[Daily article] July 31: Smooth toadfish Published On

The smooth toadfish (Tetractenos glaber) is a species in the pufferfish
family Tetraodontidae. It is native to shallow coastal and estuarine
waters of southeastern Australia, where it is widespread and abundant.
French naturalist Christophe-Paulin de La Poix de Fréminville described
the species in 1813, though early records confused it with what is now
the only other member of its genus, the common toadfish (T. hamiltonii).
Up to 16 cm (6 1⁄4 in) long with distinctive leopard-like dark
markings on its upperparts, the smooth toadfish has a flattened belly
and an elongate body tapering to a slender tail. Its back and fins are
rounded. Unlike most of its relatives, it does not have prominent spines
on its body. Like other pufferfish, it can inflate itself with water or
air. It forages for its preferred foods—molluscs and crustaceans—in
sandy or muddy sediment. Often an unwanted catch by anglers, the smooth
toadfish's flesh contains the poison tetrodotoxin, and eating it may
result in death.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_toadfish>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1423:

Hundred Years' War: The English and their Burgundian allies
were victorious over the French at the Battle of Cravant near Auxerre,
France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cravant>

1777:

The Second Continental Congress passed a resolution allowing
French nobleman the Marquis de Lafayette to enter the American
revolutionary forces as a Major General.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette>

1941:

The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Hermann
Göring ordered SS General Reinhard Heydrich to handle "the final
solution of the Jewish question".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Solution>

1991:

The Soviet Union and the United States signed the bilateral
START I treaty, the largest and most complex arms control treaty in
history, which eventually removed 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons
then in existence.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/START_I>

2006:

Following intestinal surgery, Fidel Castro provisionally
transferred the duties of the Cuban presidency to his brother Raúl.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9308_Cuban_transfer_of_presidential_duties>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

i18n:
(software engineering) Abbreviation of internationalization.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/i18n>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The wizards represent all that the true "muggle" most fears: They
are plainly outcasts and comfortable with being so. Nothing is more
unnerving to the truly conventional than the unashamed misfit!  
--J. K. Rowling
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/J._K._Rowling>

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[Daily article] July 30: Orel Hershiser's scoreless innings streak Published On

In 1988, Orel Hershiser set the record in Major League Baseball for
consecutive scoreless innings pitched. The Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher's
streak of 59 innings spanned from the sixth inning of an August 30 game
against the Montreal Expos to the tenth inning of a September 28 game
against the San Diego Padres, not counting eight scoreless innings he
pitched to start Game 1 of the 1988 National League Championship Series
on October 4. The previous record of 58 2⁄3 innings was set by former
Dodger pitcher Don Drysdale in 1968; as the team's radio announcer,
Drysdale called Hershiser's streak as he pursued the new record.
Following the regular season, Hershiser was awarded the National League
Cy Young Award. In the playoffs, he earned both the National League
Championship Series Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) and the World
Series MVP Award. He also secured Sportsman of the Year and Associated
Press Athlete of the Year honors. He continued to be an effective
pitcher for many seasons, making two additional appearances in the World
Series and winning the 1995 American League Championship Series MVP
Award.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orel_Hershiser%27s_scoreless_innings_streak>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1811:

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, an early leader of the Mexican War
of Independence, was executed by Spanish authorities.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla>

1825:

Malden Island, now one of Kiribati's Line Islands, was
discovered by Captain The 7th Lord Byron.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malden_Island>

1916:

German agents caused a major explosion when they sabotaged
American ammunition supplies in New Jersey to prevent the materiel from
being used by the Allies of World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Tom_explosion>

1950:

Four striking workers were shot dead by the Gendarmerie in
Belgium at the height of the political crisis known as the Royal
Question.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Question>

2006:

Lebanon War: The Israeli Air Force attacked a three-story
building near the South Lebanese village of Qana, killing at least 28
civilians, including 16 children.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qana_airstrike>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

sett:
1. The system of tunnels that is the home of a badger.
2. The pattern of distinctive threads and yarns that make up the plaid of a
Scottish tartan.
3. A small, square-cut piece of quarried stone used for paving and edging.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sett>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Soon it will be the phase of the moon When people tune in. Every
girl knows about the punctual blues, But who's to know the power behind
our moves? A day of coincidence with the radio And a word that won't go
away We know what they're all going to say "G" arrives, funny, had a
feeling he was on his way … We raise our hats to the strange
phenomena. Soul-birds of a feather flock together.  
--Kate Bush
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kate_Bush>

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[Daily article] July 29: Silverplate Published On

Silverplate was the codename for the United States Army Air Forces'
participation in the Manhattan Project during World War II. Originally
the name for the aircraft modification project for the B-29
Superfortress bomber to enable it to drop an atomic weapon, Silverplate
eventually came to identify the training and operational aspects of the
program as well. Modifications began in November 1943 on a prototype
B-29 known as the "Pullman", used for bomb flight testing at Muroc Army
Air Field in California commencing in March 1944. Seventeen production
Silverplate aircraft were ordered in August 1944 for 509th Composite
Group training, and to allow the 216th Army Air Forces Base Unit to test
bomb configurations. In February 1945, 28 more were ordered, including
Bockscar (pictured), the plane that carried out the atomic bombing of
Nagasaki in August 1945. A total of 65 Silverplate B-29s were made. The
use of the Silverplate codename was discontinued after the war;
modifications to an additional 80 aircraft continued under a new
codename, Saddletree.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverplate>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1014:

Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Forces of the Byzantine Empire
defeated troops of the Bulgarian Empire at the Battle of Kleidion in the
Belasica Mountains near present-day Klyuch, Bulgaria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion>

1858:

Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce, an
unequal treaty giving the United States various commercial and
diplomatic privileges.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(United_States%E2%80%93Japan)>

1899:

The first Hague Convention, among the first formal statements
of the laws of war and war crimes in international law, was signed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907>

1958:

US President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National
Aeronautics and Space Act into law, establishing a new federal non-
military space agency known as NASA.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA>

1987:

Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J.
R. Jayewardene signed the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord in an ultimately
unsuccessful attempt to resolve the ongoing Sri Lankan Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

platypusary:
A place where platypuses are nurtured.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/platypusary>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Whether or not it was a coincidence, Jurgen met precisely the
vampire of whom he had inveigled his father into thinking. She was the
most seductively beautiful creature that it would be possible for
Jurgen's father or any other man to imagine: and her clothes were
orange-colored, for a reason sufficiently well known in Hell, and were
embroidered everywhere with green fig–leaves. "A good morning to you,
madame," says Jurgen, "and whither are you going?" "Why, to no place at
all, good youth. For this is my vacation, granted yearly by the Law of
Kalki —" "And who is Kalki, madame?" "Nobody as yet: but he will come
as a stallion. Meanwhile his Law precedes him, so that I am spending my
vacation peacefully in Hell, with none of my ordinary annoyances to
bother me." "And what, madame, can they be?" "Why, you must understand
that it is little rest a vampire gets on earth, with so many fine young
fellows like yourself going about everywhere eager to be destroyed."
 
--James Branch Cabell
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell>

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[Daily article] July 28: Horace Greeley Published On

Horace Greeley (1811–1872) was editor of the New-York Tribune, as well
as the Democratic and Liberal Republican candidate in the 1872 U.S.
presidential election. Born to a poor family in New Hampshire, Greeley
in 1831 went to New York City to seek his fortune. He lived there the
rest of his life, but also spent much time at his farm in Chappaqua. In
1841, he founded the Tribune, which became the highest-circulating
newspaper in the country. He urged the settlement of the American West,
popularizing the phrase "Go West, young man, and grow up with the
country", though it is uncertain if he invented it. Greeley was briefly
a Whig congressman from New York, and helped found the Republican Party
in 1854. When the Civil War broke out, he mostly supported President
Abraham Lincoln, and urged the end of slavery. Greeley ran in 1872 in an
attempt to unseat President Ulysses Grant, whose administration he
deemed corrupt, but lost in a landslide. Devastated at the defeat, he
died three weeks after Election Day.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1821:

Peruvian War of Independence: Argentine general José de San
Martín declared the independence of Peru from Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn>

1866:

At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream became the youngest artist and
first woman to receive a commission from the United States government
for a statue—that of Abraham Lincoln in the US Capitol rotunda.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Ream>

1915:

US Marines landed at Port-au-Prince to begin a 20-year
occupation of Haiti.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti>

1932:

US President Herbert Hoover ordered the eviction of the "Bonus
Army"—a group of veterans who were occupying government property to
demand immediate payment for money owed.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Army>

2001:

At the World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka, Japan,
Australian Ian Thorpe became the first swimmer to win six gold medals at
a single World Championships.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Thorpe>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

brazen:
1. (archaic) Pertaining to, made of, or resembling brass (in color or
strength).
2. Sounding harsh and loud, like brass cymbals or brass instruments.
3. (archaic) Extremely strong; impenetrable.
4. Shamelessly shocking and offensive; impudent; barefaced; immodest; or
unblushing.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brazen>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The deep desire to inspire people, to take an active part in the
life of the country … attracts our best people to political life …
We should all do something to right the wrongs that we see and not just
complain about them. We owe that to our country.  
--Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis>

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[Daily article] July 27: SS Washingtonian (1913) Published On

SS Washingtonian was a cargo ship launched in 1913 by the Maryland Steel
Company, one of eight sister ships for the American-Hawaiian Steamship
Company and the largest cargo ship under American registry at the time.
During the American occupation of Veracruz in April 1914, the ship was
chartered by the Department of the Navy for service as a refrigerated
supply ship for the U.S. fleet stationed off the Mexican coast. In
January 1915, after a little more than one year of service,
Washingtonian collided with the schooner Elizabeth Palmer off the
Delaware coast after the cargo ship's captain misjudged the schooner's
rapid pace. Washingtonian sank in ten minutes with the loss of a
$1,000,000 cargo of raw Hawaiian sugar. In the days after the sinking,
the price of sugar in the United States increased almost 9%, partly
attributed to the loss of this cargo. Lying under approximately 100 feet
(30 m) of water, the wreck is one of the most popular recreational dive
sites on the eastern seaboard.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Washingtonian_(1913)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1302:

Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman sultanate gained its
first major victory against the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of
Bapheus in Bithynia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bapheus>

1778:

Anglo-French War: French and British fleets fought to a
standoff west of Ushant, which led to political disputes in both
countries.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1778)>

1916:

British mariner Charles Fryatt was executed at Bruges, Belgium,
after a court-martial found him to be a franc-tireur.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Fryatt>

1953:

An armistice was signed to end hostilities in the Korean War,
officially making the Division of Korea indefinite by creating an
approximately 4 km (2.5 mi) wide demilitarized zone across the Korean
Peninsula.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone>

2002:

A Ukrainian Air Force Sukhoi Su-27 aircraft crashed during an
aerobatics presentation at an airshow near Lviv, Ukraine, killing 84
people and injuring over 100 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sknyliv_air_show_disaster>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

baby carrot:
1. A carrot harvested and sold when immature and of a small size.
2. A small piece cut from a larger carrot.
3. The term baby-cut carrot is sometimes used for the second sense,
especially to distinguish it from the first sense.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/baby_carrot>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In a word, the Barbarian is discoverable everywhere in this that
he cannot make; that he can befog or destroy, but that he cannot
sustain; and of every Barbarian in the decline or peril of every
civilisation exactly that has been true. We sit by and watch the
Barbarian, we tolerate him; in the long stretches of peace we are not
afraid. We are tickled by his irreverence, his comic inversion of our
old certitudes and our fixed creeds refreshes us: we laugh. But as we
laugh we are watched by large and awful faces from beyond: and on these
faces there is no smile.  
--Hilaire Belloc
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc>

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[Daily article] July 26: Pavo (constellation) Published On

Pavo is a constellation in the southern sky with the Latin name for
peacock. It is one of twelve constellations conceived by Petrus Plancius
from the observations of Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de
Houtman. First appearing on a 35 cm (14 in) diameter celestial globe
published in 1598 in Amsterdam by Plancius and Jodocus Hondius, it was
depicted in Johann Bayer's star atlas Uranometria of 1603. The
constellation's brightest member, Alpha Pavonis, is also known as
Peacock and appears as a 1.91-magnitude blue-white star, but is actually
a spectroscopic binary. Delta Pavonis is a Sun-like star some 19.9 light
years distant. Six of the star systems in Pavo have been found to host
planets, including HD 181433 with a super-earth, and HD 172555 with
evidence of a major interplanetary collision in the past few thousand
years. The constellation contains NGC 6752, the third-brightest globular
cluster in the sky, and the spiral galaxy NGC 6744, which closely
resembles our Milky Way but is twice as large.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavo_(constellation)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1581:

Representatives of the States General of the Netherlands signed
the Act of Abjuration, declaring the independence of the Dutch Low
Countries from King Philip II of Spain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Abjuration>

1882:

Boer mercenaries declared their independence from the Transvaal
Republic and established the Republic of Stellaland.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellaland>

1936:

The Canadian National Vimy Memorial, dedicated to the Canadian
Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War, was
unveiled near Vimy, Pas-de-Calais, France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial>

1953:

Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl led a group of approximately
160 rebels in an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks, thus
beginning the Cuban Revolution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moncada_Barracks>

2008:

One day after similar bombings in Bangalore, 21 bombs exploded
in Ahmedabad, India, killing 56 people and injuring over 200 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Ahmedabad_bombings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

thimblerig:
1. A game of skill which requires the bettor to guess under which of three
small cups (or thimbles) a pea-sized object has been placed after the
party operating the game rapidly rearranges them, providing opportunity
for sleight-of-hand trickery; a shell game.
2. One operating such a game.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thimblerig>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The masses demand a fighting President, and that means you've
got to offend somebody, because the way I see it, a strong offense is
the best attack. So what can you offend? That's an easy one. Offend
the other candidates, because they'll be too busy talking to hear you,
and besides, they might not vote for you anyway.  
--Gracie Allen
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Gracie_Allen>

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[Daily article] July 25: 1880 Democratic National Convention Published On

The 1880 Democratic National Convention met June 22–24, 1880, at the
Music Hall (pictured) in Cincinnati, Ohio, nominating Winfield S.
Hancock of Pennsylvania for president and William H. English of Indiana
for vice president. Six men were officially candidates for nomination at
the convention, and several more received votes. The two leading
candidates were Hancock and Thomas F. Bayard, a conservative senator
from Delaware. Many Democrats believed that Samuel J. Tilden of New York
had been unjustly deprived of the presidency in 1876 and hoped to rally
around him in the 1880 campaign, but his intentions were unclear. The
first round of balloting was inconclusive. After learning of Tilden's
withdrawal before the second round of balloting, the delegates flocked
to Hancock, a career soldier and Civil War hero, who was nominated.
English, a conservative from a swing state, was nominated for vice
president. Hancock and English were narrowly defeated by Republicans
James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur that autumn.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

306:

Constantine the Great was proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops
after the death of Constantius Chlorus.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great>

1814:

War of 1812: In present-day Niagara Falls, Ontario, the United
States and Great Britain engaged in Battle of Lundy's Lane, one of the
deadliest ever fought on Canadian soil.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane>

1893:

The Corinth Canal, which bisects the narrow Isthmus of Corinth,
was formally opened, connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Aegean
Sea's Saronic Gulf.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinth_Canal>

1978:

Two Puerto Rican pro-independence activists were killed in a
police ambush at Cerro Maravilla in Ponce.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Maravilla_murders>

2000:

Air France Concorde Flight 4590, en route from Paris to New
York City, crashed in Gonesse, France, killing all 100 passengers and
nine crew members, as well as four people on the ground.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

shindig:
A noisy party or festivities.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shindig>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The remarkable thing is that we really love our neighbor as
ourselves: we do unto others as we do unto ourselves. We hate others
when we hate ourselves. We are tolerant toward others when we tolerate
ourselves. We forgive others when we forgive ourselves. We are prone to
sacrifice others when we are ready to sacrifice ourselves. It is not
love of self but hatred of self which is at the root of the troubles
that afflict our world.  
--Eric Hoffer
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eric_Hoffer>

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[Daily article] July 24: Chalciporus piperatus Published On

The fungus Chalciporus piperatus, commonly known as the peppery bolete,
is a small mushroom of the family Boletaceae found in mixed woodland in
Europe and North America, and occasionally in Brazil. It has also become
naturalised in Tasmania, under native myrtle beech trees. A small
bolete, it has a 1.6–9 cm (0.6–3.5 in) orange-fawn cap with
cinnamon or brown pores underneath, and a 4–9.5 cm (1.6–3.7 in)
stalk. The rare variety hypochryseus, found only in Europe, has yellow
pores and tubes. Described by Pierre Bulliard in 1790 as Boletus
piperatus, it is only distantly related to other members of the genus
Boletus and was reclassified as Chalciporus piperatus by Frédéric
Bataille in 1908. Chalciporus was an early branching lineage in its
family and appears to be related to boletes with parasitic properties.
Previously thought to be symbiotic with tree roots, C. piperatus is now
suspected of being parasitic on the mushroom Amanita muscaria. The flesh
of C. piperatus has a very peppery taste, and can be used as a
condiment or flavouring.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalciporus_piperatus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1783:

The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and the Russian Empire signed the
Treaty of Georgievsk, establishing Georgia as a protectorate of Russia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk>

1847:

Brigham Young led the first group of Mormon pioneers into the
Salt Lake Valley of Utah, at the time a part of Mexico.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young>

1911:

In the Peruvian Andes, American explorer Hiram Bingham re-
discovered Machu Picchu, then thought to be the "Lost City of the
Incas".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu>

1963:

Bluenose II, a replica fishing schooner and major Canadian
symbol, was launched in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluenose_II>

2001:

Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the last Tsar of Bulgaria when he was
a child, was sworn in as Prime Minister of Bulgaria, becoming one of the
first monarchs in history to regain political power through a democratic
election to a different office.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

schlep:
1. (transitive, informal) To carry, drag, or lug.
2. (intransitive, informal) To go, as on an errand or task.
3. (intransitive, informal) To act in a slovenly, lazy, or sloppy manner.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/schlep>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Up with life. Stamp out all small and large indignities. Leave
everyone alone to make it without pressure. Down with hurting. Lower the
standard of living. Do without plastics. Smash the servo-mechanisms.
Stop grabbing. Snuff the breeze and hug the kids. Love all love. Hate
all hate.  
--John D. MacDonald
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_D._MacDonald>

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[Daily article] July 23: Ian Dougald McLachlan Published On

Ian Dougald McLachlan (23 July 1911 – 14 July 1991) was a senior
commander in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). A Duntroon cadet
before he joined the Air Force, McLachlan took command of No. 3
Squadron in December 1939, leading it into action in the Middle East
less than a year later. He was posted to the South West Pacific in 1943,
commanding successively Nos. 71 and 73 Wings. He took over Southern
Area Command in 1944, and No. 81 Wing in the Dutch East Indies the
following year. Raised to air commodore in 1946, McLachlan served with
the British Commonwealth Air Group in Japan until 1948. After leading
North-Eastern Area Command in 1951–53, he attended the Imperial
Defence College, London. Promoted to air vice marshal, he returned to
Australia in 1957 as Air Officer Commanding Training Command, carrying
out major reviews on the RAAF's educational and command systems. He was
Deputy Chief of the Air Staff in 1959–61, and then Head of the
Australian Joint Services Staff in Washington, DC, until 1963.
McLachlan's final post before retiring in 1968 was as Air Member for
Supply and Equipment. He was a consultant to Northrop after leaving the
RAAF.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dougald_McLachlan>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1829:

William Austin Burt was awarded a patent for the typographer,
the first practical typewriting machine.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typographer_(typewriter)>

1914:

Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum to allow
them to investigate the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, that
Serbia would ultimately reject, leading to World War I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Crisis>

1942:

The Holocaust: The gas chambers at Treblinka extermination camp
began operation, killing 6,500 Jews who had been transported from the
Warsaw Ghetto the day before.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp>

1970:

Qaboos overthrew his father Said bin Taimur to become Sultan of
Oman.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said_al_Said>

1986:

Sarah Ferguson married Prince Andrew, Duke of York at
Westminster Abbey, joining the British Royal Family as the Duchess of
York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah,_Duchess_of_York>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

mare's nest:
1. A great discovery which turns out to be illusory; a hoax.
2. A confused or complicated situation; a muddle.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mare%27s_nest>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  We must never lose sight of the fact that the law has a moral
foundation, and we must never fail to ask ourselves not only what the
law is, but what the law should be.  
--Anthony Kennedy
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy>

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[Daily article] July 22: Mischief Makers Published On

Mischief Makers is a 1997 side-scrolling platform video game, the first
for the Nintendo 64, developed by Treasure and published by Enix and
Nintendo. The player assumes the role of Marina, a robotic maid who
grabs, shakes and throws objects in her journey to rescue her creator
from the emperor of Planet Clancer. The game is presented in 2.5D, with
pre-rendered 3D backgrounds behind 2D gameplay. A 12-person team
developed the game over two years as Treasure's first title for a
Nintendo console. It was first shown at the 1997 Electronic
Entertainment Expo and released later that year. The game's reviews were
mixed: they praised its inventiveness, personality, and boss fights, but
criticized its brevity, low difficulty, low replay value, sound, and
harsh introductory learning curve. Retrospective reviewers disagreed
with the originally poor reception, and several highlighted Marina's
signature "Shake, shake!" sound bite. In 2009, GamesRadar called it
"possibly the most underrated and widely ignored game on the N64".

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischief_Makers>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

838:

Arab–Byzantine wars: The forces of the Abbasid Caliphate
defeated Byzantine Empire troops, led by Emperor Theophilos himself, at
the Battle of Anzen near present-day Dazman, Turkey.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzen>

1894:

Despite finishing in first place in the world's first auto
race, Jules-Albert de Dion did not win, as his steam-powered car was
against the rules.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules-Albert_de_Dion>

1950:

Following an indecisive referendum, King Leopold III, accused
of collaboration with Nazi Germany, returned to Belgium, beginning an
escalation of the political crisis known as the Royal Question.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Question>

1991:

American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was arrested in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, after police discovered human remains in his
apartment.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Dahmer>

2002:

The Israeli Defense Forces dropped a bomb on the home of Salah
Shehade, the leader of the military arm of Hamas, killing him and his
family.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salah_Shehade>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

cupboard:
1. (obsolete) A board or table used to openly hold and display silver plate
and other dishware; a sideboard; a buffet.
2. (obsolete) Things displayed on a sideboard; dishware, particularly
valuable plate.
3. A cabinet, closet, or other piece of furniture with shelves intended for
storing cookware, dishware, or food; similar cabinets or closets used
for storing other items.
4. (obsolete) Things stored in a cupboard; particularly food.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cupboard>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The bottom line is that (a) people are never perfect, but love can
be, (b) that is the one and only way that the mediocre and the vile can
be transformed, and (c) doing that makes it that. Loving makes love.
Loving makes itself. We waste time looking for the perfect lover instead
of creating the perfect love.  
--Tom Robbins
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Tom_Robbins>

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[Daily article] July 21: History of Liverpool F.C. (1959–85) Published On

The history of Liverpool Football Club from 1959 to 1985 opens with the
appointment of Bill Shankly as manager of Liverpool, then a Second
Division club. Shankly overhauled the team and created the "Boot Room",
a meeting place to discuss strategy. The club quickly won promotion to
the First Division, and within four years won their first League
championship since 1946–47 and their first FA Cup. They won further
League championships in 1965–66 and 1972–73, the FA Cup in 1974, and
their first European trophy, the UEFA Cup, in 1973. Shankly retired and
his assistant Bob Paisley took over. Paisley won three European Cups,
the UEFA Cup and six League championships in nine years before retiring
at the end of 1982–83; he was replaced by his assistant, Joe Fagan.
Liverpool won three trophies during Fagan's first season as manager: a
fourth European Cup, the League championship and the Football League
Cup. At the European Cup Final in 1985, Liverpool fans were responsible
for crowd trouble at the Heysel Stadium. In the resulting panic, a wall
collapsed; 39 fans, mostly Italian, died, and English clubs were banned
from European competition for five years. (

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liverpool_F.C._(1959%E2%80%9385)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

365:

A large earthquake that occurred near Crete and its subsequent
tsunami caused widespread destruction throughout the eastern
Mediterranean region.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Crete_earthquake>

1831:

In Brussels, Leopold I was inaugurated as the first King of the
Belgians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium>

1861:

In the First Battle of Bull Run, the first major land battle in
the American Civil War, the Confederate Army under Joseph E. Johnston
and P. G. T. Beauregard routed Union Army troops under Irvin McDowell.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run>

1969:

During the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
became the first humans to walk on the Moon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin>

2012:

Turkish adventurer Erden Eruç became the first person in
history to complete a solo human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erden_Eru%C3%A7>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

praemunire:
(law, historical) The offence in English law of bringing suit in or
obeying a foreign (especially papal) court or authority, thus
challenging the supremacy of the Crown.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/praemunire>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There is a real, living unity in our time, as in any other, but it
lies submerged under a superficial hubbub of sensation.  
--Marshall McLuhan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan>

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[Daily article] July 20: Format of Sesame Street Published On

Sesame Street's format includes skits featuring Jim Henson's Muppets as
well as animation and short films to help its preschool audience prepare
for school. An American children's television program, it uses music,
humor, and sustained action to capture young viewers' attention.
Premiering in 1969, it was the first television show to base its
contents and production values on laboratory and scientific research,
and the first to base its curriculum on what its researchers termed
"measurable outcomes". It was also the first to use an authentic inner-
city street and neighborhood setting for a children's program. The
producers switched in 1998 from a magazine-based structure to a more
narrative format after the show's ratings dominance was challenged by
programs such as Barney and Friends and Blue's Clues. The popular
fifteen-minute segment "Elmo's World", hosted by the Muppet Elmo, was
added the same year to make the show more accessible to a younger
audience. The new format was expanded to the entire show in 2002.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_of_Sesame_Street>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1592:

During the first Japanese invasion of Korea, Japanese forces
led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi captured Pyongyang, although they were
ultimately unable to hold it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)>

1779:

Tekle Giyorgis I began the first of his six reigns as Emperor
of Ethiopia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_I>

1936:

The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits was
signed in Montreux, Switzerland, allowing Turkey to fortify the
Dardanelles and the Bosphorus but guaranteeing free passage to ships of
all nations in peacetime.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_the_Straits>

1976:

The Viking 1 lander became the first spacecraft to successfully
land on Mars and perform its mission.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_1>

2012:

Gunman James Eagan Holmes opened fire at a movie theater in
Aurora, Colorado, US, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aurora_shooting>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

Earth-grazing:
1. (astronomy) (About a meteoroid) Entering the Earth's atmosphere and
leaving into space again.
2. (astronomy) Approaching the Earth closely.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Earth-grazing>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Nobody climbs mountains for scientific reasons. Science is used to
raise money for the expeditions, but you really climb for the hell of
it.  
--Edmund Hillary
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary>

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[Daily article] July 19: Pedro Afonso, Prince Imperial of Brazil Published On

Pedro Afonso (1848–1850) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to
the throne of the Empire of Brazil. Born at the Palace of São
Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro, he was the second son and youngest child
of Emperor Pedro II and Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, and thus a
member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. His aunt was
the reigning Queen of Portugal, Dona Maria II. Pedro Afonso was seen as
vital to the future viability of the monarchy, which had been put in
jeopardy by the death of his older brother Afonso almost three years
earlier. Pedro Afonso's early death from fever at the age of one
devastated the Emperor, and the imperial couple had no further children.
Pedro Afonso's older sister Isabel became heiress, but Pedro II was
unconvinced that a woman could ever be accepted as monarch by the ruling
elite. He excluded Isabel from matters of state, and failed to provide
training for her possible role as empress. With no surviving male
children, the Emperor started to believe that the imperial line was
destined to end with his own death.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1553:

Lady Jane Grey was replaced by Mary I as Queen of England after
holding that title for just nine days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England>

1843:

SS Great Britain, the first ocean-going ship that had both an
iron hull and a screw propeller, launched from Bristol, UK.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Great_Britain>

1903:

French cyclist Maurice Garin won the first Tour de France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_Tour_de_France>

1916:

First World War: "The worst 24 hours in Australia's entire
history" occurred when Australian forces suffered heavy losses in their
unsuccessful assault on the Germans at the Battle of Fromelles in
France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fromelles>

1981:

French President François Mitterrand privately revealed to US
President Ronald Reagan documents showing that the Soviets had been
stealing American technological research and development.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Dossier>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

awkward:
1. Lacking dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments.
2. Not easily managed or effected; embarrassing.
3. Lacking social skills, or uncomfortable with social interaction.
4. Perverse; adverse; difficult to handle.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/awkward>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  You must aim high, not in what you are going to do at some future
date, but in what you are going to make yourself do to-day. Otherwise,
working is just a waste of time.  
--Edgar Degas
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas>

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[Daily article] July 18: California State Route 56 Published On

State Route 56 (SR 56) is an east–west state highway in the U.S.
state of California. It runs 9.2 miles (14.8 km) from Interstate 5
(I-5) in the Carmel Valley neighborhood of San Diego to I-15. It is
named after Ted Williams, a baseball player born in San Diego. The
eastern terminus of the highway meets the western end of the Ted
Williams Parkway. SR 56 serves as an important connector between I-5
and I-15, being the only east–west freeway between SR 78 in north San
Diego County, several miles away, and SR 52 near Marine Corps Air
Station Miramar. SR 56 was added to the state highway system in 1959 as
Legislative Route 278, and was renumbered SR 56 in the 1964 state
highway renumbering. A plan in 1964 to connect SR 56 to the north end
of SR 125 and continue east to SR 67 did not come to fruition. The
eastern end from Black Mountain Road to I-15 was opened in 1993; the
western end from I-5 to Carmel Creek Road was delayed until 1995 by
several lawsuits. The two ends were not connected until the freeway was
completed in 2004; the delay was largely due to funding issues and
environmental concerns.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_56>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1389:

France and England agreed to the Truce of Leulinghem,
establishing a 13-year peace during the Hundred Years' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Leulinghem>

1841:

Pedro II, the last Emperor of Brazil, having reigned in
minority since 1831, was acclaimed, crowned and consecrated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil>

1863:

American Civil War: Led by Union Army Colonel Robert Gould
Shaw, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, the first formal African
American military unit, spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner, South
Carolina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment>

1976:

At the Olympic Games in Montreal, Nadia Comăneci became the
first person to score a perfect 10 in a modern Olympics gymnastics
event.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci>

1995:

Selena's album Dreaming of You, instrumental in popularizing
Tejano music, was released posthumously.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming_of_You_(album)>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

chinwag:
(Britain, informal) An informal conversation, usually about everyday
matters; a chat, a gossip.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chinwag>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Education is the great engine of personal development. It is
through education that the daughter of a peasant can become a doctor,
that the son of a mineworker can become the head of the mine, that a
child of farmworkers can become the president of a great nation. It is
what we make out of what we have, not what we are given, that separates
one person from another.  
--Nelson Mandela
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela>

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[Daily article] July 17: Operation Mascot Published On

Operation Mascot was an unsuccessful British air raid on the German
battleship Tirpitz which took place during the early hours of 17 July
1944. One of a series of aircraft carrier strikes between April and
August 1944 against the battleship at anchor in Kaafjord, Norway, the
raid was conducted by 44 British dive bombers and 40 fighters from three
carriers. They were detected en route by German radar stations, and
Tirpitz was protected by a smoke screen by the time they arrived. Few of
the British airmen were able to spot the battleship, and their attacks
did not inflict any significant damage. German losses were limited to a
patrol craft damaged beyond repair; three British aircraft were
destroyed or damaged beyond repair by Kaafjord's defenders. Two U-boats
from a group attempting to intercept the carrier force were sunk by
British patrol aircraft, and several others were damaged. Despite the
failure of Operation Mascot, the Royal Navy attempted four further
carrier raids against Tirpitz during August 1944. These attacks were
also unsuccessful, and the task of sinking the battleship was
transferred to the Royal Air Force.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mascot>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1791:

French Revolution: Members of the National Guard fired into a
large crowd that was gathered at the Champ de Mars, Paris to sign a
petition demanding the removal of King Louis XVI.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_Massacre>

1863:

The New Zealand Wars resumed as British forces in New Zealand
led by General Duncan Cameron began their Invasion of the Waikato.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Waikato>

1918:

RMS Carpathia, which had rescued the survivors of the RMS
Titanic sinking, was itself sunk by a German U-boat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Carpathia>

1936:

Nationalist rebels attempted a coup d'état against the Second
Spanish Republic, sparking the Spanish Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936>

1996:

TWA Flight 800 exploded in mid-air (wreckage pictured) and
crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_800>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

unused:
1. (not comparable) Not used.
2. Not accustomed (to), unfamiliar with.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unused>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  The real damage from terrorist attacks doesn't come from the
explosion. The real damage is done after the explosion, by the victims,
who repeatedly and determinedly attack themselves, giving over reason in
favor of terror. Every London cop who stops someone from taking a
picture of a public building, every TSA agent who takes away your kid's
toothpaste, every NSA spook who wiretaps your email, does the
terrorist's job for him. Terrorism is about magnifying one mediagenic
act of violence into one hundred billion acts of terrorized
authoritarian idiocy.  
--Cory Doctorow
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cory_Doctorow>

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[Daily article] July 16: Requiem (Reger) Published On

The Requiem by Max Reger is a late Romantic setting of Friedrich
Hebbel's poem "Requiem" for alto or baritone solo, chorus and orchestra.
The text begins with a plea not to forget the dead. Composed in 1915,
Reger dedicated it "to the memory of the German heroes" who died in the
World War. He had composed Requiem settings before: in 1912 a motet for
male chorus, set to the same poem, and in 1914 an unfinished setting of
the Latin Requiem, in memory of victims of the war. The 1915 Requiem,
Reger's last completed work for chorus and orchestra, was published by
N. Simrock in 1916, after the composer's death. It was paired with
another choral composition, Der Einsiedler (The Hermit), set to a poem
by Joseph von Eichendorff, titled Zwei Gesänge für gemischten Chor mit
Orchester (Two songs for mixed chorus with orchestra), Op. 144. Both
works were first performed in Heidelberg on 16 July 1916 as part of a
memorial concert for Reger, conducted by Philipp Wolfrum. Reger thought
that The Hermit and the Requiem were "among the most beautiful things"
he had ever written.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_(Reger)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1782:

Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail made its
premiere, after which Emperor Joseph II anecdotally made the comment
that it had "too many notes".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail>

1862:

David Farragut became the first person to be promoted to the
rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farragut>

1931:

Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie signed the nation's first
constitution, the first time in history that an absolute ruler
voluntarily sought to share sovereignty with his subjects.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Constitution_of_Ethiopia>

1990:

A 7.8 MS earthquake struck the densely populated Philippine
island of Luzon, killing an estimated 1,621 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake>

2008:

Sixteen infants in Gansu Province, China, were diagnosed with
kidney stones due to tainted milk powder; overall 300,000 infants were
affected.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

gentile:
1. A non-Jewish person.
2. (grammar) A noun derived from a proper noun which denotes something
belonging to or coming from a particular city, nation, or country.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gentile>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I am impressed by the great limitations of the human mind. How
quick are we to learn, that is, to imitate what others have done or
thought before. And how slow to understand, that is, to see the deeper
connections. Slowest of all, however, are we in inventing new
connections or even in applying old ideas in a new field.  
--Frits Zernike
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike>

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[Daily article] July 15: Learie Constantine Published On

Learie Constantine (1901–1971) was a West Indian cricketer, lawyer and
politician who played 18 Test matches before the Second World War.
Although his Test record was modest, he helped to establish a uniquely
West Indian style of aggressive play. He served as Trinidad's High
Commissioner to the United Kingdom and in 1969 became the UK's first
black peer. His early experiences of race discrimination affected him
profoundly, and in later life he was influential in the passing of the
1965 Race Relations Act in Britain. Born in Trinidad, Constantine toured
England with the West Indies cricket teams in 1923 and 1928 before
signing as a professional with the Lancashire League club Nelson. He
played for the club between 1929 and 1938, while continuing to appear in
Test cricket for the West Indies; he lived mainly in England for the
rest of his life. After qualifying as a barrister in 1954, Constantine
returned to Trinidad, entered politics and served in the Trinidad
government as minister of communications. In 1961 he was appointed
Trinidad's High Commissioner in the UK, serving until 1964 and remaining
in London thereafter. In his final years, he served on the Race
Relations Board, the Sports Council and the Board of Governors of the
BBC.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learie_Constantine>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1410:

The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated
the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald,
the decisive engagement of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald>

1799:

French soldiers uncovered the Rosetta Stone in Fort Julien,
near the Egyptian port city of Rashid.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone>

1870:

Manitoba and the Northwest Territories were established
following the transfer of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory
from the Hudson's Bay Company to Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories>

1916:

William Boeing incorporated the Pacific Aero Products Company,
which was later renamed Boeing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing>

1966:

Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam began
Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese
Demilitarized Zone.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hastings>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

outdoorsy:
1. (informal) Associated with the outdoors, or suited to outdoor life.
2. (informal) Fond of the outdoors.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/outdoorsy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In the fields with which we are concerned knowledge exists only in
lightning flashes. The text is the thunder rolling long afterwards.
 
--Walter Benjamin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin>

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[Daily article] July 14: 2002 Atlantic hurricane season Published On

The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season produced 14 tropical cyclones,
including 12 named storms, 4 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. A
record-tying eight storms developed in September. No tropical storms
formed after October 6—a rare occurrence, caused partly by El Niño
conditions. The most intense hurricane of the season was Isidore, with a
minimum central pressure of 934 mbar, although Hurricane Lili attained
higher winds and peaked at Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson Scale.
The season was less destructive than average, causing an estimated
US$2.6 billion in property damage and 23 fatalities. In September,
Hurricane Gustav moved ashore on Nova Scotia as it was transitioning
into an extratropical cyclone, lashing the region with high winds for
several days. Isidore struck the Yucatan Peninsula and later the United
States, causing about $970 million in damage and killing a total of
seven. Several other storms directly affected land during August and
September, including the longest lived of the season, Hurricane Kyle. In
early October, Lili made landfall in Louisiana, where it caused
$860 million in damage and 15 deaths.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Atlantic_hurricane_season>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

756:

Emperor Xuanzong fled the Tang capital Chang'an as An Lushan's
forces advance toward the city during the An Lushan Rebellion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang>

1791:

The Priestley Riots began, in which Joseph Priestley and other
religious Dissenters were driven out of Birmingham, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestley_Riots>

1865:

A seven-man team made the first ascent of the Matterhorn,
marking the end of the golden age of alpinism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent_of_the_Matterhorn>

1933:

With the enactment of the Law for the Prevention of
Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, the Nazi Party began its eugenics
program.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring>

2003:

In an effort to discredit US Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson, who
had written an article critical of the invasion of Iraq, Washington Post
columnist Robert Novak revealed that Wilson's wife Valerie Plame was a
CIA "operative".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plame_affair>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

wouldn't shout if a shark bit him:
1. (Australia, idiomatic) To be frugal or miserly.
2. A play on shout, which can mean both "to scream" or "to buy drinks".
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wouldn%27t_shout_if_a_shark_bit_him>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  Let me be known as just the man that told you something you
already knew.  
--Woody Guthrie
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Woody_Guthrie>

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[Daily article] July 13: Margaret Murray Published On

Margaret Murray (13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian
Egyptologist, archaeologist, historian, and folklorist. The first female
archaeology lecturer in the United Kingdom, she worked at University
College London (UCL) and served as President of the Folklore Society.
Born in Calcutta, Murray moved to London and began studying Egyptology
at UCL. The department head Flinders Petrie encouraged her research and
soon appointed her Junior Professor. She established a reputation in
Egyptology for her excavations of the Osireion temple and Saqqara
cemetery. She taught at the British Museum and also the Manchester
Museum, where she led the unwrapping of one of the mummies from the Tomb
of the Two Brothers. A first-wave feminist, Murray joined the Women's
Social and Political Union. During the First World War, she began
promoting the hypothesis that the witch trials of Early Modern
Christendom were an attempt to extinguish a surviving pre-Christian
religion devoted to a Horned God. Although later academically
discredited, the theory gained widespread attention and provided the
basis for Wicca.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Murray>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1830:

Scottish Church College, the oldest continuously running
Christian liberal arts and sciences college in India, was founded as the
General Assembly's Institution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Church_College>

1863:

Three days of rioting began in New York City by opponents of
new laws passed by the United States Congress to draft men to fight in
the ongoing American Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots>

1941:

The Communist Party of Yugoslavia initiated a general and
popular uprising against Italian occupation forces in Montenegro that
was suppressed within six weeks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro>

1962:

In an unprecedented action, British Prime Minister Harold
Macmillan dismissed seven members of his Cabinet.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1962)>

2008:

War in Afghanistan: Taliban guerrillas attacked NATO troops
near the village of Wanat in the Waygal district in Afghanistan's far
eastern province of Nuristan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wanat>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

pentaquark:
(physics) Any of a class of subatomic particles (previously
hypothetical, since detected, subject to confirmation) consisting of a
group of five quarks (compared to three quarks in normal baryons and two
in mesons), or more specifically four quarks and one antiquark (symbol
Θ).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pentaquark>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There is (gentle reader) nothing (the works of God only set apart)
which so much beautifies and adorns the soul and mind of man as does
knowledge of the good arts and sciences. Many arts there are which
beautify the mind of man; but of all none do more garnish and beautify
it than those arts which are called mathematical, unto the knowledge of
which no man can attain, without perfect knowledge and instruction of
the principles, grounds, and Elements of Geometry.  
--John Dee
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Dee>

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[Daily article] July 12: Katsudō Shashin Published On

Katsudō Shashin is a filmstrip speculated to be the oldest work of
animation in Japan. Three seconds long, it depicts a boy who writes
"moving picture" in Japanese script, removes his hat, and waves.
Discovered in a collection of films and projectors in Kyoto, its creator
is unknown. Natsuki Matsumoto, an expert in iconography at the Osaka
University of Arts, determined that it was most likely made before 1912.
It may have been influenced by animated filmstrips for German
cinematographs, devices that first appeared in Japan in 1904. Evidence
suggests Katsudō Shashin was mass-produced to be sold to wealthy owners
of home projectors. To Matsumoto, the relatively poor quality and low-
tech printing technique indicate it was likely from a smaller film
company. Unlike in traditional animation, the frames were not produced
by photographing the images, but were impressed directly onto film. They
were stencilled in red and black using a device for making magic lantern
slides, and the filmstrip was fastened in a loop for continuous play.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsud%C5%8D_Shashin>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1543:

King Henry VIII of England married Catherine Parr, his sixth
and last wife, at Hampton Court Palace.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Parr>

1843:

Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint movement,
proclaimed a revelation recommending polygamy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy>

1920:

The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was signed, with Soviet
Russia agreeing to recognize an independent Lithuania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Peace_Treaty>

1986:

The Homosexual Law Reform Act became law in New Zealand,
decriminalising consensual homosexual sex.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986>

2006:

Hezbollah forces crossed the Israel–Lebanon border and
attacked Israeli military positions while firing rockets and mortars at
Israeli towns, sparking a five-week war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

until the cows come home:
(idiomatic) For a very long period of time.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/until_the_cows_come_home>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  If you take all the machinery in the world and dump it in the
ocean, within months more than half of all humanity will die and within
another six months they'd almost all be gone; if you took all the
politicians in the world, put them in a rocket, and sent them to the
moon, everyone would get along fine.  
--Buckminster Fuller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller>

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[Daily article] July 11: Satoru Iwata Published On

Satoru Iwata (December 6, 1959 – July 11, 2015) was a Japanese game
programmer and businessman who became the fourth president and chief
executive officer of Nintendo in 2002. Born in Sapporo, Japan, Iwata
expressed interest in video games from an early age and later majored in
computer science at the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He joined the
game developer HAL Laboratory in 1980 and became its president in 1993.
Joining Nintendo as the head of its corporate-planning division in 2000,
he brought growth to the company. A self-declared gamer, he focused on
expanding the appeal of video games across all demographics and
increasing the market space. He also built a strong relationship with
Nintendo fans through social media and his regular appearances in Iwata
Asks and Nintendo Direct, becoming the public face of the company. Under
his direction, Nintendo developed the profitable Nintendo DS and Wii
video game consoles, but the Nintendo 3DS and Wii U dropped net sales by
two-thirds from 2009 to 2012, leaving the company with its first
operating losses in 30 years. Iwata voluntarily halved his salary as an
apology in 2011 and 2014.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoru_Iwata>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1302:

Flemish infantry defeat a large French army near Kortrijk at
the Battle of the Golden Spurs.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Golden_Spurs>

1833:

Noongar warrior Yagan, wanted for leading attacks on white
colonists in Western Australia, was killed, becoming a symbol of the
unjust and sometimes brutal treatment of the indigenous peoples of
Australia by colonial settlers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagan>

1921:

Former President of the United States William Howard Taft was
sworn in as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, making him the only
person to ever hold both positions.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft>

1943:

In a massive ethnic cleansing operation, units of the Ukrainian
Insurgent Army attacked various Polish villages in the Volhynia region
of present-day Ukraine, killing the Polish civilians and burning those
settlements to the ground.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia>

1991:

Shortly after takeoff from King Abdulaziz International
Airport, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 caught fire and
crashed, killing all 261 occupants on board.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Airways_Flight_2120>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

longhauling:
1. The act of travelling long distances.
2. The act of a taxicab driver taking a passenger on a long detour to the
destination without consent in order to drive up the fare.
3. The act of transporting goods over long distances.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/longhauling>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  When you consider that there are a thousand ways to express even
the simplest idea, it is no wonder writers are under a great strain.
Writers care greatly how a thing is said — it makes all the
difference. So they are constantly faced with too many choices and must
make too many decisions. I am still encouraged to go on. I wouldn't know
where else to go.  
--E. B. White
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/E._B._White>

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[Daily article] July 10: No. 90 Wing RAAF Published On

No. 90 (Composite) Wing was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) wing
that operated during the early years of the Malayan Emergency. Its
purpose was to serve as an overarching organisation for the RAAF units
deployed in the conflict, No. 1 (Bomber) Squadron, flying Avro
Lincolns, and No. 38 (Transport) Squadron, flying Douglas C-47 Dakotas.
The wing was established on 10 July 1950 and headquartered at Changi, on
the east coast of Singapore. No. 1 Squadron operated from Tengah, in
Singapore's west. No. 38 Squadron was based at Changi and, from April
1951 to February 1952, at Kuala Lumpur in central Malaya. The Lincolns
generally conducted area bombing missions, as well as precision strikes,
to harass communist insurgents. The Dakotas were tasked with airlifting
cargo, VIPs, troops and casualties, as well as courier flights and
supply drops. Following No. 38 Squadron's departure in December 1952,
No. 90 Wing was disbanded, leaving No. 1 Squadron to carry on as the
sole RAAF unit in the campaign until its withdrawal to Australia in July
1958.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._90_Wing_RAAF>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1645:

English Civil War: The Parliamentarians destroyed the last
Royalist field army at the Battle of Langport, ultimately giving
Parliament control of the West of England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Langport>

1806:

Indian sepoys mutinied against the East India Company when they
broke into Vellore Fort and killed or injured 200 British troops.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellore_mutiny>

1921:

One day after a truce between the Irish Republican Army and
British forces, violence between Catholics and Protestants in Belfast
resulted in sixteen dead.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1921)>

1941:

The Holocaust: A group of non-Jewish ethnic Poles from around
the nearby area murdered hundreds of Jewish residents of Jedwabne in
occupied Poland (memorial pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom>

2011:

The British tabloid newspaper News of the World published its
last edition before closing due to allegations that it hacked the
voicemails of murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler, victims of the 7/7
attacks and relatives of deceased British soldiers.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_International_phone_hacking_scandal>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

flamboyant:
1. Showy, bold or audacious in behaviour, appearance, etc.
2. (architecture) Referring to the final stage of French Gothic
architecture from the 14th to the 16th centuries.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flamboyant>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  People are curious. A few people are. They will be driven to find
things out, even trivial things. They will put things together, knowing
all along that they may be mistaken. You see them going around with
notebooks, scraping the dirt off gravestones, reading microfilm, just in
the hope of seeing this trickle in time, making a connection, rescuing
one thing from the rubbish.  
--Alice Munro
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alice_Munro>

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[Daily article] July 9: Deinocheirus Published On

The genus Deinocheirus (Greek for "horrible hand") was a dinosaur that
lived during the Late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago. In 1965
its shoulder girdles and a pair of large arms (pictured) were first
discovered in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia, and in 2014 two complete
specimens were described. Deinocheirus was the largest ornithomimosaur
(ostrich dinosaur), at 11 m (36 ft) long, and weighed 6.36 t
(14,000 lb), although it had many hollow bones. The arms were among the
largest of any bipedal dinosaurs at 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long, with large,
blunt claws on its three-fingered hands. The legs were relatively short,
and bore blunt claws. Its vertebrae had tall spines that formed a sail
along its back. The skull was 1.024 m (3.36 ft) long, with a wide bill
and a deep lower jaw. Deinocheirus is thought to have been omnivorous;
its skull shape indicates a diet of plants, and fish scales were found
with one specimen. It probably used gastroliths to grind food. The large
claws may have been used for digging and gathering plants. Bite marks on
Deinocheirus bones have been attributed to the tyrannosaurid
Tarbosaurus.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deinocheirus>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1745:

War of the Austrian Succession: The French victory in the
Battle of Melle enabled their subsequent capture of Ghent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Melle>

1811:

British explorer David Thompson posted a notice at the
confluence of the Columbia and Snake Rivers (in modern Washington state,
US), claiming the area for Great Britain.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thompson_(explorer)>

1943:

World War II: The Allies began their invasion of Sicily, a
large scale amphibious and airborne operation, followed by six weeks of
land combat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily>

1981:

Nintendo released the arcade game Donkey Kong, which featured
the debut of Mario, one of the most famous characters in video game
history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario>

2008:

Under the belief that Israel and the United States were
planning to attack its nuclear programme, Iran conducted the Great
Prophet III missile test and war games exercise.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Prophet_III>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

obeah:
1. A form of folk magic, medicine or witchcraft originating in Africa and
practised in parts of the Caribbean.
2. A magician or witch doctor of the magic craft.
3. A spell performed in the practice of the magic craft; an item associated
with such a spell.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obeah>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  In every nation thou beholdest unnumbered spiritual leaders who
are bereft of true discernment, and among every people thou dost
encounter myriads of adherents who are devoid of the same
characteristic. Ponder for a while in thy heart, have pity on thyself
and turn not aside thine attention from proofs and evidences. However,
seek not proofs and evidences after thine idle fancy; but rather base
thy proofs upon what God hath appointed. Moreover, know thou that
neither being a man of learning nor being a follower is in itself a
source of glory. If thou art a man of learning, thy knowledge becometh
an honour, and if thou art a follower, thine adherence unto leadership
becometh an honour, only when these conform to the good-pleasure of God.
 
--The Báb
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/B%C3%A1b>

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[Daily article] July 8: Jeannette Expedition Published On

The Jeannette Expedition of 1879–81 was an attempt led by George W. De
Long to reach the North Pole using a route through the Bering Strait to
the fabled temperate Open Polar Sea. The expedition was financed by
James Gordon Bennett, Jr., the proprietor of the New York Herald, and
based on the ocean current theories of the German cartographer August
Petermann. The attempt failed; the expedition's ship, USS Jeannette
(pictured), drifted in the polar ice for nearly two years before being
crushed and sunk, north of the Siberian coast. De Long then led his men
on a journey by boat and sled to the Lena Delta. Before ultimate rescue,
more than half of the ship's complement died, including De Long. During
Jeannette's long drift the expedition discovered what were later called
the De Long Islands, and collected significant meteorological and
oceanographic data. Although the ship's fate demolished the long-
standing Open Polar Sea theory, the appearance in 1884 of debris from
the wreck on the south-west coast of Greenland indicated that an Arctic
current carried the ice from east to west. This discovery inspired
Fridtjof Nansen to mount his Fram expedition nine years later.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeannette_Expedition>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1283:

War of the Sicilian Vespers: An Aragonese fleet of galleys
inflicted a crushing defeat on an Angevin fleet at Malta, forcing
Charles I of Naples to postpone his plan to invade Sicily.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Malta>

1758:

French and Indian War: French forces defeated the British at
Fort Carillon on the shore of Lake Champlain in the British Colony of
New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon>

1808:

Joseph Bonaparte approved the Bayonne Statute, a royal charter
intended as the basis for his rule as King of Spain during the
Peninsular War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayonne_Statute>

1889:

The first issue of The Wall Street Journal, the world's most
circulated business daily newspaper, was published.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal>

1962:

In response to student protests at Rangoon University, Burmese
General Ne Win ordered the demolition of the school's Students Union
building.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Rangoon_University_protests>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

decommission:
1. To take out of service or to render unusable.
2. To remove or revoke a commission.
3. To remove or revoke a formal designation.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/decommission>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  I would rather hire a man with enthusiasm, than a man who knows
everything.  
--John D. Rockefeller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller>

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[Daily article] July 7: Aaliyah (album) Published On

Aaliyah, released on July 7, 2001, by Blackground Records and Virgin
Records America, is the third and final studio album by American R&B;
recording artist Aaliyah (pictured). Recorded periodically from 1998 to
2000, it is an R&B; and neo soul record, drawing on funk, hip hop,
alternative rock, and electronica sounds, among others. Most of the song
lyrics were written by Static Major, and deal with the complexities of
romantic love and the stages of a relationship; Aaliyah viewed the album
as a reflection of herself as both a young adult and a matured vocalist.
Aaliyah received positive critical reviews, and debuted at number two on
the Billboard 200, though sales began to drop off shortly after its
release. Following Aaliyah's death in a plane crash on August 25, 2001,
seven weeks after the album's release, sales skyrocketed, and the album
reentered the Billboard 200 at number one. Aaliyah was released during a
period of peak activity in contemporary R&B; since its initial
reception, it has been cited by critics as one of the best R&B; records
of its time.

Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaliyah_(album)>

_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:

1456:

Twenty-five years after her death, Joan of Arc was declared
innocent of heresy in a posthumous retrial.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrial_of_Joan_of_Arc>

1846:

Mexican–American War: American forces led by Commodore John
D. Sloat occupied Monterey, beginning the annexation of California.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Monterey>

1892:

The Philippine revolutionary secret society Katipunan was
founded by anti-Spanish Filipinos in Manila.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katipunan>

1946:

Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini became the first American to be
canonized as a saint.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini>

2012:

The equivalent of five months of rain fell overnight in
Krasnodar Krai, Russia, causing flash floods and killing 171 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Krasnodar_Krai_floods>

_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:

adhocracy:
(business) An organizational system designed to be flexible and
responsive to the needs of the moment rather than excessively
bureaucratic.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adhocracy>

___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:

  There are three schools of magic. One: State a tautology, then
ring the changes on its corollaries; that's philosophy. Two: Record
many facts. Try to see a pattern. Then make a wrong guess at the next
fact; that's science. Three: Awareness that you live in a malevolent
universe controlled by Murphy's Law, sometimes offset in part by
Brewster's Factor: that's engineering.  
--Robert A. Heinlein
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein>

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