took place in the 12th and 13th centuries between the Jurchen Jin
Dynasty and the Chinese Song Dynasty. The Jin invaded the Song in 1125
and captured the Song capital of Kaifeng in 1127, imprisoning Emperor
Qinzong and Huizong (pictured). The Jin conquered northern China and
remnants of the Song retreated to southern China, relocating the capital
to Hangzhou. A treaty ended the war in 1142 and settled the boundary
along the Huai River. Prince Hailing invaded the Song in 1161, but lost
at Caishi and was assassinated shortly after. A Song invasion of the Jin
motivated by revanchism in 1206–08 and a Jin invasion of the Song in
1217–24 were both unsuccessful. The Song allied with the Mongols in
1233, and jointly captured the last refuge of the Jin emperor in 1234,
the year the Jin collapsed. The wars between the Song and Jin gave rise
to an era of technological, cultural, and demographic changes in China.
The Jin adopted the political and cultural institutions of past Chinese
dynasties, gunpowder weapons like the fire lance were introduced, and
the Song resettled and rebuilt their government in southern China.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_campaigns_against_the_Song_Dynasty>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
314:
Sylvester I, during whose pontificate the great churches of Rome
were built, began his reign as pope.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I>
1747:
The London Lock Hospital, the first clinic specialising in the
treatment of venereal diseases, opened.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Lock_Hospital>
1846:
After having come to blows over the construction of a bridge,
the citizens of two neighboring towns united to form the city of
Milwaukee, Wisconsin (skyline pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee>
1971:
The Vietnam Veterans Against the War opened the Winter Soldier
Investigation, a three-day media event to publicize war crimes and other
atrocities by American forces and their allies during the Vietnam War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Soldier_Investigation>
2010:
Avatar became the first film to earn over $2 billion worldwide.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
smaragdine:
Having the colour of emeralds.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smaragdine>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Will is to grace as the horse is to the rider. 
--Augustine of Hippo
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo>
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