company that constructed the deep-level underground railway that is now
the central section of London's Northern line. Established in 1891, the
company became a subsidiary of the Underground Electric Railways Company
of London (UERL) in 1901. Various routes were planned, but a number were
rejected by Parliament. Tunnels under Hampstead Heath were authorised,
despite opposition by local residents who believed the tunnels would
drain the heath of water and train vibrations would cause trees to
collapse. When it opened in 1907, the CCE&HR;'s line served 16 stations
(Tufnell Park pictured) and ran for 7.67 miles (12.34 km) in a pair of
tunnels between its southern terminus at Charing Cross and two northern
termini at Archway and Golders Green. Within a year of opening, it
became apparent to the management and investors that the estimates of
passenger numbers had been over-optimistic and the CCE&HR; struggled
financially for many years despite four extensions and connections to
the City and South London Railway. In 1933 the CCE&HR; and the rest of
the UERL's operations were taken into public ownership.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Euston_and_Hampstead_Railway>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
624:
Led by Muhammad, the Muslims of Medina defeated the Quraysh of
Mecca in Badr, present-day Saudi Arabia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr>
1697:
Nojpetén, capital of the Itza Maya kingdom, fell to Spanish
conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala>
1845:
German composer Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto (1st
movement Allegro molto appassionato featured), one of the most popular
and most frequently performed violin concertos of all time, was first
played in Leipzig.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Mendelssohn)>
1954:
Viet Minh forces under Vo Nguyen Giap unleashed a massive
artillery barrage on the French military to begin the Battle of Dien
Bien Phu, the climactic battle in the First Indochina War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu>
1964:
American Kitty Genovese was murdered, reportedly in view of
neighbors who did nothing to help her (later disproved), prompting
research into the bystander effect.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Kitty_Genovese>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
hamiform:
Curved at the extremity, shaped like a hook.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hamiform>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
 The History of Religions is destined to play an important
role in contemporary cultural life. This is not only because an
understanding of exotic and archaic religions will significantly assist
in a cultural dialogue with the representatives of such religions. It is
more especially because ... the history of religions will inevitably
attain to a deeper knowledge of man. It is on the basis of such
knowledge that a new humanism, on a world-wide scale, could develop.
--Mircea Eliade
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mircea_Eliade>
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