when the control of space, the
acquisition of things of space, becomes our sole concern.  
--Abraham Joshua Heschel
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel>

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[Daily article] January 10: Kalki Koechlin Published On

Kalki Koechlin (born 10 January 1984) is an Indian actress and writer of
French descent who predominantly works in Bollywood. After studying
drama at Goldsmiths, University of London, she made her screen debut in
the drama Dev.D in 2009, winning a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting
Actress. She starred in and co-wrote the screenplay for the crime
thriller That Girl in Yellow Boots (2011). She has starred in two top-
grossing films, the coming-of-age film Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara (2011)
and the romantic drama Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani (2013). Her work in the
independent drama Margarita with a Straw (2014) earned a National Film
Award – Special Jury Award. Her commercially successful films include
the political drama Shanghai (2012) and the supernatural thriller Ek Thi
Daayan (2013). She won The MetroPlus Playwright Award for co-writing the
dramatic play Skeleton Woman (2009), and made her directorial debut on
stage with the tragicomedy Living Room (2015). She hosted a travel show
entitled Kalki's Great Escape in 2016. Koechlin promotes causes ranging
from health and education to women's empowerment and gender equality.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalki_Koechlin>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

9:

The Western Han dynasty of China ended after the throne was
usurped by Wang Mang, who founded the Xin dynasty.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty>

1776:

Common Sense, a pamphlet by Thomas Paine denouncing British
rule in the Thirteen Colonies, was published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Sense_(pamphlet)>

1923:

Lithuanian residents of the Memel Territory rebelled against
the League of Nations decision to leave the area as a mandated region
under French control.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt>

1985:

Sir Clive Sinclair launched the Sinclair C5 personal electric
vehicle, "one of the great marketing bombs of postwar British industry",
which later became a cult collector's item.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_C5>

2007:

A general strike began in Guinea as an attempt to force
President Lansana Conté to resign, eventually resulting in the
appointment of two new prime ministers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Guinean_general_strike>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

yucca:
1. Any of several evergreen plants of the genus Yucca, having long,
pointed, and rigid leaves at the top of a woody stem, and bearing a
large panicle of showy white blossoms.
2. (now proscribed, obsolete) The yuca (cassava).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yucca>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The one pervading evil of democracy is the tyranny of the
majority, or rather of that party, not always the majority, that
succeeds, by force or fraud, in carrying elections.  
--John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton>

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[Daily article] January 9: Rogue River (Oregon) Published On

The Rogue River in southwestern Oregon in the United States flows 215
miles (346 km) generally westward, from the Cascade Range to the
Pacific Ocean. With salmon runs, whitewater rafting, and rugged scenery,
it was one of the original eight rivers designated for protection by the
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. Beginning near Crater Lake, which
occupies the caldera left by the explosive volcanic eruption of Mount
Mazama, the river flows through the geologically young High Cascades,
the older Western Cascades, and the ancient Klamath Mountains. The
Kalmiopsis Wilderness section of the Rogue basin contains peridotite
rocks from the Earth's mantle. Near the mouth of the river, dinosaur
fragments were found in the Otter Point Formation. European explorers
made first contact with local Native Americans toward the end of the
18th century and began beaver trapping. Clashes between the natives and
the trappers and later between the natives and European-American miners
and settlers culminated with the Rogue River Wars of 1855 and 1856.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogue_River_(Oregon)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1857:

A 7.9 Mw earthquake ruptured part of the San Andreas Fault in
California and was felt as far east as Las Vegas.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Fort_Tejon_earthquake>

1909:

Ernest Shackleton, leading the Nimrod Expedition, planted the
British flag 97 nautical miles (180 km) from the South Pole, the
furthest south anyone had ever reached at that time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farthest_South>

1917:

First World War: Troops of the British Empire defeated Ottoman
forces at the Battle of Rafa on the Sinai–Palestine border in present-
day Rafah.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rafa>

1972:

Seawise University, formerly RMS Queen Elizabeth, an ocean
liner that sailed the Atlantic for the Cunard White Star Line, was
destroyed by fire in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Queen_Elizabeth>

2011:

In poor weather conditions, Iran Air Flight 277 crashed near
Urmia Airport, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran, killing at least 77.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_277>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

à contrecœur:
Reluctantly, unwillingly.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A0_contrec%C5%93ur>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Relativism is not indifference; on the contrary, passionate
indifference is necessary in order for you not to hear the voices that
oppose your absolute decrees. … Relativism is neither a method of
fighting, nor a method of creating, for both of these are uncompromising
and at times even ruthless; rather, it is a method of cognition. If one
must fight or create, it is necessary that this be preceded by the
broadest possible knowledge ... One of the worst muddles of this age is
its confusing of the ideas behind combative and cognitive activity.
Cognition is not fighting, but once someone knows a lot, he will have
much to fight for, so much that he will be called a relativist because
of it.  
--Karel Čapek
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek>

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[Daily article] January 8: Operation Ironside Published On

Operation Ironside was a deception operation in the Second World War,
meant to persuade the Germans that the Allies would stage an invasion
near Bordeaux along the Bay of Biscay. The operation consisted entirely
of deceptive messages, without any supporting physical evidence, unlike
other deception operations intended to draw German defences away from
the planned Normandy landings. Bordeaux was an important military port
during the war and had already been a target of commando raids in 1942.
Planned by the London Controlling Section, Ironside was communicated to
the Germans by double agents in May and June 1944. Rumours of an
impending two-division assault were communicated by Agent Bronx, a
Peruvian socialite, with help from other agents, including Tate and
Garbo. Historians have found no indication that the Germans believed an
invasion in the area to be imminent, probably because Bordeaux was
beyond air cover from the UK and there were no detectable naval
activities in the region. Nevertheless, the operation may have succeeded
in delaying one Panzer division from moving north to defend in Normandy.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ironside>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1198:

Lotario de Conti was elected as Pope Innocent III; he later
worked to restore papal power in Rome.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III>

1697:

Scottish student Thomas Aikenhead became the last person in
Britain to be executed for blasphemy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aikenhead>

1904:

Blackstone Library, the first branch of the Chicago Public
Library system, was dedicated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_Library>

1977:

Three bombs attributed to Armenian nationalists exploded across
Moscow, killing seven people and injuring 37.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_Moscow_bombings>

2003:

Turkish Airlines Flight 634 crashed in extensive fog during
final approach to Diyarbakır Airport in Turkey, leaving only five
survivors out of 80 people on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Airlines_Flight_634>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sitting pretty:
1. (idiomatic) Having a comfortable or certain supply of money or
resources.
2. (idiomatic) In a favorable situation, especially a situation in which
one possesses an advantage.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sitting_pretty>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Teach the child to respect that which is not respectable and you
teach the child the first requirement of slavery: submission to unjust
authority.  
--Gerry Spence
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gerry_Spence>

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[Daily article] January 7: Francis Poulenc Published On

Francis Poulenc (7 January 1899 – 30 January 1963) was a French
composer and pianist. His compositions include mélodies, solo piano
works, chamber music, choral pieces, operas, ballets, and orchestral
concert music. Among his frequently performed pieces are the piano suite
Trois mouvements perpétuels (1919), the ballet Les biches (1923), the
Concert champêtre (1928) for harpsichord and orchestra, the opera
Dialogues des Carmélites (1957), and the Gloria (1959) for soprano,
choir and orchestra. Largely self-educated musically, he studied with
the pianist Ricardo Viñes and was influenced by the avant-garde
composer Erik Satie. Initially composing light-hearted and irreverent
works, he also wrote serious, sombre and religious pieces beginning in
the 1930s. He was an accomplished pianist, and toured Europe and America
performing with the baritone Pierre Bernac and the soprano Denise Duval.
One of the first composers to see the importance of the gramophone, he
recorded extensively from 1928 onwards. This century has seen many new
productions worldwide of his serious works, including Dialogues des
Carmélites and La Voix humaine.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Poulenc>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1558:

Francis, Duke of Guise, retook Calais, England's last
continental possession, for France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais>

1782:

The Bank of North America opened in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,
as the United States' first de facto central bank.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_North_America>

1979:

The People's Army of Vietnam captured Phnom Penh, deposing Pol
Pot and the Khmer Rouge, which marked the end of large-scale fighting in
the Cambodian–Vietnamese War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War>

1989:

Representatives of Ruhollah Khomeini delivered a letter to
Mikhail Gorbachev, inviting him to consider Islam as an alternative to
communism, and predicting the dissolution of the Soviet Bloc.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomeini%27s_letter_to_Mikhail_Gorbachev>

2015:

The offices of the French satirical weekly newspaper Charlie
Hebdo in Paris were attacked by a branch of Al-Qaeda, leaving twelve
people dead.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pantechnicon:
1. (chiefly Britain) A building or place housing shops or stalls where all
sorts of (especially exotic) manufactured articles are collected for
sale.
2. (chiefly Britain) Originally pantechnicon van: a van, especially a large
moving or removal van.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pantechnicon>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  May God save the country, for it is evident that the people will
not.  
--Millard Fillmore
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore>

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[Daily article] January 6: Clinton Engineer Works Published On

The Clinton Engineer Works was the site of the Manhattan Project's World
War II production facilities that provided the enriched uranium used in
the bombing of Hiroshima in August 1945. Its X-10 Graphite Reactor
produced the first samples of plutonium from a reactor. Located just
south of the town of Clinton, Tennessee, it included the production
facilities of the K-25, Y-12 and S-50 projects, various utilities, and
the township of Oak Ridge. The Manhattan District Engineer, Kenneth
Nichols, moved the Manhattan District headquarters there from Manhattan
in August 1943. Many construction workers were housed in large temporary
communities, including Happy Valley. The construction labor force peaked
at 75,000. Oak Ridge was established to house the operating staff, which
peaked at 50,000 workers just after the war. It was developed by the
federal government as a segregated community; black residents lived in
an area known as Gamble Valley, in government-built hutments of one-room
shacks.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1066:

Harold Godwinson, widely regarded as the last Anglo-Saxon king
before the Norman conquest, was crowned King of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson>

1449:

The last Byzantine-Roman Emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos,
was crowned, four years before the Fall of Constantinople.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos>

1907:

Italian educator Maria Montessori opened her first school and
day-care centre for working-class children in Rome, employing the
philosophy of education that now bears her name.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Montessori>

1953:

The first Asian Socialist Conference, an organisation of
socialist political parties in Asia, opened in Rangoon, Burma, with 177
delegates, observers and fraternal guests.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Socialist_Conference>

1977:

The record label EMI ended its contract with the English punk
rock band Sex Pistols in response to its members' disruptive behaviour
at Heathrow Airport two days earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Twelfthtide:
(archaic or obsolete) The season including Epiphany (the twelfth day
after Christmas) and the evening of the preceding day (Twelfth Night),
regarded as the end of the Christmas season; Epiphany itself.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Twelfthtide>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  My aim is not the establishment of an anarchist society or the
total destruction of the state. Here I differ from anarchists. I do not
believe that it is possible to destroy the modern state. It is pure
imagination to think that some day this power will be overthrown. From a
pragmatic standpoint there is no chance of success. Furthermore, I do
not believe that anarchist doctrine is the solution to the problem of
organization in society and government. I do not think that if anarchism
were to succeed we should have a better or more livable society. Hence I
am not fighting for the triumph of this doctrine. On the other hand, it
seems to me that an anarchist attitude is the only one that is
sufficiently radical in the face of a general statist system.  
--Jacques Ellul
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jacques_Ellul>

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